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> Anatomy > Body Part > Ciliary Body

Ciliary Body

The ciliary body is a structure within the eye that plays a crucial role in vision.
It consists of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes, which produce the aqueous humor and adjust the shape of the lens to focus light.
The ciliary body is essential for maintaining intraocular pressure and facilitating the eye's ability to focus on near and distant objects.
Researchers studying the ciliary body can leverage AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their research protocols, enhance reproducibility, and identifiy the best supporting literature and resources.
This can help take ciliary body research to the next lavel and advance our understanding of this critical eye structure.

Most cited protocols related to «Ciliary Body»

1
Porcine Anterior Segment Perfusion Model
Porcine eyes were obtained from the local abattoir and processed within approximately 2 hours of death. The eyelids and adnexal structures were excised, eyes dipped into 5% povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution (betadine 5%; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) for 30 seconds and then transferred into sterile PBS (Dulbecco's PBS; MP Biomedicals, LLC, Santa Ana, CA, USA). In a tissue culture hood, the eyes were hemisected along the equator followed by removal of the vitreous, lens, ciliary body, iris, retina, and choroid. Pigment shedding was avoided by carefully dissecting the choroid off the sclera directly along the equatorial incision in one piece while leaving the vitreous and lens in place as a barrier toward the anterior chamber. The eyes were irrigated with 10 mL PBS to remove pigment and cellular remnants. The anterior segments were then immediately mounted in perfusion chambers connected to a microinfusion pump (PHD 22/2000; Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA) and perfused with serum-free media without phenol red (DMEM with penicillin G sodium/streptomycin sulfate [100 units/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively]) at a constant flow rate of 3 μL/min. Anterior segments were maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2. The intraocular pressure was continuously monitored with pressure transducers (physiological pressure transducer, SP844; MEMSCAP, Skoppum, Norway) and recorded using a software system (LabChart; ADInstruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA). The perfusion system was calibrated using a pressure transducer tester (Veri-Cal; Utah Medical Products, Midvale, UT, USA). Eyes that experienced a contamination, showed erroneous IOP recordings in the negative pressure range, or readings above 30 mm Hg during the first 24 hours were considered a failure. Such negative IOP recordings were observed for instance when debris blocked the transducer lumen while early high IOP was interpreted as relative TM failure or blockage.
Gravity perfused anterior segments (COgr) were similarly processed and mounted in perfusion chambers connected to a gravity flow system and perfused with serum free clear DMEM supplemented with penicillin G sodium and streptomycin sulfate (100 units/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively). The gravity flow system utilized a fluid column at a constant height of 20.4 cm above perfusion chambers to maintain pressures at 15 mm Hg. Anterior segments were maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2.
Loewen R.T., Roy P., Park D.B., Jensen A., Scott G., Cohen-Karni D., Fautsch M.P., Schuman J.S, & Loewen N.A. (2016). A Porcine Anterior Segment Perfusion and Transduction Model With Direct Visualization of the Trabecular Meshwork. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 57(3), 1338-1344.
Publication 2016
Adnexa Uteri Betadine Cells Chambers, Anterior Choroid Ciliary Body Culture Media, Serum-Free Eye Eye Drops Eyelids Gravity Iris Lens, Crystalline Natural Springs Neoplasm Metastasis Penicillin G Sodium Perfusion physiology Pigmentation Pigs Povidone Iodine Pressures, Intraocular Retina Sclera Serum Sterility, Reproductive Streptomycin Sulfate Tissues Transducers Transducers, Pressure
2
Porcine Anterior Segment Perfusion Model
After removing extraocular tissues, freshly enucleated porcine eyes from a local abattoir (Thoma Meat Market, Saxonburg, PA, USA) were placed into a 5% povidone-iodine solution (NC9771653; Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) for 3 min and rinsed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Eyes were hemisected 7 mm posterior and parallel to the limbus and the lens, ciliary body, and iris were carefully removed. Anterior segments were again washed with PBS three times and mounted in anterior segment perfusion dishes. Phenol-free DMEM media (SH30284; HyClone, GE Healthcare, UK)) supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (15240062; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was continuously pumped into the anterior chambers at a constant infusion rate of 3 microliters per minute. After calibration of the pressure transducers, the IOP was recorded at 2-minute intervals.
Dang Y., Waxman S., Wang C., Jensen A., Loewen R.T., Bilonick R.A, & Loewen N.A. (2017). Freeze-thaw decellularization of the trabecular meshwork in an ex vivo eye perfusion model. PeerJ, 5, e3629.
Publication 2017
Antibiotics Chambers, Anterior Ciliary Body Eye Fetal Bovine Serum Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Iris Lens, Crystalline Meat Perfusion Phenol Phosphates Pigs Povidone Iodine Saline Solution Tissues Transducers, Pressure
3
Comprehensive Molecular Profiling of Uveal Melanoma

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Publication 2017
BLOOD Cells Choroid Ciliary Body Diagnosis EIF1AX protein, human Ethnicity Freezing Germ Line Iris Malignant Neoplasms Mutation Necrosis Neoplasm Metastasis Neoplasms Neoplasms by Site Patients Pharmacotherapy Protein Arrays Radiotherapy Tissue Procurement Tissues
4
Genetic Profiling of Uveal Melanoma
This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Boards of Washington University and the University of Miami. Tumor samples were obtained at enucleation or by fine need biopsy between November 1998 and May 2015 from patients with UMs arising from the ciliary body and/or choroid. Samples were snap frozen and stored at -80°C. Baseline clinical information, metastatic status, and final outcome were recorded for each patient. Prognostic molecular class assignments (Class 1 or Class 2) were obtained using a prospectively validated 12-gene classifier as previously reported (13 (link)). Mutation status for GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, SF3B1, and EIF1AX were obtained by Sanger sequencing as previously described (5 (link), 7 (link), 10 (link), 11 (link)). Tumor samples from Leiden University were obtained between 1999 and 2008 by enucleation and clinical and histopathologic features were retrieved from patient charts and histology reports. Data on survival were obtained from medical records and the Integral Cancer Center West, which updates patient follow-up information, including date and cause of death, on a yearly basis. Under Dutch law, tumor material may be used for research purposes, and patients signed an informed consent for genetic testing. The tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed in all studies.
Field M.G., Decatur C.L., Kurtenbach S., Gezgin G., van der Velden P.A., Jager M.J., Kozak K.N, & Harbour J.W. (2016). PRAME as an independent biomarker for metastasis in uveal melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 22(5), 1234-1242.
Publication 2015
Biopsy Choroid Ciliary Body EIF1AX protein, human Ethics Committees, Research Freezing Genes Malignant Neoplasms Mutation Neoplasms Patients
5
Validating Ciliary Body Gene Expression
To validate and confirm our microarray data, we initially searched the literature for genes already known to be specifically expressed in the NPE and/or PE. We used PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) with the terms ‘ciliary body’, ‘gene’, ‘expression’, ‘immunohistochemistry’, ‘immunolocalization’, ‘immunofluorescence’, ‘pigmented epithelium’ or ‘non pigmented epithelium’ in our search criteria. We only selected those articles in which immunolocalization provided reliable information about the layer (NPE and PE) where the protein is or is not (preferentially) expressed (see Table S2).
Next, we performed a semi-quantitative RT-PCR of 10 genes that differed statistically significant between PE and NPE, with higher expression in NPE and on 10 genes with statistically significant difference between PE and NPE, with higher expression in PE. The procedure of the sQRT-PCR was previously described by Booij et al. [26] (link). In short, sQRT-PCR was carried out using intron spanning primers on cDNA from laser dissection microscopy derived samples of NPE and PE. Since we worked with human post-mortem donor material which consists of intrinsic shorter and partly degenerated RNA fragments, we could not use catalogues RT-PCR assays, and we had to generate primers near the 3′ end of the gene. Because of this sub-optimal primer design, PCR was not always optimal and some cDNA’s showed no PCR product at all. Primer sequences used are available on request.
Finally, we performed immunohistochemistry of selected targets. Selection was based on both high RNA expression in NPE and PE and presence in a statistical significant biological or canonical pathway. We selected two entries for every main specific functionality of the CB, relevant in the context of this study (progenitor, neural, endocrinological, and immunological). FGFR3 and NOTCH1 immunostainings were performed to highlight the developmental properties of the CB. To highlight the neural nature of the CB, we stained for ROBO1 and GRIN2C.
For the endocrine signaling of the CB, we selected EDNRB and MNAR. Finally, we selected TLR3 and SERPING1 proteins to demonstrate some of the immunological properties of the CB. All primary antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The total list is presented in Table S3. The protocol for immunostaining was essentially as follows: Fresh frozen CB tissue was cut in 8 µm cryosections and mounted on polylysine coated slides. We mounted an experimental and a control section on the same slide. After drying 1 hour at room temperature, sections were fixated with either acetone or PFA (see Table S3). The primary antibodies were incubated for 90 min at room temperature or overnight at 4°C (Table S3) on the experimental section. The control sections were incubated with the same solution, time and temperature, but without the primary antibody. After incubation the slides were washed in PBS for 20 min. Next, the secondary antibody was incubated on both experimental and control sections for 60 min. The concentrations and types of secondary antibodies per primary antibody are summarized in Table S3. After 60 min, the slides were washed in PBS for 20 min. Then, sections were mounted in Vectashield with Dapi. Fluorescent images were taken with an Axioplan2 microscope (Carl Zeiss, MicroImaging GmbH, Munich, Germany).
Janssen S.F., Gorgels T.G., Bossers K., ten Brink J.B., Essing A.H., Nagtegaal M., van der Spek P.J., Jansonius N.M, & Bergen A.A. (2012). Gene Expression and Functional Annotation of the Human Ciliary Body Epithelia. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e44973.
Publication 2012
Acetone Antibodies Autopsy Biological Assay Biopharmaceuticals Ciliary Body Cryoultramicrotomy DAPI Dissection DNA, Complementary EDNRB protein, human Epithelium Esterase Inhibitor, C1 FGFR3 protein, human Freezing Genes Genes, vif Homo sapiens Immunofluorescence Immunoglobulins Immunohistochemistry Introns Laser Microscopy Microarray Analysis Microscopy Nervousness Oligonucleotide Primers Polylysine Proteins Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction System, Endocrine Tissue Donors Tissues Transcription, Genetic

Most recents protocols related to «Ciliary Body»

1
Comparison of Cataract Surgery Techniques
It was a retrospective, controlled, monocentric, multi-operator study carried out at the Rothschild Foundation Hospital in Paris concerning patients operated for cataract surgery with Surgicube® versus a cohort of patients operated in a standard theater. The inclusion criteria for both groups were as follows: must be an adult and must be eligible for the pure topical protocol (no sedation and no other anesthesia except topical anesthesia). The patients were operated on between February 2020 and February 2021 with the Surgicube® or in the conventional theater. We used a “date randomization.” Only patients planned with topical anesthesia only have been selected for this study. Each patient chooses the operating day. Following our general theater planning, some patients were admitted to the classic theater and some others to the Surgicube, according to the day they had chosen. Patients with a postoperative follow-up of less than 1 month were excluded. A total number of 93 patients has been excluded. Patient follow-up was carried out by ophthalmologists. For each patient, data were collected from the medical file of the Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation up to 1 month postoperatively. The data collected are as follows: visual acuity, ocular tone, and the presence and type of preoperative and postoperative complications (posterior capsular rupture with or without vitreous loss, intraoperative iris floppy syndrome or iris prolapse, iris or ciliary body injury, lens materials dropped into vitreous, suprachoroidal effusion with or without hemorrhage, transiently elevated intraocular pressure, cornea edema, toxic anterior segment syndrome, endophthalmitis, retained lens materials, hyphema, and Irvin–Gass syndrome).
Artus A., Fabro F., Cochereau I., Caputo G., Tadayoni R., Vignal C., Galatoire O., Salviat F., Gatinel D, & Panthier C. (2023). Effectiveness and safety of cataract surgery in laminar air flow device versus traditional scrubs: A 1-year non-inferiority pilot study. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 987505.
Publication 2023
Adult Capsule Cataract Extraction Ciliary Body Edema, Corneal Endophthalmitis Eye Gases Hemorrhage Hyphema Injuries Iris Lens, Crystalline Ophthalmologists Patients Postoperative Complications Pressures, Intraocular Prolapse Sedatives Syndrome Topical Anesthetics Visual Acuity
2
Iridocorneal Angle Grading Protocol
NIDEK GS-1 goniophotos were independently examined by three glaucoma specialists from the NYU Langone Eye Center and board-certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology (ABOP). Response forms and goniophotos were sent to observers by e-mail, who then completed diagnostic evaluations of all images. The width of the iridocorneal angle was measured using the Shaffer grading system and ranked from 0–4 [4 ]. A grade of 0 is defined as a “closed” angle with no visible angle structures, a grade of 1 as “extremely narrow” with visibility up to Schwalbe’s line, a grade of 2 as “narrow” with visibility up to the trabecular meshwork, a grade of 3 as “open” with visibility up to the scleral spur, and a grade of 4 as “wide open” with visibility up to the ciliary body band [4 ]. Additionally, cases of poor image quality that prevent an assessment of the iridocorneal angle, are defined as “un-identifiable”. The three observers were masked to patient names and diagnoses.
Madu C.T., Phelps T., Schuman J.S., Zambrano R., Lee T.F., Panarelli J., Al-Aswad L, & Wollstein G. (2023). Automated 360-degree goniophotography with the NIDEK Gonioscope GS-1 for glaucoma. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0270941.
Publication 2023
Ciliary Body Diagnosis Glaucoma Patients Scleral Spur Specialists Trabecular Meshwork
3
Retrospective Analysis of Uveal Melanoma Cases
The study design was a retrospective case series. All patients who were newly diagnosed with uveal melanoma and treated at a national referral center (Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Oncology, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland) between 1 January 2018, and 31 December 2021, were extracted from the hospital database and included in the study. This hospital database provides medical data, which include the diagnoses coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10); the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O-3) codes; and all performed procedures coded using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) procedure codes and unique National Health Fund (NHF) codes, corresponding to certain hospital procedures. The hospital database also provides demographical features such as the date of birth and sex of patients. The Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Oncology, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, is the referral center for ophthalmic oncology for adults in Poland. The following data were compiled: the sex of patients and their age at the time of diagnosis; the year of diagnosis; clinical findings such as the laterality of the tumor (right or left eye); intra-ocular localization and cancer stage, according to the TNM classification of malignant tumors (both at the time of diagnosis); and applied treatments including plaque radiotherapy (brachytherapy with iodine-125 or rhutenium-106), proton beam irradiation (PBI), local surgery, and/or enucleation of the eye globe. Tumors were clinically classified as localized in the iris, ciliary body, choroid, or mixed (according to their appearance).
Romanowska-Dixon B., Dębicka-Kumela M., Śmigielski J, & Nowak M.S. (2023). Sex Differences in the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma in a Group of 1336 Patients. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(2), 353.
Publication 2023
Adult Brachytherapy Childbirth Choroid Ciliary Body Diagnosis Eye Eye Enucleation Iodine-125 Iris Malignant Neoplasms Neoplasms Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Protons Radiotherapy Senile Plaques Signs and Symptoms Staging, Cancer Uveal melanoma Vision
4
TUNEL Staining of Apoptotic Cells
TUNEL staining was performed using an ApopTag fluorescein in situ apoptosis detection kit (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was counted as described for MNU-treated mice [29 (link)]. Briefly, the TUNEL-positive cells in the ONL of a 9,000 (150 × 60) μm2 area, 400 μm away from the optic nerve papilla and ciliary body, were counted in a masked fashion. Then, we calculated the average number of TUNEL-positive cells based on that of four fields for each section.
Fujii Y., Arima M., Murakami Y, & Sonoda K.H. (2023). Rhodopsin-positive cell production by intravitreal injection of small molecule compounds in mouse models of retinal degeneration. PLOS ONE, 18(2), e0282174.
Publication 2023
Apoptosis Cells Ciliary Body Fluorescein In Situ Nick-End Labeling Mus Nervousness Optic Disk
5
Anterior Scleral Thickness Measurement
An anterior segment module was attached in front of the objective lens of the HD-OCT instrument. A 9-mm single-line scan protocol (length: 9 mm, depth: 2.6 mm) was used to acquire raw B-scan OCT images along each of the four meridians (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal) while the participant fixated an appropriately located target; an image of the sclera was acquired within this target. During imaging, the scan line was positioned such that it passed above the scleral reflex in each gaze position to ensure that the AST results were obtained consistently in the same region of interest in all the participants (Fig. 1).

A Single-line scan passing through the temporal scleral reflex. B Cropped raw B-scan image of the anterior sclera (dimension of the exported image: length: 9 mm, depth: 2.6 mm). The yellow arrowheads indicate the anterior scleral boundary and posterior scleral boundary, and the red arrowhead indicates the location of the scleral spur (reference point). Segmented optical coherence tomography image obtained after analysis with custom-designed software. The solid blue lines denote the 1-mm intervals at which the scleral thickness was measured

Scleral thickness was determined by manual measurement using caliper software included in the instrument. Only the images of the right eyes were used to analyze AST. We acquired raw B-scan OCT images along each of the four meridians (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal) and marked the scleral spur as a reference point to enable the computation of the AST at intervals of 1 mm. All the images were analyzed by manual measurement to determine the AST, which was estimated from the scleral spur to a distance of 6 mm (n = 93) along the four meridians.
On the B-scan images of the anterior sclera, the outer boundary was identified as a thin hyporeflective region on the anterior part of the sclera, which is an actual presentation of episcleral blood vessels that separates the episclera and conjunctiva from the scleral tissue [11 (link)]. The inner boundary is a demarcated line between the hyper-reflective scleral tissue and the hyporeflective ciliary body tissue. Scleral thickness was measured as the distance between the outer and inner boundaries at the point of interest (Fig. 1).
The examiner marked the scleral spur (a slightly depressed region in the limbal area, facing the anterior chamber) as a reference point to enable the computation of scleral thickness at 1-mm intervals, extending peripherally from the scleral spur. Specifically, the thickness values were obtained along the direction normal to the tangents passing through the interval points located on the outer boundary for enhanced accuracy [10 (link)].The AST values were obtained up to 6 mm away from the scleral spur.
Zhou J., He H., Yang Q., Wang J.Y., You Z.P, & Liu L.L. (2023). Comparison of anterior sclera thickness in emmetropes and myopes. BMC Ophthalmology, 23, 67.
Publication 2023
Blood Vessel Chambers, Anterior Ciliary Body Conjunctiva Eye Lens, Crystalline Meridians Nose Radionuclide Imaging Reflex Sclera Scleral Spur Tissues Tomography, Optical Coherence

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1
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HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) is a salt-based buffer solution commonly used in cell culture and biological research applications. It provides a balanced ionic environment to maintain the pH and osmotic pressure of cell cultures. The solution contains various inorganic salts, including calcium, magnesium, and potassium, as well as glucose, to support cell viability and homeostasis.
2
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More about "Ciliary Body"

The ciliary body is a crucial structure within the eye, responsible for a variety of important functions related to vision.
Also known as the corpus ciliare or ciliary apparatus, this anatomical feature plays a central role in the eye's ability to focus on near and distant objects.
The ciliary body consists of two primary components - the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes.
The ciliary muscle is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens, allowing the eye to focus on different distances.
The ciliary processes, on the other hand, produce the aqueous humor, a fluid that helps maintain intraocular pressure and nourish the lens and cornea.
In addition to its role in accommodation and aqueous humor production, the ciliary body is also essential for regulating intraocular pressure.
Dysregulation of this pressure can lead to conditions like glaucoma, which can cause vision loss if left untreated.
Researchers studying the ciliary body may utilize a variety of techniques and tools, such as the HBSS buffer solution, TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, DNase I for DNA digestion, and Bovine serum albumin as a protein stabilizer.
Imaging techniques like the VersaDock imaging system and the CASIA SS-1000 optical coherence tomography (OCT) device can also be valuable for visualizing and analyzing the ciliary body structure and function.
To optimize their research protocols and enhance reproducibility, researchers can leverage AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai.
This platform can help identify the best supporting literature and resources, as well as compare research protocols to ensure accuracy and efficiency.
By taking advantage of these advanced tools and techniques, researchers can advance our understanding of the ciliary body and its critical role in vision and eye health.