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> Anatomy > Body Location or Region > Ankle

Ankle

The ankle is a complex joint that connects the leg to the foot, enabling a wide range of motion and weight-bearing activities.
It is composed of several bones, ligaments, and tendons that work together to provide stability and flexibility.
Proper ankle function is essential for walking, running, and other physical activities.
Injuries or conditions affecting the ankle, such as sprains, fractures, or arthritis, can significantly impact mobility and quality of life.
Understanding the anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle is crucial for effective diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of ankle-related disorders.
Resesarch in this area aims to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of ankle studies, identify optimal protocols and products, and maximize the efficiency of ankle-related investigations.

Most cited protocols related to «Ankle»

1
Multipeak IDEAL Optimization for Improved Water-Fat Separation
Phantom, volunteer, and patient scans were performed on GE 1.5T TwinSpeed and 3.0T VH/i (HDx, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) MRI systems. Informed consent and permission from our Institutional Review Board (IRB) were obtained for all human scanning. Images were collected using a 2D fast spin-echo (FSE) sequence and a 3D spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequence modified for use with the IDEAL method (6 (link),35 (link)). The echo times that maximize the SNR performance for conventional 3-pt water-fat separation were used for 3-pt IDEAL scans. (6 (link),35 (link),36 (link)). In addition, a multi-echo 3D-SPGR pulse sequence was used to collect 6-pt images for simultaneous separation of water, fat and T2* using the T2*-IDEAL reconstruction (26 (link)).
Imaging was performed with a variety of applications to demonstrate the improved water-fat decomposition using MP-IDEAL, including knee, ankle, breast, spine, brachial plexus, pelvis and abdominal scans. For each dataset, three online reconstructions were performed using the same source data: conventional IDEAL reconstruction with no multipeak correction, MP-IDEAL using a pre-calibrated spectrum (pre-calibrated MP-IDEAL) and MP-IDEAL using the self-calibrated spectrum (self-calibrated MP-IDEAL). T2*-IDEAL and its multipeak reconstruction was used in the case of 6-pt acquisitions. Images from the three reconstructions were compared and the residual fat signal in the water images was examined as a measure of fat suppression. Contrast-to-Noise ratios (CNRs) were obtained in one knee scan to quantify the contrast improvement. Residue maps were also created to visualize and compare the goodness of fit for different methods. In addition, a region growing algorithm was applied in all reconstructions to avoid water-fat swapping (34 (link)).
Yu H., Shimakawa A., McKenzie C.A., Brodsky E., Brittain J.H, & Reeder S.B. (2008). Multi-Echo Water-Fat Separation and Simultaneous R2* Estimation with Multi-Frequency Fat Spectrum Modeling. Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 60(5), 1122-1134.
Publication 2008
Abdomen Ankle Breast ECHO protocol Ethics Committees, Research Homo sapiens Knee Microtubule-Associated Proteins Patients Pelvis Plexus, Brachial Pulse Rate Radionuclide Imaging Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Vertebral Column Voluntary Workers
2
Assessing Lower Limb Muscle Strength Using HHDs
Currently there is no consensus on the most appropriate testing positions for HHD use, with a recent systematic review demonstrating a variety of methodologies used for lower limb assessment in previous research [25 (link)]. Based on prior research and our own pilot work of assessments in a variety of different positions, we implemented those shown in Fig 1. These testing positions have shown strong reliability for the measurement of isometric strength in previous studies for the hip [36 (link)], knee [37 (link)], and ankle [37 (link)] muscle groups.
Assessment of isometric muscle strength and power was performed with the participants in three positions (seated, supine, and prone); hip flexors, knee extensors, and knee flexors were assessed in a seated position; ankle plantarflexors, ankle dorsiflexors, hip abductors, and hip adductors in a supine position; hip extensors in a prone position. These positions were chosen to minimise changes in position by the participant to enhance the feasibility of testing in a clinical setting. All tests involved maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Assessment using the HHDs was conducted first. The order was randomised for assessor and HHD, however the order of the muscle groups tested was kept consistent as shown in Fig 1; for example if HHD1 was randomly assigned first, all seated muscle groups would be assessed, followed by HHD2 assessing seated muscle groups, with the same order of HHDs for supine and then prone muscle groups. Following a rest period of five minutes, the same protocol was repeated by the second assessor. During pilot testing, problems arose in the assessment of very strong muscle groups, namely the knee extensors and ankle plantarflexors. To assist the assessor in overcoming the force produced by the participant, the plinth was placed close to a wall, which aided the assessors in their resistance of the participants’ contractions for these two muscle groups (see Fig 1B and 1D).
Following HHD testing, the isometric strength and power of participants was then assessed using the KinCom dynamometer utilising the positions described for the HHDs. In order to minimise position changes and reduce time requirements, the order of muscles tested was different during the assessment with the KinCom dynamometer. The order for the KinCom was as follows: knee extensors, knee flexors, hip flexors, hip abductors, hip adductors, hip extensors, ankle plantarflexors, and ankle dorsifexors. Instructions provided to participants for all trials were ‘at the count of three, push/pull as hard and as fast as you can and hold that contraction until I say relax’. Each test lasted between three to five seconds and ended after a steady maximal force was produced by the participant. Participants were instructed to hold the side of the plinth for stabilization (see Fig 1). Constant verbal encouragement was provided throughout the testing. Only the right limb of each participant was assessed to reduce fatigue and the time demands of the testing session. A submaximal practice trial was given for each muscle group on both HHDs and the fixed dynamometer to ensure the participant understood the contraction required. Two trials were recorded for each muscle group, again to minimise the time requirements of testing.
Mentiplay B.F., Perraton L.G., Bower K.J., Adair B., Pua Y.H., Williams G.P., McGaw R, & Clark R.A. (2015). Assessment of Lower Limb Muscle Strength and Power Using Hand-Held and Fixed Dynamometry: A Reliability and Validity Study. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0140822.
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Publication 2015
Ankle Fatigue Isometric Contraction Knee Joint Lower Extremity Muscle Strength Muscle Tissue Neoplasm Metastasis Pemphigus, Benign Familial Sitting
3
Development of Japanese Foot and Ankle Scales
The JOA launched the Preparatory Committee of Criteria for Diagnosis and Assessment in September 1999 and entrusted each of its member societies with such tasks as improvement and revision of evaluation standards and inspection of their validity and reliability. JFFS started the The Committee on Rating Standards for Foot Disease of the JSSF in June 2000, and the Committee subsequently had many discussions and meetings.
As a result, we translated into Japanese the four sites-pecific criteria for evaluation3 (link) of the AOFAS and revised expressions and content to be more appropriate for Japanese people. Modifying this system for use in Japan is justified. First, we considered it difficult to apply one criterion in an evaluation to cover the entire foot and ankle. Second, site-specific evaluation criteria were thought to be easy to use; and, lastly, we considered it difficult for the international community to appreciate evaluation criteria that differed greatly from those of the AOFAS clinical rating system,3 (link) which are accepted as the worldwide standard. However, because it seemed more appropriate to assess the foot as a whole rather than in a site-specific way in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of the features of that disease, we partially modified and supplemented the JOA1 scale. Furthermore, we wrote interpretations and scoring criteria for each item in each scale to avoid differing interpretations.
Our current four site-specific scales are a completely novel and original Japanese version and are far from a duplicate of the AOFAS clinical rating system, as we modified the expressions and content to suit Japanese people. We also added interpretation criteria for each item and rating criteria, such as a pain scale, which were lacking in the AOFAS clinical rating system. This is why the Committee on Rating Standards for Foot Disease of the JSSF grouped together the five scales — comprised of four site-specific scales and the RA foot and ankle scale — and termed it the JSSF standard rating system.
Niki H., Aoki H., Inokuchi S., Ozeki S., Kinoshita M., Kura H., Tanaka Y., Noguchi M., Nomura S., Hatori M, & Tatsunami S. (2005). Development and reliability of a standard rating system for outcome measurement of foot and ankle disorders I: development of standard rating system. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 10(5), 457-465.
Publication 2005
Ankle Diagnosis Foot Foot Diseases Japanese Pain Patients Rheumatoid Arthritis
4
Comprehensive Examination Protocol for Longitudinal Study

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Publication 2010
Albuterol Ankle BLOOD Blood Pressure Eligibility Determination Glucose Glucose Tolerance Test Healthy Volunteers Hispanic or Latino Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Lung Periodontium Physical Examination Safety Snacks Woman
5
Individualized Physical Activity and Health Education for Older Adults
The physical activity intervention involved walking, with a goal of 150 min/week, strength, flexibility, and balance training.15 (link) The intervention included attendance at two center-based visits per week and home-based activity 3–4 times per week for the duration of the study. A protocol was in place to restart the intervention for the participants who suspended the physical activity for medical reasons. The physical activity sessions were individualized and progressed towards a goal of 30 min of walking daily at moderate intensity, 10 min of primarily lower extremity strength training by means of ankle weights (2 sets of 10 repetitions), 10 min of balance training, and large muscle group flexibility exercises. The participants began with lighter intensity and gradually increased intensity over the first 2–3 weeks of the intervention. The Borg’s scale of self-perceived exertion19 that ranges from 6 to 20, was used to measure intensity of activity. Participants were asked to walk at an intensity of 13 (activity perception “somewhat hard”), and lower extremity strengthening exercises were performed at an intensity of 15 to 16.
The health education program focused on successful aging, and which has been termed the successful aging arm of the study in previous publications. The health education group attended weekly workshops of health education during the first 26 weeks, and then monthly sessions thereafter (bi-monthly attendance was optional). Workshops included topics, other than physical activity, relevant to older adults, such as how to effectively negotiate the health care system, how to travel safely, preventive services and screenings recommended at different ages, where to go for reliable health information, nutrition, etc. The program also included a 5- to 10-minute instructor-led program of gentle upper extremity stretching or flexibility exercises.
Pahor M., Guralnik J.M., Ambrosius W.T., Blair S., Bonds D.E., Church T.S., Espeland M.A., Fielding R.A., Gill T.M., Groessl E.J., King A.C., Kritchevsky S.B., Manini T.M., McDermott M.M., Miller M.E., Newman A.B., Rejeski W.J., Sink K.M, & Williamson J.D. (2014). Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE Study randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 311(23), 2387-2396.
Publication 2014
Aged Ankle Health Education Lower Extremity Muscle Tissue Programmed Learning Screening Upper Extremity Wellness Programs Workshops

Most recents protocols related to «Ankle»

1
Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prevalence Study
All patients aged 18 years and above with DM type 1 and type 2, having a wound located below the ankle and attending the surgical department and/or DM clinics of selected hospitals in Uganda between November 1, 2021 and January 31, 2022 were recruited. Purposive.
consecutive sampling method was used until the desired sample size was reached. Patients provided written informed consent to participate in the study. Patients without mental capacity and those without an adult to consent for them were excluded from the study.
DFU patients with communication difficulty, such as those with severe cognitive impairment or those who could not consent, were excluded from the study.
The required sample size for the study patients with DFU was calculated using the Kish Leslie formula as cited by Singh [25 ]. Data about the prevalence of DFU in Uganda is still scanty, therefore we used the prevalence estimate of DFU in a cross-sectional study done in Egypt (8.7% among adult patients aged 18 years and above attending Alexandria University Teaching Hospital Diabetic clinic) to determine the sample size [26 (link)]. Using the prevalence estimate from Egypt, which is similar to the one in Kenya [27 ], resulted in a calculated sample size of 122 patients.
Vahwere B.M., Ssebuufu R., Namatovu A., Kyamanywa P., Ntulume I., Mugwano I., Pius T., Sikakulya F.K., Xaviour O.F., Mulumba Y., Jorge S., Agaba G, & Nasinyama G.W. (2023). Factors associated with severity and anatomical distribution of diabetic foot ulcer in Uganda: a multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 23, 463.
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Publication 2023
Adult Ankle Disorders, Cognitive Mentally Ill Persons Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Wounds
2
Comprehensive Vascular Profiling for PAD Diagnosis
Four-limb blood pressure and ABI measurement was performed by trained technicians using a non-invasive vascular profiling system (Omron VP-1000 vascular profiling system, Japan) [3 (link)]. This system ensured accurate and reliable ABI measurement using advanced oscillometric technology. Simultaneous blood pressure measurement at all four limbs was included, using a dual chamber cuff system and a proprietary algorithm. Measurement was performed after a 10-min rest in the supine position with the upper body as flat as possible. The device simultaneously and automatically measured the blood pressures twice, and then we calculated the means to get final blood pressure values. Bilateral ankle and brachial artery pressures, and bilateral ABI were supplied after measurement. ACC/AHA guidelines recommend ABI ≤ 0.90 as the criterion for the diagnosis of lower extremity PAD [8 (link)]. Meanwhile, IABPD ≥ 15 mmHg was considered as the potential abnormalities of upper extremity arteries according to literatures in this study [9 (link), 10 (link)].
Wang Y., Guo X., Zhang Y., Zhang R, & Li J. (2023). Different associations of general and abdominal obesity with upper and lower extremity artery disease among a community population in China. Nutrition & Metabolism, 20, 14.
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Publication 2023
Ankle Arteries Blood Pressure Brachial Artery Congenital Abnormality Determination, Blood Pressure Diagnosis Hemic System Human Body Lower Extremity Medical Devices Oscillometry Upper Extremity
3
Temporary IVC Filter and DVT Management
A temporary filter was inserted via the nonaffected femoral or jugular vein into the inferior vena cava (IVC) prior to the next procedure for patients with an extensive thrombus in the proximal vein that was evaluated as potentially life-threatening and was retrieved after the proximal DVT was removed and potentially life-threatening conditions were relieved. Consistent with local routines based on published guidelines [9 ], anticoagulant treatment was initiated immediately when DVT was identified with the use of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) at a bolus dose of 100 units/kg twice daily. PTA and/or stent placement was encouraged for lesions that caused 50% or greater diameter narrowing of the iliac and/or common femoral vein, robust collateral filling, and/or a mean pressure gradient of more than 2 mmHg. At the end of LMWH, oral rivaroxaban was directly commenced at a dosage of 15 mg twice a day over the subsequent 21 days and 20 mg once a day thereafter for at least 6 months. In addition, the use of compression stockings (ankle pressure was approximately 30–40 mmHg) for more than 1 year was recommended.
Gong M., Fu G., Liu Z., Zhou Y., Kong J., Zhao B., Lou W., Gu J, & He X. (2023). Rheolytic thrombectomy using an AngioJet ZelanteDVT catheter or a Solent Omni catheter for patients with proximal vein thrombosis. Thrombosis Journal, 21, 25.
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Publication 2023
Ankle Anticoagulants Compression Stockings Femur Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Ilium Jugular Vein Patients Pressure Rivaroxaban Stents Thrombus Vein, Femoral Veins Vena Cavas, Inferior
4
Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Foot Function
Clinical assessments and analyses were performed on the patients. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), Visual Analogue score (VAS), and SF-12 [21 (link)] were used to evaluate the function before the operation and at the last follow-up. The mental component score (MCS) and physical component score (PCS) were calculated using the SF-12 based on the Ware et al. Manual [22 (link)]. The final follow-up visits were performed from August to December 2022.
The foot was examined radiologically in the weight-bearing AP and lateral view. Calcaneal pitch angle, lateral Meary's angle, AP Meary's angle, AP talocalcaneal angle, and talonavicular coverage were measured twice by two different senior doctors at each visit (preoperative, three months after the operation and final follow-up). A successful fusion was defined as a painless foot during weight-bearing and trabeculation across the fusion line on radiography. These parameters measured on the weight-bearing AP and lateral views of the foot are shown in Fig. 2.

Measurement parameters on weight-bearing AP and lateral views. A The calcaneal pitch angle. B The lateral Meary's angle (positive sign = dorsal intersection; negative sign = plantar intersection). C Ap Meary's angle (positive sign = first metatarsal abduction; negative sign = adduction). D Ap talocalcaneal angle. E The talonavicular coverage (positive sign = navicular bone in valgus; negative sign = navicular bone in varus)

Bai W., Li Y., Shen G., Zhang H., Li X, & Zhu Y. (2023). Talonavicular-cuneiform arthrodesis for the treatment of Müller-Weiss: mid-term results of 15 cases after 5 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24, 178.
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Publication 2023
Ankle Calcaneus Foot Metatarsal Bones Navicular Bone of Foot Patients Physical Examination Physicians X-Rays, Diagnostic
5
Standardized Assessment of Bleeding and Joint Status in Nonsevere Hemophilia

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Publication 2023
Adult Ankle Arthropathy Blood Coagulation Disorders Blood Transfusion Central Nervous System Coxa Desmopressin Epistaxis Health Personnel Hemarthrosis Hematuria Hemophilia A Joints Joints, Elbow Knee Muscle Tissue Operative Surgical Procedures Pain Measurement Patients Physical Examination Shoulder Therapy, Hormone Replacement Tooth Extraction Wounds Wounds and Injuries

Top products related to «Ankle»

1
Vasera vs 1000 by Fukuda Denshi
Sourced in Japan
The VaSera VS-1000 is a diagnostic device designed for vascular function assessment. It is capable of measuring various cardiovascular parameters, including ankle-brachial index and pulse wave velocity.
2
Matlab by MathWorks
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Austria, Morocco, Switzerland, Australia, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, China, France, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Malaysia, Israel, Finland, Spain
MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
3
Bp 203rpe 3 by Omron
Sourced in Japan, China
The BP-203RPE III is a digital blood pressure monitor designed for clinical use. It features an automatic inflation and deflation system and can measure blood pressure and pulse rate. The device is intended for professional medical use.
4
Tg 209 f3 tarsus by Netzsch
Sourced in Germany
The TG 209 F3 Tarsus is a thermal analysis instrument designed for thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is capable of measuring weight changes in materials as a function of temperature or time under a controlled atmosphere.
5
Vp 1000 plus by Omron
Sourced in Japan
The VP-1000 plus is a laboratory measurement device designed for precise analysis of samples. It features high-accuracy measurement capabilities to support a range of scientific applications.
6
Vasera vs 1500 by Fukuda Denshi
Sourced in Japan
The VaSera VS-1500 is a non-invasive vascular screening device designed to assess arterial stiffness and cardiovascular health. It utilizes pulse wave analysis technology to measure parameters such as brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, which provides information about the condition of the arterial system.
7
Szx16 stereomicroscope by Olympus
Sourced in Japan, United States
The SZX16 stereomicroscope is a high-performance optical instrument designed for a wide range of applications. It features a zoom ratio of 16:1, providing a versatile magnification range. The instrument is equipped with a sturdy, ergonomic design and offers a clear, high-resolution image to facilitate detailed observation and analysis.
8
M205c stereomicroscope by Leica camera
Sourced in Germany, United States
The M205C stereomicroscope is a high-performance optical instrument designed for detailed observation and analysis. It features a binocular observation tube, providing a stereoscopic image with 3D depth perception. The microscope offers a wide range of magnification options, enabling users to examine specimens with precision and clarity.
9
Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
10
Bx51 compound microscope by Olympus
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The BX51 is a compound microscope designed for a wide range of scientific applications. It features high-quality optics, robust construction, and advanced illumination options to provide clear and detailed images. The BX51 is suitable for various laboratory and research settings, but no further details on its intended use are provided.

More about "Ankle"

The ankle is a complex anatomical structure that connects the leg to the foot, enabling a wide range of motion and weight-bearing activities.
This intricate joint is composed of several bones, ligaments, and tendons that work together to provide stability, flexibility, and support for various physical activities.
Proper ankle function is essential for walking, running, and other forms of locomotion.
Injuries or conditions affecting the ankle, such as sprains, fractures, or arthritis, can significantly impact mobility and quality of life.
Understanding the biomechanics and physiology of the ankle is crucial for effective diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of ankle-related disorders.
Researchers in this field utilize advanced technologies like the VaSera VS-1000, MATLAB, BP-203RPE III, TG 209 F3 Tarsus, VP-1000 plus, VaSera VS-1500, SZX16 stereomicroscope, M205C stereomicroscope, and TRIzol reagent to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of ankle studies.
These tools help identify optimal protocols and products, as well as maximize the efficiency of ankle-related investigations.
The BX51 compound microscope, for instance, may be used to examine the microstructural changes in the ankle joint caused by injury or disease.
By analyzing the detailed anatomy and pathological changes, researchers can develop more effective treatment and rehabilitation strategies.
Ultimately, the study of the ankle joint is a crucial area of research that aims to improve the quality of life for individuals affected by ankle-related conditions.
Through the use of advanced technologies and a deeper understanding of ankle biomechanics, researchers can work towards enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of ankle studies, leading to better patient outcomes.