The data set we have used to build our model consists of image sets of six (one right and five left) cadaveric cochlea specimens received from the Vanderbilt School of Medicine’s Anatomical Gifts Program. For each specimen, we have acquired one μCT image volume with a Scanco μCT. The voxel dimensions in these images are 36 μm isotropic. For five of these specimens, we have also acquired one conventional CT image volume with a Xoran XCAT fpVCT scanner. In these volumes, voxels are 0.3 mm isotropic. In each of the μCT volumes, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani were manually segmented. Figure 2 shows an example of a conventional CT image and its corresponding μCT image.
Cochlea
The cochlea is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure located within the inner ear.
It is responsible for the transduction of sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
The cochlea is divided into three main regions: the scala tympani, scala vestibuli, and scala media.
It contains sensory hair cells that vibrate in response to sound, triggering the release of neurotransmitters and the generation of action potentials in the auditory nerve.
The cochlea plays a critical role in the sense of hearing, allowing us to perceive and interpret a wide range of sound frequencies.
Understaning the structure and function of the cochlea is essential for the study of hearing and the development of treatments for hearing disorders, such as sensorineural hearing loss.
Resaerchers can leverage PubCompare.ai to easily locate and compare protocols related to cochlea studies, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their work.
It is responsible for the transduction of sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
The cochlea is divided into three main regions: the scala tympani, scala vestibuli, and scala media.
It contains sensory hair cells that vibrate in response to sound, triggering the release of neurotransmitters and the generation of action potentials in the auditory nerve.
The cochlea plays a critical role in the sense of hearing, allowing us to perceive and interpret a wide range of sound frequencies.
Understaning the structure and function of the cochlea is essential for the study of hearing and the development of treatments for hearing disorders, such as sensorineural hearing loss.
Resaerchers can leverage PubCompare.ai to easily locate and compare protocols related to cochlea studies, enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their work.
Most cited protocols related to «Cochlea»
Cochlea
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Gifts
Scala Tympani
Vestibuli, Scala
Alexa594
alexa fluor 488
Alexa Fluor 647
Antibodies
Cochlea
Goat
HEK293 Cells
Immunocytochemistry
Mus
Phalloidine
Rabbits
The PNS-Care panel initially consisted of 14 investigators from 8 different countries; all members of the panel are neurologists with clinical and research expertise in PNS and related syndromes. The panel started with the premise that revised consensus diagnostic criteria for PNS were required to improve clinical care and support research. The group established 3 levels of certainty in the diagnosis of PNS (i.e., possible, probable, and definite PNS) according to the coherence between clinical phenotype, antibody, and cancer. In assessing the diagnostic process, the panel reviewed the experience and caveats with detection and interpretation of neuronal antibodies. In addition, new recommendations were considered for neurologic syndromes developing in the context of ICI treatment. It was agreed that several neurologic disorders that can occur in association with cancer are not included in the current diagnostic criteria, such as inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and necrotizing myopathies), myasthenia gravis, polyneuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathies, and paraneoplastic retinopathy, optic neuritis, and cochlea-vestibulopathy. Well-designed diagnostic criteria already exist for most of these entities, which are historically not included within the spectrum of PNS.
An initial draft of the guidelines was discussed during the inaugural meeting in Lyon (France) and subsequently underwent several iterations via electronic communication. The last version was then sent to all 14 members, in addition to 5 additional international experts, for final review and comment. All 19 PNS-Care panel members endorsed the final guidelines.
An initial draft of the guidelines was discussed during the inaugural meeting in Lyon (France) and subsequently underwent several iterations via electronic communication. The last version was then sent to all 14 members, in addition to 5 additional international experts, for final review and comment. All 19 PNS-Care panel members endorsed the final guidelines.
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Antibodies
Cochlea
Dermatomyositis
Diagnosis
Immunoglobulins
Malignant Neoplasms
Monoclonal Gammapathies
Myasthenia Gravis
Myopathy
Myositis
Nervous System Disorder
Neurologists
Neurons
Optic Neuritis
Phenotype
Polymyositis
Polyneuropathy
Retinal Diseases
Syndrome
The degree of EH in the vestibule and cochlea was assessed by visual comparison of the relative areas of the non-enhanced endolymphatic space versus the contrast-enhanced perilymph space in the axial plane, separately for the cochlea and the vestibule. The degree of cochlear hydrops was categorized as none, grade I, or grade II according to the criteria previously described by Baráth et al. [8 (link)] (Fig. 1 ).![]()
2 ). The visual assessment of the saccule-to-utricle ratio was done on the lowest axial images at the inferior part of the vestibule as, according to histological studies, the saccule occupies the inferior, medial, and anterior part of the vestibule [9 (link)].![]()
3 ). In case of a grade 3 vestibular hydrops, the evaluation of the vestibular PE is considered as non-applicable since there is no visible perilymphatic space left to evaluate.![]()
Cropped axial delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR images at midmodiolar area of the cochlea and correlating axial cryosections with hematoxylin and eosin staining (magnification, × 7) and color overlay.
Cropped axial delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR images at the inferior part of the vestibulum and correlating axial cryosections with hematoxylin and eosin staining (magnification, × 7) and color overlay.
Axial delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR images at the level of the inner ear in a 77-year-old woman with unilateral left-sided definite MD and cochlear hydrops grade I (small arrowhead) and vestibular hydrops grade II according to the four-stage grading system (large arrowhead). Note increased vestibular (small arrow) and cochlear (large arrow) perilymphatic enhancement (PE) on the symptomatic side compared with the normal right labyrinth. This is the signature of BPB-impairment
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Bones
Cochlea
Congenital Abnormality
Cryoultramicrotomy
Duct, Cochlear
Edema
Endolymph
Endolymphatic Hydrops
Eosin
Gadolinium
Hematoxylin
Labyrinth
Patients
Perilymph
Saccule
Saccule and Utricle
Scala Tympani
Spastic ataxia Charlevoix-Saguenay type
Utricle
Vestibular Labyrinth
Vestibuli, Scala
Woman
In order to carry out intra-sample comparisons, we identified the three distinct areas for DNA extraction (Fig 1 ):
In order to conduct intra-petrous comparisons on our archaeological samples, we first identified and isolated part A, and removed it from the rest of the petrous bone located in a UV cabinet. We then removed the dense white bone (part B) surrounding the otic capsule (part C) and then proceeded into clearing it of the remaining surrounding white bone (S1 and S2 Figs). All three parts were transferred to individual sample boats and put inside a UV chamber individually where they were decontaminated for 10 minutes on each side. Each part was then ground to very fine powder (~5 μm) using a mixer mill (Retsch MM400) and aliquots of 150 mg were recovered to proceed with DNA extraction. To minimize modern contamination, all these steps were done in a dedicated lab for preparation of ancient bone samples, with the researchers using full cover suits, double gloves, hair nets and face masks. All non-disposal equipment and work surfaces were cleaned and decontaminated with DNA-ExitusPlus and ethanol throughout the sample preparation process, and then subjected to UV radiation for at least 30 minutes.
part A: bone at the apex of the petrous pyramid, which is largely trabecular (spongy).
part B: dense white bone, most commonly found surrounding the inner ear; depending on the preservation of the sample and natural variability (see
part C: dense bone of the otic capsule (inner ear) which consists of the cochlea, vestibule, and three semi-circular canals, it surrounds the membranous osseous labyrinth and houses the organs of hearing and equilibrium in living organisms. In contrast to the whitish part B, it is of a yellowish-to-green range of hues.
In order to conduct intra-petrous comparisons on our archaeological samples, we first identified and isolated part A, and removed it from the rest of the petrous bone located in a UV cabinet. We then removed the dense white bone (part B) surrounding the otic capsule (part C) and then proceeded into clearing it of the remaining surrounding white bone (
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Biologic Preservation
Bone Density
Bones
Cancellous Bone
Cochlea
Ethanol
External Ear
Figs
Hair
Labyrinth
Labyrinths, Bony
Membranous Labyrinths
Petrous Bone
Porifera
Powder
Pressure
Process, Mastoid
Semicircular Canals
SLC6A2 protein, human
Tissue, Membrane
Ultraviolet Rays
Vestibular Labyrinth
Most recents protocols related to «Cochlea»
According to the time characteristics of vestibular symptoms onset, patients can be classified into acute, episodic, or chronic vestibular syndrome (AVS, EVS, or CVS) (21 (link)). All diagnoses were made by the senior authors (ZXW and XY) according to widely accepted diagnostic criteria for each vestibular disorder or the international classification of vestibular disorders (ICVD) criteria when available (22 (link)–26 (link)). The published diagnostic criteria consensus includes acute unilateral vestibulopathy (AUVP)/VN (26 (link)), persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (23 (link)), VM (25 (link)), VM of childhood (24 (link)), and MD (22 (link)). Besides, probably labyrinthine infarction was diagnosed in older patients with sudden onset of unilateral deafness and vertigo, especially when there is a history of stroke or known vascular risk factors (27 (link)). Benign recurrent vertigo (BRV) was diagnosed when patients showed spontaneous rotational vertigo or instability; symptoms that were not triggered by changes in position, lasting longer than 1 min; normal audiogram or symmetric hearing loss; no cochlear symptoms (tinnitus or stuffiness) during the attack phase; no migraine or migraine aura in the acute phase (26 (link), 28 (link)). Isolated acute unilateral utricular vestibulopathy was diagnosed in patients with acute onset of postural imbalance, which can be diagnosed by ocular VEMP (26 (link)).
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Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Blood Vessel
Cerebrovascular Accident
Cochlea
Deafness, Sudden
Eye
Hearing Impairment
Hearing Tests
Infarction
Labyrinth
Migraine Disorders
Migraine with Aura
Patients
Syndrome
Tinnitus
Vertigo
Vestibular Diseases
Vestibular Labyrinth
The cochlea of the inner ear was isolated from mouse E18.5 embryos and attached to the transparent PET membrane of the cell culture insert (353096, Corning). They were then fixed with PBS containing 4% PFA for 1 h at room temperature, followed by three washes with PBS. Immunostained samples were visualized using a confocal microscope (LSM710; Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). The individual stereocilia angle was determined as previously described35 (link), and measured using the Fiji angle tool. Data for different genotypes was obtained from at least 100 cells in each hair cell row of mice from three different litters.
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Auditory Hair Cell
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Cochlea
Embryo
Genotype
Labyrinth
Microscopy, Confocal
Mus
Patient Holding Stretchers
Plasma Membrane
Stereocilia
Tissue, Membrane
At the end of 3 cycles of cisplatin administration, the deeply anesthetized mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after ABR detection and then decapitated, and the cochlea were collected. The temporal bones were washed with fresh ice-cold 4% PBS and then placed into a 30 mm diameter Petri dish containing fresh ice-cold 4% PBS. Under a dissection microscope, fine forceps were used to remove the stapes and tissue. The volute was scanned from the oval window parallel to the spiral of the basilar membrane using Venus scissors, and then a fracture line was cut from the bottom to the apical turn along with the spiral plane at the edge of the volute. The volute was gently removed with a fine forceps and needle, and the basilar membrane tissue was immediately placed into a centrifuge tube, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C for subsequent RNA or protein extraction. On the other hand, the cochlea was removed from the skull, the stapes was removed, a small hole was made in the apical turn of the cochlea, the round window was pierced, and 4% paraformaldehyde was perfused. Then, the cochlea was immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C and decalcified in 10% sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 48 h at room temperature on a shaker. The basilar membrane was dissected under a microscope for immunofluorescence staining.
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Basilar Membrane
Cisplatin
Cochlea
Cold Temperature
Cranium
Dissection
Edetic Acid
Fenestra Cochleae
Forceps
Fracture, Bone
Freezing
Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal
Immunofluorescence
Joint Dislocations
Mice, House
Microscopy
Neck
Needles
Nitrogen
paraform
Proteins
Sodium
Stapes
Temporal Bone
Tissue, Membrane
Tissues
The basilar membrane samples were permeabilized with 2.5% Triton X-100 in 1X PBS for 15 min at room temperature on a shaker. Then, the specimens were washed 3 times with PBS and blocked in 10% goat serum solution for 1 h at room temperature. After washing with PBS three times, cochlear sections were incubated with phalloidin (1:200) for 2 h at room temperature in the dark, counterstained with DAPI for 8 min and washed three times with PBS. The samples were mounted on glass slides in 10 µl anti-fluorescence quenching agent. Hair cells were visualized using an Olympus BX63 fluorescence microscope from the apex to the base of the cochlea, and then the outer hair cells were counted.
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Auditory Hair Cell
Basilar Membrane
Cochlea
Cochlear Outer Hair Cell
DAPI
Fluorescence
Goat
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Phalloidine
Serum
Triton X-100
Protein was extracted from HEI-OC1 cells and cochlear tissue according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Protein samples (20 µg) were loaded in a 12.5% SDS‒PAGE gel and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA), followed by blocking with 5% nonfat milk in TBST buffer at room temperature for 1 h. The membrane was cut according to the target protein and then hybridized with the following primary antibody cocktail: anti-DRP1 (1:1000, immunoway), anti-LC3B (1:1000, ABclonal) and anti-β actin.
(1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology) at 4 °C overnight on a shaker. The strips were washed 3 times in 0.05% TBST for 10 min each time before incubation with HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Proteintech, 1:3000) for 1 h at room temperature. The protein intensity value was normalized by comparison with β-actin using ImageJ software (U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA).
(1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology) at 4 °C overnight on a shaker. The strips were washed 3 times in 0.05% TBST for 10 min each time before incubation with HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Proteintech, 1:3000) for 1 h at room temperature. The protein intensity value was normalized by comparison with β-actin using ImageJ software (U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA).
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Actins
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Buffers
Cochlea
Combined Antibody Therapeutics
Milk, Cow's
polyvinylidene fluoride
Proteins
Protein Targeting, Cellular
Rabbits
SDS-PAGE
Tissue, Membrane
Tissues
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