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> Anatomy > Body Part > Choroid

Choroid

The choroid is a highly vascularized layer of the eye located between the retina and the sclera.
It provides nourishment to the outer retinal layers and plays a role in regulating the temperature and blood flow within the eye.
The choroid is composed of blood vessels, connective tissue, and pigment cells, and its dysfunction can contribute to various ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, myopia, and uveiits.
Studying the choroid is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and developing effective treatments.
Pubcompare.ai can help optimize choroid research by locatiing relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and leveraging AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Choroid»

1
3D SSADA Angiogram Analysis Protocol
The 3D SSADA data set comprises a stack of 200 corrected average decorrelation cross-sectional images, along with the associated average reflectance images, that together spans 3 mm in the slow transverse scan (Y) direction. The 3D data is separated into retinal and choroidal regions with the dividing boundary set at the retina pigment epithelium (RPE). The depth (Z position) of the highly reflective RPE was identified through the analysis of the reflectance and reflectance gradient profiles in depth [18 (link)]. The region above the RPE is the retinal layer and the region below is the choroidal layer. The en face X-Y projection angiograms were produced by selecting the maximum decorrelation value along the axial (Z) direction in each layer. In ONH scans, the RPE depth just outside the disc boundary was used to set an interpolated RPE plane inside the disc.
Jia Y., Tan O., Tokayer J., Potsaid B., Wang Y., Liu J.J., Kraus M.F., Subhash H., Fujimoto J.G., Hornegger J, & Huang D. (2012). Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography. Optics Express, 20(4), 4710-4725.
Publication 2012
Angiography Choroid Face Radionuclide Imaging Retina Retinal Pigment Epithelium
2
Depth-Resolved Ocular Vasculature Imaging
The 3D SSADA data set comprises a stack of 200 corrected average decorrelation cross-sectional images, along with the associated average reflectance images, that together spans 3 mm in the slow transverse scan (Y) direction. The 3D data is separated into retinal and choroidal regions with the dividing boundary set at the retina pigment epithelium (RPE). The depth (Z position) of the highly reflective RPE was identified through the analysis of the reflectance and reflectance gradient profiles in depth [18 (link)]. The region above the RPE is the retinal layer and the region below is the choroidal layer. The en face X–Y projection angiograms were produced by selecting the maximum decorrelation value along the axial (Z) direction in each layer. In ONH scans, the RPE depth just outside the disc boundary was used to set an interpolated RPE plane inside the disc.
Jia Y., Tan O., Tokayer J., Potsaid B., Wang Y., Liu J.J., Kraus M.F., Subhash H., Fujimoto J.G., Hornegger J, & Huang D. (2012). Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography. Optics Express, 20(4), 4710-4725.
Publication 2012
Angiography Choroid Face Radionuclide Imaging Retina Retinal Pigment Epithelium
3
Choroidal Thickness Analysis using SD-OCT
The choroid was imaged using the EDI mode of SD-OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The macular region was scanned using a 7 horizontal line scan (30° × 5°) centred on the fovea, with 100 frames averaged in each B-scan. Each scan was 8.9 mm in length and spaced 240 μm apart from each other. In our study, Bruch’s membrane and the choroid-scleral interface were delineated with the automatic segmentation algorithm developed by Tian et al.35 (link) which demonstrated excellent repeatability in our previously reported population-based study36 (link). The choroidal thickness was automatically measured as the distance between the Bruch’s membrane (lower boundary of retinal pigmented epithelium [RPE]) and the choroid-scleral interface. Although measurements of both eyes of each study participant were obtained, due to inter eye correlation only the right eye was used for further analysis.
Agrawal R., Gupta P., Tan K.A., Cheung C.M., Wong T.Y, & Cheng C.Y. (2016). Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study. Scientific Reports, 6, 21090.
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Publication 2016
Bruch Membrane Choroid Macula Lutea Radionuclide Imaging Reading Frames Retinal Pigment Epithelium Sclera
4
Choroid Explant Assay in Matrigel
Five minutes after injecting with Avertin, animals were checked for responses and euthanized by cervical dislocation. Eyes were immediately enucleated and kept in ice-cold medium before dissection. The choice of the medium was identical to the one used for incubation later. After removing the cornea and the lens from the anterior of the eye, the central or peripheral choroid-scleral complex was separated from the retina and cut into approximately ∼2 mm×1 mm pieces (rats) or 1 mm×1 mm (mice). Choroid/sclera (here on referred to as “choroid”) fragments were isolated with and without RPE removal by peeling RPE away with forceps and placed in growth factor-reduced Matrigel™ (BD Biosciences, Cat. 354230) seeded in 24 well plates (Supporting Video S1). 30 µL of matrigel was used to coat the bottom of 24 well plates without touching the edge of the well. The thickness of the matrigel was approximately 0.4 mm. After seeding the choroid, plates were incubated in a 37°C cell culture incubator without medium for 10 minutes in order for the Matrigel™ to solidify. 500 µL of medium was then added to each well and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 48 hr before any treatment. Medium was changed every 48 hr. Phase contrast photos of individual explants were taken daily using a ZEISS Axio Oberver.Z1 microscope. The areas of sprouting were quantified with computer software ImageJ 1.46r (National Institute of Health). The macro for SWIFT-Choroid quantification is available from the authors.
Shao Z., Friedlander M., Hurst C.G., Cui Z., Pei D.T., Evans L.P., Juan A.M., Tahir H., Duhamel F., Chen J., Sapieha P., Chemtob S., Joyal J.S, & Smith L.E. (2013). Choroid Sprouting Assay: An Ex Vivo Model of Microvascular Angiogenesis. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e69552.
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Publication 2013
Animals Cell Culture Techniques Choroid Cold Temperature Cornea Dissection Eye Forceps Growth Factor Joint Dislocations Lens, Crystalline matrigel Microscopy Microscopy, Phase-Contrast Mus Neck Rattus Retinal Detachment Sclera tribromoethanol
5
Choroidal Vascular Measurement on SD-OCT

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Publication 2013
Arteries Blood Vessel Bruch Membrane Capillaries Choriocapillaris Choroid Eye Haller Layer Healthy Volunteers LINE-1 Elements Nose Postmortem Changes POU2F1 protein, human Radionuclide Imaging Sattler's Layer Sclera Tissues Veins

Most recents protocols related to «Choroid»

1
Inhibition of Choroidal Neovascularization in Neovascular AMD
Not available on PMC !

Example 8

In this model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), CNV is induced by argon laser-induced rupture of Bruch's membrane in mice on Day 0 (3 burns per mouse). Groups of 10 mice are studied and treatment administered via weekly intravitreal injections (at day 0 and day 7) of human isotype control antibody, VGX-301-ΔN2, VGX-300, Eylea (VEGF-Trap), VGX-301-ΔN2+Eylea or VGX-300+Eylea. At day 14, animals are sacrificed and choroidal flat mounts prepared and stained with ICAM-2 to visualize the neovascularisation by fluorescence microscopy.

It is contemplated that VGX-301-ΔN2, as a single-agent, will significantly inhibit choroidal neovascularisation in a mouse model of neovascular AMD, comparable to the effect demonstrated by Eylea®.

US11866739B2. Ligand binding molecules and uses thereof (2024-01-09). VEGENICS PTY LIMITED [AU]. Inventors: Michael Gerometta [AU], Timothy Adams [AU].
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Patent 2024
aflibercept Age-Related Macular Degeneration Animals Argon Ion Lasers Bruch Membrane Burns Cardiac Arrest Choroid Choroidal Neovascularization eylea Homo sapiens Immunoglobulin Isotypes Immunoglobulins Intercellular Adhesion Molecules Microscopy, Fluorescence Mus Pathologic Neovascularization
2
Penl-XBIR3 Eyedrops Protect Against RVO
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

The efficacy of Penl-XBIR3 eyedrops in RVO was evaluated. Penl-XBIR3 eyedrops were given immediately after RVO and at 24 h. At 48 h OCT images showed significant protection against RVO (FIG. 6) with less increase in retinal thickness and abrogation of retinal detachment (**P<0.01).

Individual retinal layers were also examined, as they are not affected equally by RVO. Retinal layers include the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the inner nuclear layer (INL), the outer plexiform layer (OPL), the outer nuclear layer (ONL), the inner segments (IS), the outer segments (OS), and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is located next to the choroid. Penl-XBIR3 decreased retinal detachment (FIG. 7, **P<0.01), protected the inner retinal layers (FIG. 8, **P<0.01), decreased swelling of the outer retina layers, such as the outer plexiform layer (FIG. 9, **P<0.01) and protected the photoreceptors (FIG. 10, *P<0.05, **P<0.01).

US11857609B2. Ocular delivery of cell permeant therapeutics for the treatment of retinal edema (2024-01-02). THE TRUSTEES OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK [US]. Inventors: Carol M. Troy [US], Ying Y. Jean [US].
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Patent 2024
Cells Choroid Eye Drops Ganglia Photoreceptor Cells Retina Retinal Detachment Retinal Pigment Epithelium Retinitis
3
Evaluating UBX1967 in Diabetic Retinopathy
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

The efficacy of UBX1967 was studied in a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy, by a single administration of streptozotocin (STZ).

C57BL/6J mice of 6- to 7-week were weighted and their baseline glycemia was measured (Accu-Chek, Roche). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with STZ (Sigma-Alderich, St. Lois, Mo.) for 5 consecutive days at 55 mg/Kg. Age-matched controls were injected with buffer only. Glycemia was measured again a week after the last STZ injection and mice were considered diabetic if their non-fasted glycemia was higher than 17 mM (300 mg/dL). STZ treated diabetic C57BL/6J mice were intravitreally injected with 1l of UBX1967 (2 μM or 20 μM, formulated as a suspension in 0.015% polysorbate-80, 0.2% Sodium Phosphate, 0.75% Sodium Chloride, pH 7.2) at 8 and 9 weeks after STZ administration. Retinal Evans blue permeation assay was performed at 10 weeks after STZ treatment.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show preliminary results for this protocol. Retinal and choroidal vascular leakage after intravitreal (IVT) administration UBX1967 improved in vascular permeability at both dose levels.

US11865123B2. Methods of inhibiting pathological angiogenesis (2024-01-09). Unity Biotechnology, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Pam Tsuruda [US], Jill Hopkins [US], Harry Sweigard [US], Yan Poon [US], Jamie Dananberg [US], Daniel Marquess [US], Nathaniel David [US].
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Patent 2024
Animal Model Biological Assay Blood Vessel Buffers Choroid Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Retinopathy Evans Blue Figs Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Polysorbate 80 Retina Retinal Diseases Sodium Chloride sodium phosphate Streptozocin Vascular Permeability
4
Teleophthalmology Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy
This retrospective medical chart review consisted of collecting data regarding diabetic patients 18 years and older who have participated in the teleophthalmology program offered throughout the state of WV between January 2017 and June 2019. The WVU institutional review board approved the study protocol. The Volk Pictor (Volk Optical, Inc., Mentor, OH, USA) nonmydriatic cameras used by trained nurses and staff acquired 45-degree fundus images from patients at various primary care and endocrinology clinic settings. In these settings, patients waited in rooms with the lights turned off to maximize pupillary dilation sans mydriatic drop administration. Staff would use the handheld fundus cameras to take photographs that were then uploaded and subsequently reviewed by retina specialists. Both eyes were photographed when possible with hopes of acquiring at least one viable image per eye. The number of attempts made was contingent on the judgment of the trained staff acquiring the images and the tolerance demonstrated by the patients being screened for repeated attempts.
Images were graded by a retina specialist at the WVU Eye Institute. These specialists included three WVU board-certified retina faculty and one vitreoretinal fellow—all patients were assigned to have their set of acquired images evaluated by one of these four specialists. Images were noted as gradable or ungradable, and the extent of DR (absent, mild, moderate, severe, or proliferative) and/or DME (absent, mild, moderate, or severe) was described in accordance to the International Classification of DR scale [24 (link)]. Care plan recommendations and suspicion of other pathologies were also noted. The results with their accompanying care plan recommendations were uploaded to the Epic electronic medical record (EMR) for the use of primary care physicians (PCPs) in their advising of diabetic patients in accordance to the American Academy of Ophthalmology’s guidelines for DR follow-up (Fig. 1). Referral recommendations were made in accordance to those proposed by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) [25 (link)]—albeit with the decision to recommend referral for suspected DR of any severity. Recommendations could also be made on the basis of other ocular pathologies that were remarked by reviewing ophthalmologists (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, choroidal nevi, colobomas, hypertensive retinopathy, glaucomatous optic nerves). For the purpose of this study, we exclusively followed patients whose screening findings indicated suspicion for diabetic retinopathy of any severity in at least one eye.

Teleophthalmology flow chart

Schofield T., Patel A., Palko J., Ghorayeb G, & Laxson L.C. (2023). Diabetic retinopathy screenings in West Virginia: an assessment of teleophthalmology implementation. BMC Ophthalmology, 23, 93.
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Publication 2023
Age-Related Macular Degeneration Choroid Coloboma Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Retinopathy Ethics Committees, Research Faculty Glaucoma Hypertensive Retinopathy Immune Tolerance Light Mentors Mydriasis Mydriatics Nevus Nurses Ophthalmologists Optic Nerve Patients Pneumocystosis Primary Care Physicians Primary Health Care Retina Specialists System, Endocrine Vision
5
Improving Stroke Management with AI-Powered Triage
The Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) consists of 3 comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) and 7 PSCs. Patients with suspected or confirmed (by CTA) LVO stroke are transferred from PSCs to CSCs within our system. In addition, PSCs outside of the MSHS may transfer these cases to our CSCs. Each spoke center within or outside of MSHS acts independently and has the same availability and access to EMS transfer services. They are all geographically located within the NYC metropolitan area and follow the same transfer protocols.
Since September 2019, Viz LVO has been implemented in all MSHS facilities (PCSs and CSCs); however, PSCs outside our system lack this AI-driven tool. Viz LVO is an FDA-cleared AI-powered software that provides computer-assisted triage of suspected LVOs on CTA scans. Viz LVO is trained to identify LVOs in the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ophthalmic, choroidal, and communicating segments) and the M1 (horizontal part) of the MCA. However, it does not assess the extracranial circulation, the posterior circulation, or the infraclinoid internal carotid artery [7] . In instances where a partial or complete occlusion is suspected, or when a vessel's caliber is less than the reference threshold, an LVO is suspected, and an alert is automatically sent to the stroke team [8] (link). For every CTA scan that is processed by Viz, a positive or negative LVO notification is provided, rather than the exact location of the occlusion.
For the purposes of this study, our institutional stroke database was reviewed in order to identify all suspected/confirmed LVO patients transferred from PSCs within and outside of our healthcare system from January 2020 to December 2021. Data collected included age, gender, ethnicity, race, rates of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and initial Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Primary outcomes included peripheral arrival to peripheral CTA, transfer time, and all available time metrics from peripheral CTA.
The “Viz-transfers” group includes all LVO transfers from PSCs within our system (3 spoke hospitals), while the “Non-Viz-transfers” group (control group) is comprised of all LVO transfers from PSCs that are MSHS-affiliated but belong outside of our system (4 spoke hospitals). Spokes within MSHS are empowered with Viz, while spokes outside MSHS are not Viz-empowered. For non-MSHS spokes, interventional neuroradiology (INR) team notification time after CTA depends on how fast radiology and stroke teams diagnose the LVO. For MSHS spokes, post-CTA INR team notification is instantaneous when an LVO is suspected by Viz. To minimize confounding, contemporaneous LVO transfers within and outside the MSHS were compared. Patients that were placed on an “LVO watch” due to mild symptoms were excluded. Patients with missing time metrics were also excluded. This study was approved by our local IRB with waiver of informed consent.
Matsoukas S., Stein L.K, & Fifi J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Software Significantly Decreases All Workflow Metrics for Large Vessel Occlusion Transfer Patients, within a Large Spoke and Hub System. Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra, 13(1), 41-46.
Publication 2023
Cerebrovascular Accident Choroid Dental Occlusion Diagnosis Ethnicity Fibrinolytic Agents Gender Internal Carotid Arteries Pancreatic Stellate Cells Patients Radionuclide Imaging SERPINA3 protein, human Thrombectomy X-Rays, Diagnostic

Top products related to «Choroid»

1
Rneasy mini kit by Qiagen
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The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.
2
Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
3
Spectralis by Heidelberg Engineering
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The Spectralis is an optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging device developed by Heidelberg Engineering. It captures high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and optic nerve using near-infrared light. The Spectralis provides detailed structural information about the eye, which can aid in the diagnosis and management of various eye conditions.
4
Spectralis hra oct by Heidelberg Engineering
Sourced in Germany, United States, Japan, United Kingdom
The Spectralis HRA+OCT is a multimodal imaging device that combines high-resolution fundus imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology. It allows for the simultaneous acquisition of detailed images of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve.
5
Lsm 710 by Zeiss
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The LSM 710 is a laser scanning microscope developed by Zeiss. It is designed for high-resolution imaging and analysis of biological and materials samples. The LSM 710 utilizes a laser excitation source and a scanning system to capture detailed images of specimens at the microscopic level. The specific capabilities and technical details of the LSM 710 are not provided in this response to maintain an unbiased and factual approach.
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Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Trizol by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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TRIzol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate that is used for the isolation of total RNA from various biological samples. It is a reagent designed to facilitate the disruption of cells and the subsequent isolation of RNA.
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Dri oct triton by Topcon
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The DRI OCT Triton is a diagnostic imaging device designed for ophthalmological examination. It utilizes Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) technology to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
9
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
10
Spectralis oct by Heidelberg Engineering
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The Spectralis OCT is a high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system designed for clinical use. It provides detailed, cross-sectional images of the eye's internal structures, enabling healthcare professionals to diagnose and monitor a variety of ocular conditions.

More about "Choroid"

The choroid is a critical component of the eye, a highly vascularized layer situated between the retina and the sclera.
This intricate structure plays a vital role in nourishing the outer retinal layers and regulating temperature and blood flow within the eye.
Composed of blood vessels, connective tissue, and pigment cells, the choroid's dysfunction can contribute to various ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), myopia, and uveitis.
Studying the choroid is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and developing effective treatments.
Researchers can leverage tools like the RNeasy Mini Kit, TRIzol reagent, and specialized imaging modalities such as the Spectralis HRA+OCT and LSM 710 to investigate the choroid's structure and function.
When conducting choroid research, it's important to optimize protocols and enhance reproducibility and accuracy.
This is where PubCompare.ai can be a valuable resource.
This tool can help researchers locate relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches.
By utilizing PubCompare.ai, researchers can streamline their choroid studies and gain crucial insights that may lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for conditions like AMD, myopia, and uveitis.
Additionally, researchers may find it beneficial to use cell culture techniques with components like fetal bovine serum (FBS), TRIzol, and penicillin/streptomycin to investigate choroidal cell biology and function.
The DRI OCT Triton, a specialized optical coherence tomography (OCT) system, can also provide detailed insights into the choroid's structure and pathological changes.
By leveraging the insights gained from the choroid's anatomy and function, as well as the tools and techniques available for its study, researchers can deepen their understanding of the eye's complex systems and contribute to the development of more effective treatments for various ocular diseases.