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> Anatomy > Body Location or Region > Buttocks

Buttocks

The buttocks (singular: buttock) are the rounded, fleshy posterior part of the human body between the lower back and the thighs.
They consist of the gluteal muscles, which include the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
These muscles help stabilize the pelvis and extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the thigh.
The buttocks play a key role in standing, walking, running, and other lower body movements.
Proper assessment and optimization of buttocks function is importan1t for overall physical health and performance.

Most cited protocols related to «Buttocks»

1
TARA Study: African-American Body Characteristics
Body characteristics for participants in the TARA study are shown in Table 1. Subjects were 223 African Americans (Table 1, 43.5% male), age 35 years (34.8 ± 7.7), range 20–50 years, BMI 30.0 ± 7.7, range 18.5–54.7 kg/m2. The BMI range of TARA participants was similar to that of the BetaGene subjects. Data from the TARA subjects have been previously reported (18 (link),19 (link)). Subjects were born in the United States and each subject reported that both parents were African-American. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed previously unknown impaired glucose tolerance in 25% and diabetes in 2%. Twenty percent were hypertensive. Women were premenopausal; 41% of the females were obese. Recruitment was accomplished through flyers, newsletters, and websites. The institutional review board of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) approved the study, and all subjects gave informed consent.
Hip circumference in all TARA participants was measured by a single observer (N.G.S.) over nonrestrictive underwear or light-weight shorts, at the level of the maximum extension of the buttocks posteriorly in a horizontal plane. The mean of the three determinations was recorded. Similar to the BetaGene study, whole-body composition measurements were performed with a Hologic QDR4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (Hologic) in the array mode using software version 5.71A.
Bergman R.N., Stefanovski D., Buchanan T.A., Sumner A.E., Reynolds J.C., Sebring N.G., Xiang A.H, & Watanabe R.M. (2011). A Better Index of Body Adiposity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 19(5), 1083-1089.
Publication 2011
African American Buttocks Childbirth Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Nephropathy Digestive System Digestive System Disorders Ethics Committees, Research Females Human Body Intolerances, Glucose Kidney Kidney Diseases Light Males Measure, Body Obesity Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Parent Radiography Woman
2
Profiling Psoriasis Skin Transcriptome
Six millimeter punch skin biopsies were obtained at the University of Michigan Department of Dermatology. One biopsy of normal skin was obtained from the buttock of 64 control individuals. Two biopsies (one involved, one uninvolved) were obtained from 58 psoriatic subjects. Involved skin biopsies were taken from psoriasis plaques, and uninvolved skin biopsies were taken from the buttocks, at least 10 cM away from the nearest plaque. RNA from each biopsy was isolated using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen). Samples were run on Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 arrays to evaluate expression of ~54,000 probes according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The raw data from 180 microarrays was processed using the Robust Multichip Average (RMA) method. Prior to analysis, we adjusted RMA expression values to account for batch and sex effects. To obtain a single expression value for each gene, we calculated the average of expression values of multiple probe sets on the microarray that were mapped to the same gene. Gene expression was contrasted between different groups of samples using two sample T-tests (for comparisons involving skin from normal controls and individuals with psoriasis) or paired T-tests (for comparisons involving involved and uninvolved skin from affected individuals). Comparisons of normal skin from controls and psoriatic skin from cases gave similar results (but slightly more significant p-values) to paired comparisons of involved and uninvolved skin from the same affected individual and are not shown. Re-analysis of a previously published dataset22 (link) including paired biopsies of involved and uninvolved skin from 16 individuals gave results consistent with those reported here, suggesting that IL23A, IL12B and TNIP1 are over-expressed in involved skin. This independent dataset did not suggest differential expression of HLA-C.
Nair R.P., Duffin K.C., Helms C., Ding J., Stuart P.E., Goldgar D., Gudjonsson J.E., Li Y., Tejasvi T., Feng B.J., Ruether A., Schreiber S., Weichenthal M., Gladman D., Rahman P., Schrodi S.J., Prahalad S., Guthery S.L., Fischer J., Liao W., Kwok P.Y., Menter A., Lathrop G.M., Wise C.A., Begovich A.B., Voorhees J.J., Elder J.T., Krueger G.G., Bowcock A.M, & Abecasis G.R. (2009). Genomewide Scan Reveals Association of Psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-κB Pathways. Nature genetics, 41(2), 199-204.
Publication 2008
Biopsy Buttocks Dental Plaque Gene Expression Genes, vif HLA-C Antigens IL23A protein, human Microarray Analysis Psoriasis Senile Plaques Skin
3
Assessing Adipose Tissue Transcriptome Variability
To assess the transcript variability in a wide panel of samples we put together a set of 180 samples selected to encompass a broad range of adipose tissue origins and experimental conditions (Table 1). Human fat depots were represented by omental, abdominal subcutaneous, and gluteal tissue. The effect of obesity was considered: lean (BMI <25 kg/m2) vs. obese (BMI >30 kg/m2), with equal gender representation. Growth pattern and stimulation of adipogenesis was represented by including surgically removed lipomas vs. normal adjacent adipose tissue and samples taken before and after 14 days of systemic rosiglitazone treatment (4 mg BD) (11 (link)). Methodological issues like biopsy retrieval method (needle vs. surgical) and RNA extraction method (Tri-reagent vs. column) were also included. Finally we prepared differentiated adipocytes from preadipocytes isolated from the stromovascular fraction of subcutaneous biopsies (Table 1). Needle biopsy samples were taken under local anesthesia using a 12-gauge needle and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Surgical biopsies were taken during elective surgery and immediately frozen. Preadipocytes were differentiated and exposed to either 0 μm, 50 μm, or 200 μm palmitate (13 (link)). All biopsies and cells were homogenized in Tri-reagent (cat. no. AM9738, Ambion, Austin, TX) and RNA was extracted with either a standard Tri-reagent protocol or using Ambion MirVana columns (cat. no. AM1561, Ambion).
Neville M.J., Collins J.M., Gloyn A.L., McCarthy M.I, & Karpe F. (2010). Comprehensive Human Adipose Tissue mRNA and MicroRNA Endogenous Control Selection for Quantitative Real-Time-PCR Normalization. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 19(4), 888-892.
Publication 2010
Abdomen Adipocytes Adipogenesis austin Biopsy Buttocks Cells Elective Surgical Procedures Freezing Genes, vif Homo sapiens Lipoma Local Anesthesia Needle Biopsies Needles Nitrogen Obesity Omentum Operative Surgical Procedures Palmitate Rosiglitazone Tissue, Adipose Tissues
4
Comprehensive Cardiometabolic Profiling in MOS
1a. Anthropometrics Participants are examined with measurements of height (cm) with their legs together looking straight ahead, in indoor clothing without shoes and hats. Weight (kg) is measured on a calibrated balance beam or digital scale. To measure hip circumference (cm), the individuals stand erect with arms at the sides, feet together, when the maximum circumference over the buttocks are measured. Waist (cm) is measured midway between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest. Resting blood pressure (mmHg) and heart rate (beats/min) is measured as a mean of two readings in the supine position after 10 min rest by use of an automatic device (Omron).
1b. Blood samples These are drawn during the first day visit. In total, nine test tubes are filled with a total of 50 ml. Participants are instructed to be fasting since 10 p.m. the previous day but allowed to drink water. Fasting blood samples are analysed for lipids, glucose and creatinine at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Malmö. In addition, aliquots of blood, serum and plasma, as well as buffy coat from EDTA-blood for DNA extraction, are stored in − 80 °C in a local biobank (BD47), run by the Region Skåne County Council. Later on, the protocol was changed so that also whole blood samples are sent to the Department of Clinical Chemistry and further stored in the biobank, details about the analysis performed the Department of Clinical Chemistry are described in Supplementary Table S1. We aim to have full genome-wide (GWAS) genetic data on all MOS participants, as is already the case for the first generation (GI) in the MDCS.
1c. Cardiovascular and pulmonary phenotyping For arterial characterization, seven different methods are used (listed in Table 1). These include ultrasound of the arteria carotis (Logiq E9, GE Healthcare), and the assessment of arterial stiffness with pulse wave velocity (PWV), as well as pulse wave analysis (PWA), by use of Sphygmocor® (AtCor, Australia). In addition, we evaluate peripheral finger blood flow by EndoPat® (Itamar, Israel). The ankle-brachial index is measured by Doppler (Hadeco Bidop ES 100V3). In G2, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure is measured and by indirect methods, also central blood pressure and arterial stiffness are calculated (24-h Arteriograph®). Cardiac size and function is assessed by performing echocardiography (Vivid 7, GE Healthcare) and 24-h Holter ECG in a sub-sample of both G2 and G3.

Cardiovascular, hemodynamic and metabolic phenotyping in MOS (for details see “Appendix”)

MethodDeviceExamined
Ultrasound of the carotid arteriesLogiq E9 (GE Healthcare)G2
Pulse wave velocity (PWV)Sphygmocor (AtCor, Australia)G2 & G3
Pulse wave analysis (PWA)Sphygmocor (AtCor, Australia)G2 & G3
Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI)Sphygmomanometer and pen Doppler Hadeco Bidop ES-100V3G2 & G3
Endothelial functionEndoPat (Itamar, Israel)G2
Skin Auto fluorescence of Advanced Glycation End (AGE) productsAGE Reader (DiagnOptics, The Netherlands)G2 & G3
Ambulatory blood pressure and arterial stiffnessTensioMed Arteriograph 24 (TensioMed Ltd, Hungary)G2
EchocardiographyGE Vingmed Vivid 7 Ultrasound (GE, Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway)G2

*G2, generation 2; G3, generation 3

1d. Pulmonary function Pulmonary function is tested using screening spirometry (Jaeger Masterscope).
1e. Skin autofluorescence Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products is measured by the AGE Reader® (DiagnOptics Technologies, Groningen, Netherlands).
For detailed information about each technical method, see “Appendix 1”.
Brunkwall L., Jönsson D., Ericson U., Hellstrand S., Kennbäck C., Östling G., Jujic A., Melander O., Engström G., Nilsson J., Ohlsson B., Klinge B., Orho-Melander M., Persson M, & Nilsson P.M. (2020). The Malmö Offspring Study (MOS): design, methods and first results. European Journal of Epidemiology, 36(1), 103-116.
Publication 2020
ADAM11 protein, human Arterial Stiffness Arteries Arteriography BLOOD Blood Buffy Coat Blood Circulation Blood Pressure Buttocks Cardiovascular System Carotid Arteries Costal Arch Creatinine Echocardiography Edetic Acid Fingers Fluorescence Foot Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Glucose Glycation Glycation End Products, Advanced Heart Hemodynamics Holter Electrocardiography Iliac Crest Indices, Ankle-Brachial Leg Lipids Lung Medical Devices mos Genes Plasma Pressure Pulmonary Artery Pulse Wave Analysis Rate, Heart Serum Skin Sphygmomanometers Spirometry Ultrasonography Waist Circumference
5
Evaluating Neuromuscular Control Modes

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Publication 2015
Arm, Upper Buttocks Condyle Ethics Committees, Research factor A Femur Generic Drugs Gracilis Muscle Healthy Volunteers Hip Joint Homo sapiens Joints Joints, Ankle Knee Joint Lata, Fascia Lower Extremity Muscle, Gastrocnemius Muscle Contraction Muscle Tissue Nervousness Plant Roots Rectus Femoris Semimembranosus Soleus Muscle Surface Electromyography Tendons Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis

Most recents protocols related to «Buttocks»

1
Obesity Measures as CV Risk Factors
Data from the placebo group of the REWIND trial were used for this analysis. Details of the REWIND trial are published elsewhere [14 (link), 15 (link)]. In brief, the REWIND trial was a global, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants with type 2 diabetes were aged ≥ 50 years with established CVD, aged ≥ 55 years with subclinical CVD, or aged ≥ 60 years with two or more CV risk factors. Participants (N = 9901) were randomized 1:1 to receive once-weekly subcutaneous injections of dulaglutide 1.5 mg or placebo in addition to the standard of care for diabetes and CVD of the specific country during the trial period of August 2011 to August 2018. Median follow-up was 5.4 years. All participants provided written and informed consent and the trial was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki.
Weight measurements were taken at baseline and throughout the trial annually as well as at the final study visit. Height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured at baseline and every 24 months throughout the trial as well as at the final study visit. To calculate BMI, body weight and height were measured. Body weight was measured using a calibrated scale (mechanical or digital). BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. WC and hip circumference (HC) measurements were obtained with the patient in the standing position. WC was measured immediately above the iliac crest and HC at the maximal circumference of the buttocks, both in centimeters. WHR was calculated by dividing WC by HC.
The current analysis examined obesity measures, measured at baseline, as potential risk factors for four outcomes: MACE-3 (non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or death from CV causes including unknown causes), CVD-related mortality, all-cause mortality, and HF requiring hospitalization or urgent care. Potential CV outcomes and all deaths were adjudicated by an independent clinical endpoint committee that was masked to treatment assignment. Further adjudication criteria are published elsewhere [15 (link)].
Franek E., Pais P., Basile J., Nicolay C., Raha S., Hickey A., Ahmad N.N., Konig M., Kan H, & Gerstein H.C. (2023). General versus central adiposity as risk factors for cardiovascular-related outcomes in a high-risk population with type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the REWIND trial. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 22, 52.
Publication 2023
Buttocks Cerebrovascular Accident Conferences Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent dulaglutide Fingers Hospitalization Iliac Crest Myocardial Infarction Myristica fragrans Obesity Patients Placebos Subcutaneous Injections Waist Circumference
2
Tracking Body Composition Changes with Aging
Changes in body composition are a normal part of ageing and often occur simultaneously with declines in physical function. Anthropometric measurements were made to provide a quantitative measure of body composition, obesity and body fat distribution that is related to overall health status and can be tracked over time. Standing height and weight were measured using standard techniques, BMI was computed as weight/height2 (kg/m2).
Waist and hip measurements were recorded using a SECA measuring tape. The waist was measured midway between the iliac crest and the costal margin (lower rib) while the hip circumference was measured at the widest circumference over the buttocks and below the iliac crest. Measurements were repeated twice. Waist-to-hip ratio was calculated as a measure of body fat distribution which is an important indicator of risk of cardiovascular disease [9 (link)]. Percentage body fat was also measured using the Bodystat 1500 MDD body composition analyser. This measures the amount of lean and fat mass that makes up total body weight.
Neville C.E., Young I.S., Kee F., Hogg R.E., Scott A., Burns F., Woodside J.V, & McGuinness B. (2023). Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA): health assessment protocol, participant profile and patterns of participation. BMC Public Health, 23, 466.
Publication 2023
Body Composition Body Fat Body Weight Buttocks Costal Arch Iliac Crest Measure, Body Obesity Physical Examination Waist-Hip Ratio
3
Biomechanics of Sit-to-Stand Motion
The STS motion was divided into 4 phases, as shown in Figure 2. Phase I, designated the momentum forward phase, began with initiation of the motion (the change of tilt angle of trunk Δθ4 > 0.1°) and ended just before the buttocks lift-off the seat (the change of hip angle Δθ2 > 0.6°). During this phase, the COG inclines forward, and the buttocks and shank are still at rest. Phase II, designated the momentum transfer phase, began with the buttocks lift-off the seat and ended at maximum ankle dorsiflexion (the tilt angle of trunk θ4 reached maximum). During this phase, the trend of trunk motion changes from forward flexion to backward extension, and the displacement of COG changes from Anterior-Posterior to Vertical direction. The phase III was designated the extension phase, which started after the ankle joint reaches the maximum dorsiflexion, and ended at the completion of the first hip extension (the trunk angle θ3 reached maximum). During this phase, the shank extends backward, the hips continue to rise, and the trunk extends backward. The phase IV was designated the stabilization phase (the change of trunk angle Δθ3 < 0.1°). In this phase, the body of subjects will have Anterior–Posterior and lateral sway slightly, and gradually change to a stable state. Since the end time of swaying process cannot be determined, it is difficult to define this phase. For the purposes of this paper and for calculations we have considered only phases I, II, and III.
Yang S., Yi Z., Zhou B, & Xue Q. (2023). Effect of initial foot angle (IFA) on kinematics and dynamics of body during sit-to-stand transfer. Medicine, 102(10), e33184.
Publication 2023
Buttocks Coxa Human Body Joints, Ankle
4
Itch Characteristics and Associated Factors

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Publication 2023
Abdomen Acids Allergens Asian Americans Axilla BAD protein, human Body Regions Buttocks Character Chest Chronic Urticaria Common Cold Contact Dermatitis Diagnosis Eczema Ethnicity Exanthema Face Food Foot Forearm Groin Head Hispanics Inflammation Irritants Lower Extremity Males Neck Pain Patients Prurigo Pruritus Psoriasis Salts Scalp Shoulder Skin Sweat Thigh Upper Extremity Woman
5
Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements
Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and BMI were calculated. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at the midpoint between the bottom of the rib cage and the top of iliac crest from subjects at minimal respiration. Hip circumference (HC) was measured at the level of symphysis pubis and salient point of gluteus maximum. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters (kg/m2). Caffeine, smoking, or alcohol were prohibited within 30 min before the BP measurement. After 5 min rest in supine position, the office BP and HR were measured from the right arm using automated sphygmomanometer (Omron, HEM‐7052, Japan). Three measurements were taken 1 min apart and the mean of the 3 values was calculated.16
Gong J., Han Y., Gao G., Chen A., Fang Z., Lin D., Liu Y., Luo L, & Xie L. (2023). Sex‐specific difference in the relationship between body fat percentage and arterial stiffness: Results from Fuzhou study. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 25(3), 286-294.
Publication 2023
Body Weight Buttocks Caffeine Cell Respiration Ethanol Iliac Crest Rib Cage Sphygmomanometers Symphyses, Pubic Waist Circumference

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More about "Buttocks"

The Buttocks: Powering Your Movement and Stability The buttocks, also known as the gluteal region or posterior, are the rounded, fleshy area at the back of the human body between the lower back and the thighs.
This important anatomical structure is composed of several key muscles, including the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
These muscles play a crucial role in stabilizing the pelvis, extending the thigh, abducting the thigh, and rotating the thigh laterally.
The buttocks are essential for a wide range of lower body movements, such as standing, walking, running, and other physical activities.
Proper assessment and optimization of buttock function is vital for overall physical health and performance.
Tools like the stadiometer, digital scale, Rompun, BC-418MA, BC-418, Leicester Height Measure, TANITA-TBF-300GS, Discovery W, and Trigno Wireless System can be utilized to evaluate and analyze the buttocks and related musculature.
Whether you're an athlete, a physical therapist, or someone interested in overall health and fitness, understanding the importance of the buttocks and how to optimize their function can have a significant impact on your well-being and quality of life.
By incorporating the insights from the MeSH term description and the Metadescription, you can unlock the power of the buttocks and take your physical performance to new heights.