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Forelimb

The forelimb is the anterior appendage of an animal, consisting of the arm, forearm, and hand.
It is used for a variety of functions, such as ambulation, manipulation, and locomotion.
Forelimbs are found in many vertebrate species, including mammals, birds, and reptiles.
They are an important area of study in comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and musculoskeletal research.
Discover how PubCompare.ai can optimize your forelimb research by enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
Our AI-drivin comparisons help you locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ensuring your work is built on the most reliable and up-to-date information.
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Most cited protocols related to «Forelimb»

1
Differentiation and Characterization of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons
Human ESC (H9, H1) and iPSC lines (2C6 and SeV6) were subjected to a modified dual SMAD-inhibition13 (link) based FP induction12 (link) protocol. Exposure to SHH C25II, Purmorphamine, FGF8 and CHIR99021 were optimized for midbrain FP and DA neuron yield (see Figure 1d). Following FP induction, further maturation was carried out in Neurobasal/B27 medium supplemented with AA, BDNF, GDNF, TGFβ3 and dbcAMP (see full methods for details). The resulting DA neurons were subjected to extensive phenotypic characterization via immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR, gene expression profiling, HPLC analysis for DA and in vitro electrophysiological recordings. In vivo studies were performed in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned, hemiparkinsonian rodents (adult NOD-SCID IL2Rgc mice and Sprague Dawley rats) as well as in two adult rhesus monkeys treated with carotid injections of MPTP. DA neurons were injected stereotactically in the striata of the animals (150 × 103 cells in mice, 250 × 103 cells in rats) and a total of 7.5 × 106 cells (distributed in 6 tracts; 3 on each side of brain) in monkeys. Behavioral assays were performed at monthly intervals post grafting, including amphetamine mediated rotational analysis as well as a test for focal akinesia (“stepping test”) and forelimb use (cylinder test). Rats and mice were sacrificed at 18–20 weeks and the primates at 1 month post grafting. Characterization of the grafts was performed via stereological analyses of cell numbers and graft volumes and comprehensive immunohistochemistry.
Kriks S., Shim J.W., Piao J., Ganat Y.M., Wakeman D.R., Xie Z., Carrillo-Reid L., Auyeung G., Antonacci C., Buch A., Yang L., Beal M.F., Surmeier D.J., Kordower J.H., Tabar V, & Studer L. (2011). Floor plate-derived dopamine neurons from hESCs efficiently engraft in animal models of PD. Nature, 480(7378), 547-551.
Publication 2011
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Adult Amphetamine Animals Biological Assay Brain Bucladesine Carotid Arteries Cells Chir 99021 FGF8 protein, human Forelimb Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Grafts High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Homo sapiens Hydroxydopamine Immunocytochemistry Immunohistochemistry Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Macaca mulatta Mesencephalon Mice, Inbred NOD Monkeys Mus Neurons Phenotype Primates purmorphamine Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus Rodent SCID Mice Step Test Striatum, Corpus
2
In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Neuronal Activity
rAAVs (AAV2/1; synapsin-1 promoter) were injected into the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of 2–3 week old C57Bl/6Crl wild-type mice. Two weeks after injection, mice were anaesthetized with 2% isoflurane, and a 1.5mm circular craniotomy was performed over the injection site as previously described 43 (link). Cells were recorded with a patch pipette containing (in mM): 10.0 KCl, 140 K-gluconate, 10.0 HEPES, 2.0 MgCl2, 2.0 CaCl2, 0.05 Alexa 594, pH 7.25, 290 mOsm. For recording and stimulation a MultiClamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, California) was used. In whole cell mode, action potentials were evoked by 2–5 ms long current injections; in cell attached mode currents up to 100 nA were necessary. The Ti:Sapphire laser (Mai Tai, Spectro-Physics, CA) was tuned to 910 nm for GCaMP3 imaging. Fluorescence images were simultaneously acquired using a custom-built, two-photon laser-scanning microscope equipped with a 40X, 0.8 NA objective (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Frame scans were acquired at 15 Hz (256×32 pixels) for a period of 3 seconds.
For imaging awake, head-fixed running mice, virus injection and surgery were identical to the anesthetized condition, except that the injection and craniotomy were performed over the primary whisker and forelimb motor area (M1). In addition, local (Marcaine) and general (Buprenorphine, 0.1mg/kg IP and Ketoprofen, 5mg/kg SC) anesthetics were administered. After full recovery on a heating pad the animals were head restrained, but allowed to run freely on a linear treadmill. Action potentials were recorded using a loose-seal cell attached configuration with patch pipettes filled with buffer (in mM: 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 25.0 glucose, 10.0 HEPES, 2.0 CaCl2, 2.0 MgSO4, 0.05 Alexa 594; pH 7.4, 285 mOsm), and signals were amplified using a MultiClamp 700B (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, California). To confirm the identity of recorded neurons, each recording was terminated by breaking into the cell and filling with red pipette solution. During the imaging sessions the animals were kept alert by sporadic acoustic stimuli (clapping) or by presenting a pole or mild air puffs to the whisker field. Images were acquired at frame rates of 4–8 Hz at a resolution of 256×512 pixels using a 16X, 0.8 NA water immersion objective (Nikon USA, Lewisville, TX). All images acquired while awake were corrected for movement artifacts using the ImageJ plug-in TurboReg (http://bigwww.epfl.ch/thevenaz/turboreg/). ΔF/F was calculated by subtracting the baseline fluorescence level (F0, 35th percentile of total fluorescence) from the actual fluorescence level and normalized to F0.
Tian L., Hires S.A., Mao T., Huber D., Chiappe M.E., Chalasani S.H., Petreanu L., Akerboom J., McKinney S.A., Schreiter E.R., Bargmann C.I., Jayaraman V., Svoboda K, & Looger L.L. (2009). Imaging neural activity in worms, flies and mice with improved GCaMP calcium indicators. Nature methods, 6(12), 875-881.
Publication 2009
Acoustics Action Potentials Alexa594 Anesthetics Animals Buffers Buprenorphine Cells Craniotomy Fluorescence Forelimb gluconate Glucose Head HEPES Isoflurane Ketoprofen Laser Scanning Microscopy Magnesium Chloride Marcaine Medical Devices Mice, Inbred C57BL Motor Cortex Movement Mus Neoplasm Metastasis Neurons Operative Surgical Procedures Phocidae Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Sapphire Sodium Chloride Somatosensory Cortex, Primary Submersion Sulfate, Magnesium Synapsin I Vibrissae Virus
3
Grip Strength Measurement Technique for Mice
Grip strength was assessed using a grip strength meter (GSM) consisting of horizontal forelimb mesh and an angled hindlimb mesh (Columbus Instruments, Columbus, Ohio). The animals were acclimatized on fore- and hindlimb meshes for 3 consecutive days, at least 1 week before actual data collection. For forelimb strength assessment, the animal was allowed to hold the horizontal mesh with the forelimb paws and then was gently pulled back until its grip was broken. The force transducer retained the peak force reached when the animal’s grip was broken and is shown on a digital display. This was repeated five times during each session within a 2-minute time-frame. For hindlimb strength, an angled mesh assembly was used. Mice were allowed to rest on the angled mesh assembly, facing away from the meter and with hindlimbs at least halfway down the length of the mesh. The mouse’s tail was pulled directly toward the meter and parallel to the mesh assembly. During this procedure the mice generally resisted by grasping the mesh with all four limbs. The pulling continued toward the meter until the hindlimbs released from the mesh assembly. Five successful hind- and forelimb strength measurements were recorded over a period of 2 minutes. The maximum values for each day over a 5-day period were used for subsequent analysis. The grip strength measurements were collected in the morning hours over a 5-day period, and data were normalized to body weight and expressed as KGF/kg.
SPURNEY C.F., GORDISH-DRESSMAN H., GUERRON A.D., SALI A., PANDEY G.S., RAWAT R., VAN DER MEULEN J.H., CHA H.J., PISTILLI E.E., PARTRIDGE T.A., HOFFMAN E.P, & NAGARAJU K. (2009). PRECLINICAL DRUG TRIALS IN THE mdx MOUSE: ASSESSMENT OF RELIABLE AND SENSITIVE OUTCOME MEASURES. Muscle & nerve, 39(5), 591-602.
Publication 2009
Animals Body Weight Forelimb Hindlimb Mice, Laboratory Reading Frames Tail Transducers
4
Mouse Model of Intracranial Aneurysm Formation
Experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines approved by the University of California, San Francisco, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Intracranial aneurysms were induced in 8–10 week-old male mice (C57BL/6J, Jackson Laboratory) using a previously described method with modifications.7 (link), 13 (link) We combined induced systemic hypertension and a single injection of elastase into the cerebrospinal fluid at the right basal cistern. (Detailed methods are presented in the online supplements.)To induce systemic hypertension, we used deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension (DOCA-salt hypertension).14 (link) Mice underwent nephrectomy followed by an implantation of DOCA pellet one week later; 1% sodium chloride drinking water was started on the same day as the DOCA pellet implantation.14 (link), 15 (link) Mice received a single injection of elastase (25–35 milli-units) into the cerebrospinal fluid at the right basal cistern on the same day as DOCA pellet implantation.7 (link), 13 (link) Aneurysms were defined as a localized outward bulging of the vascular wall, whose diameter was greater than the parent artery diameter.7 (link), 13 (link)Two blinded observers performed daily neurological examination using a previously described method with modifications.16 (link)–19 (link) Neurological symptoms were scored as followings; 0: normal function; 1: reduced eating or drinking activity demonstrated by a weight loss greater than two grams of body weight (approximately 10% weight loss) over 24 hours; 2: flexion of the torso and forelimbs upon lifting of the whole animal by the tail; 3: circling to one side with a normal posture at rest; 4: leaning to one side at rest; 5: no spontaneous activity. Mice were sacrificed when they developed neurological symptoms (score 1–5). All asymptomatic mice were sacrificed 28 days after aneurysm induction. The brain samples were perfused with phosphate-buffered saline, followed by a gelatin containing blue dye in order to visualize cerebral arteries, as well as to assess for aneurysm formation and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Makino H., Tada Y., Wada K., Liang E.I., Chang M., Mobashery S., Kanematsu Y., Kurihara C., Palova E., Kanematsu M., Kitazato K, & Hashimoto T. (2012). Pharmacological stabilization of intracranial aneurysms in mice— a feasibility study. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation, 43(9), 2450-2456.
Publication 2012
Aneurysm Animals Arteries Blood Vessel Body Weight Brain Cerebral Arteries Cerebrospinal Fluid Desoxycorticosterone Acetate Dietary Supplements Forelimb Gelatins High Blood Pressures Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Intracranial Aneurysm Males Mus Nephrectomy Neurologic Examination Neurologic Symptoms Ovum Implantation Pancreatic Elastase Parent Phosphates Saline Solution Sodium Chloride Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Tail Torso
5
Kindling Seizure Induction in Mice

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Publication 2010
Amygdaloid Body Axon Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy Electroencephalography Forelimb Mus Poaceae Pulses Seizures

Most recents protocols related to «Forelimb»

1
Corneal Kindling Seizure Model in Mice
Not available on PMC !

Example 38

In corneal kindled seizure model, mice are kindled electrically with 3 s stimulation, 8 mA, 60 Hz delivered through corneal electrodes primed with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride in 0.9% saline, twice daily, until 5 consecutive stage V seizures are induced. Mice are considered kindled when they display at least 5 consecutive stage V seizures according to the Racine scale (Racine et al., 1972) including, mouth and facial clonus (stage I), Stage I plus head nodding (Stage II), Stage II plus forelimb clonus (Stage III), Stage III plus rearing (Stage IV), and stage IV plus repeated rearing and falling (Stage V) (Racine et al., 1972). At the completion of the kindling acquisition, mice are permitted a 3-day stimulation-free period prior to any drug testing. On the day of the experiment, fully kindled mice are pre-administered (i.p) with increasing doses of the test compound and challenged with the corneal kindling stimulus of 3 mA for 3 seconds 15 min. Mice are scored as protected (seizure score of <3) or not protected, (seizure score ≥4) based on the Racine scoring (Racine et al., 1972).

US11858900B2. Fluorinated 2-amino-4-(substituted amino)phenyl carbamate derivatives (2024-01-02). OcuTerra Therapeutics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: D. Scott Edwards [US], Ben C. Askew [US], Takeru Furuya [US].
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Patent 2024
Cornea Electricity Face Forelimb Head Mus Neoplasm Metastasis Normal Saline Oral Cavity Seizures Seizures, Focal Tetracaine
2
Forelimb Grip Strength Evaluation
This test was used to evaluate muscle strength of the forelimbs. The mouse was lowered over a grid and permitted to grip the top portion of the grid with its forepaws. The mouse was gently pulled from the grid by its tail. Grip strength was represented as the g-force required for the mouse to release its grip on the grid. This procedure was repeated 3 times and the mean grip strength was calculated for that session.
Wang Z., Li Q., Kolls B.J., Mace B., Yu S., Li X., Liu W., Chaparro E., Shen Y., Dang L., del Águila Á., Bernstock J.D., Johnson K.R., Yao J., Wetsel W.C., Moore S.D., Turner D.A, & Yang W. (2023). Sustained overexpression of spliced X-box-binding protein-1 in neurons leads to spontaneous seizures and sudden death in mice. Communications Biology, 6, 252.
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Publication 2023
Forelimb G Force Grasp Mice, House Muscle Strength Tail
3
Multiregional fMRI Data Processing Workflow
This section describes the processing of all fMRI data with exception of the data analyzed using the GLM or NBS (see Section “2.5. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data analysis using the GLM or NBS”). Data processing was done using MATLAB (Release 2021b, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States). The first 5 s of each measurement were discarded to avoid pre-steady-state artifacts. A template of 14 regions based on a rat brain atlas (Paxinos, 1997 ) was registered to the data (Supplementary Figure 1). If the measurements contained only one slice of the template, seven regions were registered. These regions were selected since they were not expected to contain strong susceptibility artifacts, which would affect comparison of SE-EPI and GE-EPI data. For vasodilation challenge experiments, only the right forelimb region of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1Fl) was examined. Signals from voxels located in one region were summed up, downsampled to a temporal resolution of 1 s and normalized to their mean. For determination of the oscillation frequency, no downsampling was performed, as a higher temporal resolution was required for the fitting procedure.
Lambers H., Wachsmuth L., Lippe C, & Faber C. (2023). The impact of vasomotion on analysis of rodent fMRI data. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1064000.
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Publication 2023
Brain Forelimb Somatosensory Cortex, Primary Susceptibility, Disease Vasodilation
4
Assessing Muscle Strength using Handheld Dynamometry
A handheld dynamometer was used to measure hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength and the data was recorded from the screen of the device (micro-FET; Hoggan Health Industries, Draper, UT, USA). The hamstring strength measurement was done with the participants in the prone position with the knee in a 90° flexion position, following which they were asked to flex the knee as hard as possible while the researcher held the movement with the handheld dynamometer placed proximal to the medial malleolus on the posterior aspect of the leg. The quadriceps strength measurement was done with the same procedure, but from a sitting position on the edge of the bed with the knee and hip in a 90° flexion position, and the participants were asked to support their back and to extend their knee as hard as possible while the researcher held the movement with the dynamometer placed on the anterior aspect of the leg. The hamstring and quadriceps measure was done by holding the handheld dynamometer for 5 seconds; the test was performed three times, and the mean value was recorded.[1 (link)] All strength values were normalized using the following equation: [(kg force/kg body mass) × 100].[36 (link)]
Albeshri Z.S, & Youssef E.F. (2023). The Immediate Effect of Kinesio Tape on Hamstring Muscle Length and Strength in Female University Students: A Pre–post Experimental Study. Saudi Journal of Medicine & Medical Sciences, 11(1), 73-80.
Publication 2023
ARID1A protein, human Forelimb Human Body Knee Medical Devices Movement Muscle Strength Neoplasm Metastasis Quadriceps Femoris
5
Muscle Fiber Properties Analysis Protocol
The age, sex, leg temperature, room temperature, and body mass index (BMI) of the 36 subjects were recorded as one measure per subject. The temperature was measured on the anterior leg and kept above 30°C. The room temperature was kept above 22°C.
The number of MFAPs and the MFCV values was estimated to be 20 per subject.
The MFAP has confirmed after 50–100 consecutive discharges a time variability (MCD) of < 5 μs, similar to the number used for the neuromuscular jitter (6 (link)). However, < 50 could be acceptable to confirm a direct muscle fiber stimulation.
The mean MFCV value, the fastest divided by the slowest MFCV from each subject (F/S ratio), and the semi-quantitative MUAP amplitude values obtained by needle EMG were one value per subject. An example of the F/S ratio calculation is shown in Figure 1.
Depending on the normality test, some variables have mean or median values.
Kouyoumdjian J.A, & Graca C.R. (2023). Muscle fiber conduction velocity in situ revisited: A new approach to an ancient technique. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1118510.
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Publication 2023
Fibrosis Forelimb Index, Body Mass Muscle Tissue Needles

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Pertussis toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. It is a key virulence factor and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The toxin has multiple enzymatic activities and can modulate various cellular processes.
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Grip strength meter by Columbus Instruments
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The grip strength meter is a device designed to measure the force exerted by an individual's hand and forearm muscles. It is used to assess and quantify grip strength, which is an important measure of overall muscle strength and function.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra is a non-virulent strain of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It is commonly used in research and laboratory settings as a model organism for studying the characteristics and behavior of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis species.
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The Grip Strength Meter is a lab equipment device designed to measure the gripping force or grip strength of an individual. It provides a precise evaluation of the maximum voluntary contraction of the hand and forearm muscles.
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Grip strength meter by Bioseb
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The Grip Strength Meter is a device used to measure the maximum isometric strength of a person's hand and forearm muscles. It provides an objective and quantifiable assessment of grip strength.
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LiCl is a chemical compound consisting of lithium and chlorine. It is a crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and other polar solvents. LiCl is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and in various industrial applications.
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More about "Forelimb"

The anterior appendage of vertebrates, known as the forelimb, is a fascinating area of study in comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and musculoskeletal research.
This versatile structure, consisting of the arm, forearm, and hand, is used for a variety of functions, such as ambulation, manipulation, and locomotion, in mammals, birds, and reptiles.
Forelimbs are an important focus of scientific inquiry, with researchers exploring their anatomy, development, and function across different species.
Techniques like grip strength measurement using devices like the Grip Strength Meter can provide insights into the musculoskeletal capabilities of these limbs.
In the realm of immunology and infectious disease research, the forelimb can be a valuable model system.
For instance, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) have been used to induce inflammatory responses in the forelimb, shedding light on immune system function and the mechanisms of diseases like tuberculosis.
Advancements in AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai can optimize forelimb research by enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
These platforms can help researchers locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, ensuring their work is built on the most reliable and up-to-date information.
By harnessing the power of these innovative tools, scientists can take their forelimb research to new heights, unlocking fresh insights and driving progress in fields such as comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and musculoskeletal health.
Whether you're studying the anatomical structure of forelimbs, their functional capabilities, or their role in disease models, the wealth of information and resources available can enrich your understanding and propel your research forward.
Experiene the power of PubCompare.ai and discover new possibilities in the fascinating world of forelimb studies.