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Caudal Vertebrae

Caudal Vertebrae: The posterior or tail-end vertebrae of the spinal column, typically the last few vertebrae in mammals.
These vertebrae play a crucial role in posture, balance, and movement, and their study is vital for understanding spinal anatomy and function.
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Most cited protocols related to «Caudal Vertebrae»

1
Fossil Restoration Techniques for Vertebrates
Different specimens were used as examples in this study. These consist both of individual and articulated skeletal elements of vertebrate taxa and a strong focus has been put on the restoration of vertebrate fossils due to their complex nature. Consequently, only few examples for non-vertebrate fossils exist. However, the described methods are largely applicable to invertebrate fossils as well, although their preservation and relative abundance makes extensive restoration less necessary.

(i) An articulated skull of the Upper Cretaceous therizinosaur Erlikosaurus andrewsi (IGM 100/111, Geological Institute of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) [36 ,37 ] was CT scanned at X-Tek Systems Ltd (now Nikon Metrology), Tring, Hertfordshire, UK, using a XT-H-225ST CT scanner. Scan parameters were set at 180 kV and 145 µA for the complete skull. The resulting rotational projections (3000) were processed with custom build software provided by X-Tek Systems Ltd creating a VGI and a VOL file, containing 1998 slices with a resolution of 145 µm per slice. Visualization, segmentation and restoration steps were performed in AVIZO (v. 6 and 7; www.vsg3d.com).

(ii) Disarticulated braincase elements of a subadult individual of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (MB.R.1370: laterosphenoid, prootic and opisthotic; MB.R.1372: parietal and supraoccipital; MB.R.1373: basioccipital and parabasisphenoid; MB.R.1377: left frontal; MB.R.1378: right frontal, Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany) were scanned at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, using a Phoenix|X-ray Nanotom (GE Sensing and Inspection Technologies GmbH, Wunstorf, Germany) micro-CT scanner. Scan parameters were set at 90–100 kV and 90–110 µA (all scans: 1440 slices, resolution: 5–5.5 µm per slice) [38 ,39 (link)]. Additional surface scans of the left and right frontal (MB.R.1377 and MB.R.1378) were taken using a photogrammetry approach and 123DCATCH BETA (http://autodesk.com). Visualization, segmentation and restoration steps were performed in AVIZO (v. 6 and 7) and BLENDER (v. 2.65; www.blender.org).

(iii) A museum-quality cast of the manual ungual of the Cretaceous therizinosaur Therizinosaurus cheloniformes [40 ] housed at the Sauriermuseum Aathal, Switzerland, was digitized using photogrammetry and AGISOFT PHOTOSCAN STANDARD (www.agisoft.ru). Visualization and restoration steps were performed in BLENDER (v. 2.65).

(iv) A series of semi-articulated caudal vertebrae partially embedded in matrix of the Triassic dinosaur Pantydraco caducus (BMNH P64/1, Natural History Museum, London, UK) [41 ] was scanned at X-Tek Systems Ltd (now Nikon Metrology), Tring, Hertfordshire, UK, using an XT-H-225ST CT scanner. Scan parameters were set at 180 kV and 155 µA. The resulting rotational projections (3140) were processed with custom build software provided by X-Tek Systems Ltd creating a VGI and a VOL file, containing 1138 slices with a resolution of 105 µm per slice. Visualization, segmentation and restoration steps were performed in AVIZO (v. 6 and 7).

(v) An articulated braincase of the Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (NHMUK PV R36730, Natural History Museum, London, UK) [19 (link)] was CT scanned at the Natural History Museum, London, UK, using a Metris (now Nikon Metrology) HMX ST 225 CT scanner. Scan parameters were set at 220 kV and 160 mA. Scans were reconstructed in CT Pro (Nikon Metrology, UK) and exported from VG Studio Max (Volume Graphics, Heidelberg, Germany) as VOL files. Visualization, segmentation and restoration steps were performed in AVIZO (v. 8) and LANDMARK (www.idav.ucdavis.edu/research/EvoMorph).

, & Lautenschlager S. (2016). Reconstructing the past: methods and techniques for the digital restoration of fossils. Royal Society Open Science, 3(10), 160342.
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Publication 2016
Biologic Preservation Bones, Basilar CAT SCANNERS X RAY Caudal Vertebrae CD244 protein, human Cranium Dinosaurs Invertebrates Photogrammetry Radiography Radionuclide Imaging Skeleton Vertebrates
2
Vertebral Osteology Nomenclature Protocol

acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; acpl, anterior centroparapophyseal lamina; c, centrum; ca, caudal vertebra; cdf, centrodiapophyseal fossa; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cpol-f, centropostzygapophyseal lamina fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; cprl-f, centroprezygapophyseal lamina fossa; cv, cervical vertebra; d, diapophysis; dv, dorsal vertebra; eprl, epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal lamina; pa, parapophysis; pacdf, parapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pacprf, parapophyseal centroprezygapophyseal fossa; pcpl, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina; po, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; posdf, postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; posl, postspinal lamina; ppdl, paradiapophyseal lamina; pr, prezygapophysis; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prdl-f, prezygodiapophyseal lamina fossa; prpadf, prezygapophyseal paradiapophyseal fossa; prsdf, prezygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa; prsl, prespinal lamina; s, neural spine; sdf, spinodiapophyseal fossa; spdl, spinodiapophyseal lamina; spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; spol-f, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina fossa; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina.
Wilson J.A., D'Emic M.D., Ikejiri T., Moacdieh E.M, & Whitlock J.A. (2011). A Nomenclature for Vertebral Fossae in Sauropods and Other Saurischian Dinosaurs. PLoS ONE, 6(2), e17114.
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Publication 2011
Caudal Vertebrae Cervical Vertebrae Nervousness Prednisolone Vertebrae, Thoracic Vertebral Column
3
Evaluating Cobb Angle Measurement Reliability
From February 2011 to January 2013, radiographs satisfying the following conditions were included in this study: Cobb angle not above 90° because large Cobb angle is often associated with vertebral superimposed image, no obvious thoracic kyphosis, T2, T5, and pelvis being seen clearly. All X-rays were printed for manual measurements, and the cranial and caudal end vertebrae were marked by the senior spine surgeon on the same radiographs to reduce the component of variability. This study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University. Informed consent for data analysis was obtained from all subjects and/or families.
Three examiners, all orthopedic surgeons familiar with the measurement method of the Cobb angle, carried out the measurements independently in each setting (manual measurement on radiographs and SurgimapSpine software ancillary measurement on the computer). Each observer measured each radiograph twice, with a week’s interval between the first and second readings. All observers were blinded to their prior measurements and to the other observers. There is a learning curve for measurement of the Cobb angle on the computer. However, because SurgimapSpine method is being routinely used in the authors’ hospital since 2011, all the observers participating in the current study had already used this technique for at least a year.
For the manual set, the main angle was measured with pencil, the same ruler, and protractor with standard methods as shown Figure 
1. All radiographs were blinded and numbered consecutively. No copies were used to avoid the loss of quality as a result of duplication. Therefore, when one observer completed the measurement, the radiographs were wiped clean and passed to the next observer. For the specific software technique, all images were stored in the designated computer. The radiographs were all blinded, numbered, and viewed on the same SurgimapSpine software. Six parameters including coronal and sagittal planes were measured with manual and SurgimapSpine methods, respectively. Those measurements included pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), Lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (T2–T5, T5–T12), and coronal Cobb angle
[11 (link)]. The methods of parameters’ measurement are seen in Figure 
1. As for operating methods of the software, the introductions and specific measuring methods exist with Cobb angle measurement in the same window, and the measuring results are displayed below the introductions on the right side (Figure 
2). With regard to more than one curve in a patient, only the largest Cobb angle measured by observers was used in the final analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The means, standard deviations, intraclass and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (two-way mixed model, absolute agreement), 95% confidence intervals (CI) between the three observers, and between the two measurements of each observer were calculated. The ICC values can be considered as poor (less than 0.40), fair (0.40–0.59), good (0.60–0.74), and excellent (0.75–1.00)
[12 (link)]. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Wu W., Liang J., Du Y., Tan X., Xiang X., Wang W., Ru N, & Le J. (2014). Reliability and reproducibility analysis of the Cobb angle and assessing sagittal plane by computer-assisted and manual measurement tools. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 15, 33.
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Publication 2014
Caudal Vertebrae Cranium Ethics Committees, Research Kyphosis Learning Curve Lordosis Lumbar Region Orthopedic Surgeons Patients Pelvis Sacrum Surgeons Vertebra Vertebral Column Vision X-Rays, Diagnostic
4
Effect of Loading Frequency on Mouse Vertebrae
To investigate the effect of loading frequency on mouse caudal vertebrae, 11-week old female C57BL/6J mice were purchased (Charles River Laboratories, France) and housed at the ETH Phenomics Center (12 h:12 h light-dark cycle, maintenance feed and water ad libitum, three to five animals/cage) for 1 week. To enable mechanical loading of the 6th caudal vertebrae (CV6), stainless steel pins (Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany) were inserted into the fifth and seventh caudal vertebrae of all mice at 12 weeks of age. After 3 weeks of recovery, the mice received either sham (0 N), 8 N static or 8 N cyclic loading with frequencies of 2, 5, or 10 Hz and were scanned weekly using in vivo micro-CT. All procedures were performed under isoflurane anesthesia (induction/maintenance: 5%/1–2% isoflurane/oxygen). All mouse experiments described in the present study were carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations and regulations in the Animal Welfare Ordinance (TSchV 455.1) of the Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (license number 262/2016).
Scheuren A.C., Vallaster P., Kuhn G.A., Paul G.R., Malhotra A., Kameo Y, & Müller R. (2020). Mechano-Regulation of Trabecular Bone Adaptation Is Controlled by the Local in vivo Environment and Logarithmically Dependent on Loading Frequency. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 566346.
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Publication 2020
Anesthesia Animals Caudal Vertebrae Females Isoflurane Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Oxygen Rivers Stainless Steel X-Ray Microtomography
5
Quantifying Paraspinal Muscle Cross-Sectional Area
Abdominal CT images were retrieved from the SickKids Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). From axial CT images, L3–4 and L4–5 levels were identified following cross‐referencing on sagittal plane reconstructions. Landmark lumbar (L3 and L4) vertebrae were identified in the sagittal plane by counting down from the thoracic (T12) vertebra, which was assumed to be the most caudal rib‐bearing vertebra. In cases where the exact level was unclear, we identified the cervical C2 level (in available cases where CT of neck, chest, and abdomen was performed) and counted vertebral bodies downwards (Figure1). Alternatively, a chest X‐ray was reviewed to confirm 12 pairs of ribs were present, with the most caudal pair assumed to be T12. On the corresponding axial cross‐sectional images, we delineated bilateral PMA using a dedicated free‐hand region‐of‐interest measurement tool available on picture archiving and communication system at each of the intervertebral lumbar L3–4 and L4–5 levels, assessed in square millimetres (mm2) (Figure1). The total PMA (tPMA) was expressed as the sum of the right and left PMA in square millimetres (mm2) for each level. All PMA measurements were performed by one paediatric radiologist (HP). A random age‐stratified subset of CT images was measured bilaterally at both L3–4 and L4–5 levels by a second paediatric radiologist (GC) to ensure adequate interrater reliability. Both radiologists were blinded to clinical data.
Lurz E., Patel H., Lebovic G., Quammie C., Woolfson J.P., Perez M., Ricciuto A., Wales P.W., Kamath B.M., Chavhan G.B., Jüni P, & Ng V.L. (2020). Paediatric reference values for total psoas muscle area. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 11(2), 405-414.
Publication 2020
Abdomen Caudal Vertebrae Chest Lumbar Region Neck Radiography, Thoracic Radiologist Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Ribs Vertebra Vertebral Body

Most recents protocols related to «Caudal Vertebrae»

1
Radiographic Evaluation of Vertebral Fracture Reduction
Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery, at the removal of the implants, and during the final follow-up. The segmental kyphotic angle (SKA) and anterior vertebral body height ratio (AVBHR) were measured as radiographic parameters to evaluate the indirect reduction of the vertebral body and local kyphosis. SKA was defined as the Cobb angle calculated between the cranial vertebra’s upper endplate and the caudal vertebra’s lower endplate. AVBHR was defined as the percentage of the anterior vertebral height of the fractured vertebra to the average anterior height of the two adjacent vertebrae (Fig. 1) [17 (link)].

Schematic diagrams of radiographic parameters. Segmental kyphotic angle (SKA) = θ, Anterior vertebral body height ratio (AVBHR) = c/(a + b)/2

The indirect reduction of fractured vertebrae and correction loss during observation were evaluated using SKA and AVBHR. In this study, correction loss was considered present if the ΔSKA was ≥10° immediately after surgery to the final examination [4 (link), 6 ].
We evaluated the degree of vertebral body involvement using the load sharing classification (LSC) scoring system [18 (link)]. The vertebral fractures were classified according to the AO classification system [19 (link)]. The severity of intervertebral disc and vertebral endplate injury were assessed using the preoperative Sander’s TIDL classification based on T2-weighted MRI (Table 1) [10 (link), 13 (link)]. In this study, TIDL was considered grade 3 when CT showed an apparent vertebral endplate fracture (Fig. 2). If both the upper and lower discs were damaged, a more severe TIDL grade was adopted.

Classification of TIDL

GradeT2-weighted MRIEndplate fractureCharacteristic finding
0NoneIntact
1HyperintenseNoneEdema
2Hypointense with perifocal hyperintenseNone or mildDisc rupture with intradiscal bleeding
3Hypointense with perifocal hyperintenseModerate or severeInfraction of the disc into vertebral body, annular tears, or infraction without herniation into endplate

TIDL Traumatic intervertebral disc lesion

Classification of traumatic intervertebral disc lesion (TIDL). A case of AO type A3 fracture at L3. CT shows a fracture of the cranial endplate and MRI shows infraction of the disc into the vertebral body (white triangles) which means a TIDL grade 3. The caudal disc showed a TIDL grade 2

A case with a depression of 5 mm or more on the sagittal CT slice with the greatest depression was defined to have residual endplate deformity to assess the degree of endplate deformity at follow-up (Fig. 3E).

A 39-year-old woman with L2 burst fracture (AO A3). CT (A) and MRI (B) showed severe damage of the cranial endplate and infraction of the disc into the vertebral body (TIDL grade 3). The fractured vertebra was reduced after surgery (C). At follow up, fractured vertebra showed bony union, however disruption of the vertebral endplate and degeneration of intervertebral disc resulted in correction loss and breakage of the pedicle screw (D, E). Panel E shows residual endplate deformity

Hashimura T., Onishi E., Ota S., Tsukamoto Y., Yamashita S, & Yasuda T. (2023). Correction loss following short-segment posterior fixation for traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures related to endplate and intervertebral disc destruction. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24, 174.
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Publication 2023
Bones Caudal Vertebrae Congenital Abnormality Cranium Fracture, Bone Fracture Fixation Hernia Intervertebral Disc Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Kyphosis Operative Surgical Procedures Pedicle Screws Radionuclide Imaging Spinal Fractures Spinal Injuries Tears Vertebra Vertebral Body Woman X-Ray Computed Tomography X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Radiographic Assessment of Cervical Fusion
Radiographs, including the anteroposterior, lateral plain, and flexion-extension radiographs, were collected before surgery, on the first day after surgery, and at each follow-up. The measured parameters included C2-C7 lordosis, segmental angle, and subsidence. The C2-C7 lordosis, also called cervical lordosis, was measured by using the Cobb angle between the lower endplates of C2 and C7. The segmental angle was only limited to fusion levels. Therefore, the measurement approach for this parameter was to use the Cobb angle between the upper endplate of the cephalad and the lower endplate of the caudal vertebrae (2 (link)). The subsidence was defined as a change of operative segmental height at the latest follow-up compared with the immediate postoperative height (11 (link)). The segmental height was defined as the distance between the midpoint of the superior border of the cephalad-affected vertebral body and the midpoint of the inferior border of the caudal-affected vertebral body. The angle of motion (ROM) ≤4° and translation ≤1.25 mm in the affected levels on flexion-extension images were considered a successful fusion (16 (link)).
Wang S., Fang X., Qu Y., Lu R., Yu X., Jing S., Ding Q., Liu C., Wu H, & Liu Y. (2023). Is 3D-printed Titanium cage a reliable option for 3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in treating degenerative cervical spondylosis?. Frontiers in Surgery, 10, 1096080.
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Publication 2023
Caudal Vertebrae Lordosis Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Surgery, Day Vertebral Body X-Rays, Diagnostic
3
Vertebral Rigid Body Registration for Biomechanics
The rigid registration relied on the assumption that the two vertebrae behave as rigid bodies displacing in space (especially the cranial one, which was not constrained) while the connecting soft tissue were deformed. In order to associate the DIC surface meshes and the segmented geometries from the CT scan, the first step consisted in registering the DIC surface of each vertebra on the corresponding BONE-ST masks (Fig. 2). For that, DIC surface meshes (n = 188) of cranial and caudal vertebrae were imported into Mimics for the four tests (nucleotomy and discoplasty, each loaded in flexion and extension). A first manual alignment of caudal and cranial DIC meshes (moving element of the registration) on the corresponding caudal and cranial BONE-ST masks (fixed element of the registration) was performed in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse views using the ‘reposition’ tool. Then each DIC surface mesh (moving element of the registration) was globally registered on the corresponding BONE-ST mask (fixed element of the registration) using the ‘STL registration’ tool.
In order to move the 3D geometry of the cranial and caudal vertebrae from the CT pose to the experimental pose, the segmented BONE masks were first converted into STL parts. Then, the cranial and caudal BONE parts and the cranial and caudal registered DIC meshes were copied into ‘3-matic’ where the DIC full surface mesh (two vertebrae + disc) was already imported. In order to align the BONE parts in the experimental pose, two registrations were performed using the ‘3 point registration’ tool (for each specimen, this process was repeated for the four tests: nucleotomy/discoplasty, each loaded flexion and extension) (Fig. 3):

The DIC full surface mesh was registered to the caudal registered DIC mesh. The meshes being identical, the selected points were identical vertices in both meshes and the point registration was perfect.

Similarly, the cranial registered DIC mesh was superposed to the DIC full surface mesh. In order to match the position recorded with the DIC, the cranial BONE part conjointly moved with its registered cranial DIC mesh. This resulted into the cranial and caudal BONE parts in the same position as the vertebral bodies at full load during the ex vivo tests.

Representative specimen with DIC surface masks (grey) registered for the four test configurations. The complete set of specimens is available from the figshare database (accession number 10.6084/m9.figshare.19196237).

Techens C., Bereczki F., Montanari S., Lazary A., Cristofolini L, & Eltes P.E. (2023). Assessment of foraminal decompression following discoplasty using a combination of ex vivo testing and numerical tools. Scientific Reports, 13, 3293.
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Publication 2023
Bones Caudal Vertebrae Cranium Human Body Muscle Rigidity Tissues Vertebra Vertebral Body X-Ray Computed Tomography
4
Quantifying Spinal Nociceptive Processing
Adult female Wistar rats (n = 22) were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane and a then maintained at 2% after being placed in a stereotaxic frame. A laminectomy was performed to expose the L4-L5 SC segments, which were then fixed in place by two clamps positioned on the apophysis of the rostral and caudal intact vertebras. The dura matter was then removed. To record wide-dynamic-range neurons (WDR), a silicone tetrode (Q1x1-tet-5mm-121-Q4; Neuronexus, USA) was lowered into the medial part of the dorsal horn of the SC, at a depth of around 500–1100 µm from the dorsal surface (see Fig. 5a for localization of recorded WDRs). We recorded WDR neurons of lamina V as they received both noxious and non-noxious stimulus information from the ipsilateral hind paw.
We measured the action potentials of WDR neurons triggered by electrical stimulation of the hind paw. Such stimulation induced the activation of primary fibers, whose identities can be distinguished by their spike onset following each electrical stimuli (Aβ-fibers at 0–20 ms, Aδ-fibers at 20–90 ms, C-fibers at 90–300 ms and C-fiber post discharge at 300 to 800 ms). When the WDR peripheral tactile receptive fields are stimulated with an intensity corresponding to 3 times the C-fiber threshold (1 ms pulse duration, frequency 1 Hz), a short-term potentiation effect, known as wind-up (WU), occurs that leads to an increased firing rate of WDR neurons57 (link),58 (link). Because the value of WU intensity was highly variable among recorded neurons within and across animals, we averaged the raster plots two dimensionally across neurons within each group of rats. We further normalized these data so that the plateau phase of the maximal WU effect was represented as 100 percent activity. As WU is dependent on C-fiber activation, it can be used as a tool to assess nociceptive information in the SC and, in our case, the anti-nociceptive properties of OT acting in the vlPAG. We recorded WDR neuronal activity using the following protocol: 40 s of hind paw electric stimulation to induce maximal WU followed by continued electrical stimulation to maintain WU while simultaneously delivering 20 s of vlPAG blue light stimulation (30 Hz, 10 ms pulse width, output ~3 mW), followed by another 230 s of electrical stimulation alone to observe the indirect effects of OT on WU in WDR neurons. Electrical stimulation was ceased after the 290 s recording session to allow the WU effect to dissipate. Following a 300 s period of no stimulation, the ability of the WU effect to recover was assessed by resuming electrical stimulation of the hind paw for 60 s of WU. After another 10 min period without stimulation, we sought to confirm the effects of vlPAG OT activity on WU intensity by injecting 600 nl of the OTR antagonist, dOVT, (d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-[Orn8]-vasotocine; 1 µM, Bachem, Germany) into the vlPAG of the rats expressing ChR2, and repeated the protocol described above.
The spikes of each recording unit were collected as raster plots with the vertical axis showing the time relative to electric shock, and the horizontal axis showing the number of electric shocks. Next, the raster plots were smoothed by convolution of the Gaussian distribution (horizontal width = 100 ms, vertical width = 20 ms, standard deviation = 20. The total number of C fiber derived spikes occurring between 90 and 800 ms after each electric shock was counted. The spike counts were smoothed with a moving average window of 21 s and the window containing the maximal activity was defined as ‘100% activity’, which was then used to normalize the activity of each recording unit. Finally, the normalized percent activity from each recording unit was averaged for each experimental condition and plotted in Fig. 5.
Iwasaki M., Lefevre A., Althammer F., Clauss Creusot E., Łąpieś O., Petitjean H., Hilfiger L., Kerspern D., Melchior M., Küppers S., Krabichler Q., Patwell R., Kania A., Gruber T., Kirchner M.K., Wimmer M., Fröhlich H., Dötsch L., Schimmer J., Herpertz S.C., Ditzen B., Schaaf C.P., Schönig K., Bartsch D., Gugula A., Trenk A., Blasiak A., Stern J.E., Darbon P., Grinevich V, & Charlet A. (2023). An analgesic pathway from parvocellular oxytocin neurons to the periaqueductal gray in rats. Nature Communications, 14, 1066.
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Publication 2023
A 300 Action Potentials Animals Caudal Vertebrae C Fibers Dura Mater Electricity Epistropheus Flatulence Isoflurane Laminectomy Neurons Patient Discharge Photic Stimulation Posterior Horn of Spinal Cord Pulse Rate Rats, Wistar Rattus norvegicus Reading Frames Shock Silicones Stimulations, Electric Training Programs Woman
5
Rat Tailbone Compression Device: Modeling Spinal Mechanics
30 eight-week-old SD rats were used in animal experiment. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 for each group). As shown in Figure 2A–D, after fixation of SD rats, the middle of Co5 and Co7 vertebrae were X-rayed and positioned as puncture points. Next, 75% alcohol was used to disinfect the caudal vertebrae of the rats, and 5% lidocaine injection was used for local anesthesia. After one disc was snapped into the root of the caudal vertebra, an 0.8-mm kerf needle was used to punch perpendicular to the puncture point of the Co5 vertebra, and an 0.8-mm kerf needle was used to punch perpendicular to the puncture point of the Co7 vertebra and snapped into one disc. Three nuts were threaded into the disc from the proximal end to the distal end, and three springs were installed at the end of the nut followed by a disc. A metal spacer was installed at the end of each nut and screwed onto the nut. The disks were rotated appropriately so that the kerf pins fell into the slots in the disks. The kerf pins were cut off beyond the disk and the nut was rotated to compress the spring to the appropriate length (x) according to the spring’s elasticity coefficient (k = 4000 N/m), the diameter of the rat’s tailbone (d = 5 mm), and the pressure to which the IVD was subjected (P = 1.0 MPa). The spring compression length was calculated using the following formula: x = Pm/k where P is the pressure, m is the transverse area of the vertebral body, and k is the spring elasticity coefficient. For 3 days after surgery, SD rats were given daily intramuscular injections of penicillin to prevent infection and were disinfected caudally with iodophor. If the rats showed signs of infection, they were removed from the experiment. The spring length was checked daily and adjusted promptly in the event of any change.

Self-made rat tailbone compression device. (A) Components of the compression device: 1, screw; 2, spacer; 3, kerf needle; 4, spring; 5, screw; and 6, aluminum alloy disc. (B) Assembly diagram of the compression device. (C) X-ray positioning. (D) Complete installation of the compression device.

Zhang C., Lu Z., Lyu C., Zhang S, & Wang D. (2023). Andrographolide Inhibits Static Mechanical Pressure-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via the MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 17, 535-550.
Publication 2023
Alloys Aluminum Caudal Vertebrae Coccyx Elasticity Ethanol Infection Intramuscular Injection Iodophors Lidocaine Local Anesthesia Medical Devices Metals Needles Penicillins Plant Roots Pressure Punctures Radiography Vertebra Vertebral Body

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Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Australia, Italy, Japan, Denmark, China, Switzerland, Macao
Calcein is a fluorescent dye used in various laboratory applications. It functions as a calcium indicator, allowing for the detection and measurement of calcium levels in biological samples.
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0.2 tesla mr scanner by Esaote
The 0.2 Tesla MR scanner is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system designed for medical diagnostic applications. It operates at a magnetic field strength of 0.2 Tesla, providing images of the body's internal structures. The core function of this MR scanner is to generate detailed images of the body using non-invasive technology.
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Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Zoletil by Virbac
Sourced in France, United States, Italy, Australia, Germany, China, Thailand, Cameroon, United Kingdom, Netherlands, New Zealand
Zoletil is a general anesthetic and analgesic used in veterinary medicine. It is a combination of two active compounds, tiletamine and zolazepam, that work together to induce a state of deep sedation and pain relief in animals. The product is administered by injection and is commonly used for a variety of veterinary procedures, including surgery, diagnostic imaging, and minor treatments. Zoletil is intended for use under the supervision of licensed veterinary professionals.
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Quantstudio 3 qpcr machine by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The QuantStudio 3 is a real-time PCR (qPCR) instrument designed for quantitative gene expression analysis. It features a 96-well block format and supports multiple fluorescent dye chemistries for qPCR applications. The instrument performs thermal cycling and real-time fluorescence detection to enable precise quantification of nucleic acid targets.

More about "Caudal Vertebrae"

Caudal vertebrae, also known as the tail-end vertebrae, are the posterior or lower vertebrae of the spinal column, typically found in the last few vertebrae of mammals.
These vertebrae play a crucial role in posture, balance, and movement, and their study is vital for understanding spinal anatomy and function.
Researchers can enhance their caudal vertebrate research by utilizing tools like PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps locate the most reliable and accurate protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents.
This platform allows researchers to leverage AI-driven comparisons to identify the best protocols and products, improving the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.
This can streamline the research process and enable more informed decisions.
To further support caudal vertebrae research, various tools and techniques can be employed.
VivaCT 40, a micro-CT imaging system, can provide high-resolution 3D visualization of the caudal vertebrae.
FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) and Penicillin/streptomycin can be used for cell culture studies related to caudal vertebrae.
EXplore Locus SP, a small-animal PET/CT imaging system, and 0.2 Tesla MR scanner can aid in the non-invasive assessment of the caudal vertebrae.
Loctite 401, a cyanoacrylate adhesive, can be used for sample preparation and mounting.
Calcein, a fluorescent dye, can be employed to label and visualize bone formation.
Zoletil, a veterinary anesthetic, may be utilized for animal studies involving caudal vertebrae.
QuantStudio 3 qPCR machine can support gene expression analysis related to caudal vertebrae development and function.
The Nanotom M Nano-CT system can provide high-resolution imaging of the caudal vertebrae at the nano-scale level.
By leveraging these tools and techniques, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the anatomy, function, and pathologies related to the caudal vertebrae, ultimately advancing the field of spinal research and improving patient outcomes.