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Hallux

Hallux, also known as the big toe, is the innermost and largest of the five toes.
It plays a crucial role in human locomotion and balance.
Researchers studying the Hallux can utilize PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, to optimize their research.
This innovative tool helps identify the most effective protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
Leveraging the power of AI, PubCompare.ai empowers researchers to streamline their Hallux studies and discover the most effective approaches.
With this tool, researchers can locate the best protocols and enhance the quality of their Hallux-related research.

Most cited protocols related to «Hallux»

1
Diabetic Neuropathy Assessment Protocol
The MNSI questionnaire is self-administered. Responses are added to obtain a total score. ’Yes‘ responses to questions 1–3, 5–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15 are each counted as one point. ’No‘ responses to questions 7 and 13 each count as one point. Question 4 was considered to be a measure of impaired circulation and question 10 a measure of general asthenia and were not included in the published scoring algorithm [1 (link)]. A score of ≥ 7 was considered abnormal [1 (link)]. All 15 questions were included in the new scoring algorithms.
During the MNSI examination, a health professional inspects each foot for deformities, dry skin, calluses, infections and fissures. Each foot with any abnormality receives a score of 1. Each foot is also inspected for ulcers and each foot with an ulcer receives a score of 1. The ankle reflexes are also elicited. If the reflex is absent, the patient is asked to perform the Jendrassic manoeuver and, if present, the reflex is designated as present with reinforcement and is scored as 0.5. If the reflex is absent with the Jendrassic manoeuver, the reflex is designated as absent and is scored as 1. Vibration sensation is then tested in the great toe using a 128-Hz tuning fork. In general, the examiner should be able to feel vibration in his or her hand for 5 s longer than a normal subject can at the great toe. Vibration is scored as present if the examiner senses the vibration on his or her finger for < 10 s longer than the subject feels it in the great toe, decreased if sensed for ≥ 10 s (scored as 0.5) or absent (scored as 1). The total possible score is 8 points and, in the published scoring algorithm, a score ≥ 2.5 is considered abnormal [1 (link)].
Herman W.H., Pop-Busui R., Braffett B.H., Martin C.L., Cleary P.A., Albers J.W, & Feldman E.L. (2012). Use of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument as a measure of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy in Type 1 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 29(7), 937-944.
Publication 2012
Asthenia Callosities Feelings Fingers Foot Foot Deformities Foot Ulcer Hallux Health Care Professionals Infection Joints, Ankle Patients Reflex Reinforcement, Psychological Skin Ulcer Vibration
2
Dynamic Plantar Pressure Assessment Protocol
The two-step gait initiation protocol was used to capture dynamic plantar pressures, as it displays similar re-test reliability to the commonly used midgait protocol, however requires fewer trials [24 (link)-26 (link)]. The two step method involves striking the platform on the second step once a constant velocity has been reached, and is suggested to reproduce plantar force and pressure data that is reflective of foot function during gait. Trials were excluded and repeated if the plantar pressure recording was not satisfactorily positioned, the participant paused on the mat whilst walking, or if the participant did not continue to walk past the mat for more than two steps. Three trials of the left foot were recorded for each participant, as this number of trials has previously been found to be sufficient in ensuring adequate reliability of force and pressure data [27 (link),28 (link)]. Plantar force and pressure measurements were recorded at baseline, and repeated at follow up one week later. A one week duration between sessions was chosen to ensure participants' gait characteristics remained reasonably consistent.
Maximum force, peak pressure and average pressure were the parameters measured in this study at seven regions of the foot. These three variables were assessed as they are the standard outputs of the MatScan® system, and peak plantar pressure in particular has been found to be of importance in the development of pathological foot problems such as ulceration [29 (link)] and osteoarthritis [30 (link)], and determining the efficacy of treatment modalities such as redistributive insoles [31 (link)] and therapeutic footwear [32 (link)]. We used a mask with seven regions (heel, midfoot, 1st MPJ, 2nd MPJ, 3rd-5th MPJs, hallux and lesser toes) to provide detailed information regarding the independent function of different segments of the foot. We have previously used this mask to examine age-related changes in foot function [33 (link)], clinical predictors of plantar loading in older people [34 (link)], and differences in plantar loading in people with osteoarthritis of the 1st MPJ [35 (link)] and midfoot [30 (link)].
Zammit G.V., Menz H.B, & Munteanu S.E. (2010). Reliability of the TekScan MatScan® system for the measurement of plantar forces and pressures during barefoot level walking in healthy adults. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 3, 11.
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Publication 2010
Degenerative Arthritides Foot Hallux Heel Pressure Therapeutics Toes Ulcer
3
Single-Limb Balance Evaluation Using SEBT
Each subject completed a modified SEBT modeled after the methodology described by Plisky et al27 (link) on 2 occasions, 8 weeks apart. Subjects received verbal instruction and visual demonstration of the SEBT from the same examiner, who was not blinded to group assignment. The subjects stood on 1 lower extremity, with the most distal aspect of their great toe on the center of the grid. The subjects were then asked to reach in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral direction, while maintaining their single-limb stance (FIGURE 1). Six practice trials were performed on each limb for each of the 3 reach directions prior to official testing.14 (link) On the seventh trial, the examiner visually recorded the most distal location of the reach foot as it contacted the grid in the 3 directions. The trial was discarded and the subject repeated the testing trial if (1) the subject was unable to maintain single-limb stance, (2) the heel of the stance foot did not remain in contact with the floor, (3) weight was shifted onto the reach foot in any of the 3 directions, or (4) the reach foot did not return to the starting position prior to reaching in another direction. The process was then repeated while standing on the other lower extremity. The order of limb testing was counterbalance randomized by the tester. The subject’s limb length measurements, from the most distal end of the anterior superior iliac spine to the most distal end of the lateral malleolus on each limb, were taken and recorded. In previous work, the SEBT has demonstrated good intratester reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.67 to 0.96.8 ,14 (link) Intratester reliability for this study on the SEBT composite score and all 3 individual reach directions was good to excellent (TABLE 2). The SEBT composite score was calculated by dividing the sum of the maximum reach distance in the anterior (A), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) directions by 3 times the limb length (LL) of the individual, then multiplied by 100 {[(A + PM + PL)/(LL × 3)] × 100}.
FILIPA A., BYRNES R., PATERNO M.V., MYER G.D, & HEWETT T.E. (2010). Neuromuscular Training Improves Performance on the Star Excursion Balance Test in Young Female Athletes. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 40(9), 551-558.
Publication 2010
Foot Hallux Heel Ilium Lower Extremity Vertebral Column
4
Reliability of SPPB in Older Adults
The participants were tested with the SPPB by the same rater at two different time points. Mean time between test and retest was 2.5 days with a time span of 1–7 days. All tests were conducted between 9 am and 4 pm. The same test room was used for each test and adequate spacing and lighting was assured to ensure optimal test performance. Standardized equipment was used for all the participants. Two experienced physiotherapists who had carefully familiarized themselves with the SPPB test were involved in the study. They used the Norwegian test manual as well as video material from the original test-development as means of preparation. The testers were instructed not to familiarize themselves with the scores on the first test before performing the retest.
A convenience sample of 62 older people were eligible and participated in the study. The participants were recruited from a community center for seniors in Oslo, Norway. Among the participants, 39 were inpatients/living in a nursing home adjacent to the senior center, and 22 participants lived at home and attended the senior center on a weekly basis. Twenty-four of the nursing- home residents had been diagnosed with dementia, based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment as confirmed by the nursing home’s physician. The recruitment was a targeted recruitment at the senior center in the form of a short talk on the study aims. The inclusion criteria were: being aged 67 years or older and being able to stand up alone or with the help of one person and being able to walk six meters with or without a walking aid. The exclusion criteria were: patients who were medically unstable or had severe communication problems. Further details about the participants can be found in Table 1.

Baseline characteristics and SPPB summary score at test 1 and 2 for all participants and for group comparison dementia/no dementia

VariableaAll participants N = 61Participants with dementia n = 24Participants without dementia n = 37P-value
Age88.4 (8.1), (67–102)88.3 (6.2), (69–97)88.4 (9.2) (67–102).958e
Sex
 Women50 (82)21 (87.5)29 (78.4).572f
 Men11 (18)3 (12 .5)8 (21.6)
Use of walking aids
 
Frame/rollator		36 (59.0)13 (54.2)23(62.2).307f
 
Cane		3 (4.9)03 (8.1)
 
Other		6 (9.9)3 (12.5)3 (8.1)
 
None		16 (26.2)8 (33.3)8 (21.6)
Type of dwelling
 
Nursing Home		39 (63.9)24 (100)15 (40.5).001f
 
Home		22 (36.1)022 (59.5)
 Number of days between tests2.5(1.5), (1–7)2.5 (1.3), (1–6)2.5 (1.6), (1–7).972f
 SPPBb summary score test 13.7 (2.4), (0–10)2.2 (1.4), (0–4)4.7 (2.4), (1–10).001e
 SPPBb summary score test 24.1 (2.5), (0–9)2.4 (2.0), (0–7)5.2 (2.1), (1–9).001e
 Gait speed m/s0.47 (0.17) (0.13–0.97)0.40 (0.16) (0.13–0.79)0.51 (0.17) (0.22–0.97).02e

aContinuous variables are expressed in mean (SD), (min-max), categorical variables are expressed in number (%).

bShort Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), min-max = 0–12, higher score indicates better function

eIndependent sample t-test fChi-Square test

Participants were asked between tests if they had experienced illness or other events that could affect the results on the second test. None of the participants reported such an event.
The Norwegian version of SPPB which was translated into Norwegian by Bergh et al. [14 ] was used in the study. This test consists of two scoring sheets in which the first sheet is used for absolute values measured in seconds and the other sheet is used for comments and scoring according to the test’s 0–4-point scale.
Five performance scores (from 0 to 4) were given for each test, with a score of 0 representing inability to complete the test and 4 the highest level of performance. For tests of standing balance, the subjects were asked to attempt to maintain their feet in the side-by-side, semi-tandem (heel of one foot beside the big toe of the other foot), and tandem (heel of one foot directly in front of the other foot) positions for 10 s each. The subjects were given a score of 1 if they could hold a side-by-side standing position for 10 s but were unable to hold a semi-tandem position for 10 s, a score of 2 if they could hold a semi-tandem position for 10 s but were unable to hold a full tandem position for more than 2 s, a score of 3 if they could stand in the full tandem position for 3 to 9 s, and a score of 4 if they could stand in the full tandem position for 10 s.
A 4 m (13 ft) walk at the subjects’ habitual pace was timed, and the participants were scored according to quartiles for the length of time required. The time of the faster of two walks was used for scoring.
Subjects were asked to fold their arms across their chests and to stand up from a sitting position once; if they successfully rose from the chair, they were asked to stand up and sit down five times as quickly as possible. Quartiles for the length of time required for this measure were used for scoring. The summary performance score was created by adding the scores for the tests of standing balance, walking, and repeatedly rising from a chair giving a maximum score of 12.
The scoring protocol for the SPPB includes comments regarding performance and the reasons for not completing an item. In the Norwegian version, a meters/s calculation for walking, as well as an alternative test for sit-to- stand (STS) where the person is allowed to rise and sit with the use of chair handles, has been added as an appendix. This is not a modification of the SPPB as such, since none of these additions are scored on a scale of 0–4 or added to the summary score of the SPPB [14 ].
Olsen C.F, & Bergland A. (2017). “Reliability of the Norwegian version of the short physical performance battery in older people with and without dementia”. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 124.
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Publication 2017
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Arm, Upper Chest Foot Geriatric Assessment Hallux Heel Inpatient Neoplasm Metastasis Patients Performance, Physical Physical Therapist Physicians Presenile Dementia Reading Frames Speech
5
Quantifying Sensorimotor Impairments in Multiple Sclerosis

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Publication 2011
Ankle ARID1A protein, human Asthenia Hallux Knee Leg Lower Extremity Medical Devices Patients Rod Photoreceptors Vibration

Most recents protocols related to «Hallux»

1
Diagnosis of Diabetic Neuropathy and Peripheral Artery Disease
All patients with T2DM were asked whether they had numbness, pain (prickling or stabbing, shooting, burning or aching pain), and paresthesia (abnormal cold or heat sensation, allodynia and hyperalgesia) in the toes, feet, legs or upper-limb. Then, an experienced physician performed the neurologic examination which included vibration, light touch, and achilles tendon reflexes on both sides in the knee standing position (as being either presence or weakening or loss). Vibration perception threshold (VPT) was assessed at the metatarsophalangeal joint dig I using a neurothesiometer (Bio- Thesiometer; Bio-Medical Instrument Co., Newbury, OH, USA). First, the patients were informed how to know the vibration sensation is felt by gradually turning the amplitude from zero to maximum, then the test began again from zero and they were asked to say the moment that they first felt it. Measurements were made on the planter aspect of the big toe bilaterally, three times consecutively for each big toe. The median of three readings is accepted as the VPT value of that measurement (35 (link)). Sensitivity to touch was also tested using a 5.07/10-g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (SWM) at four points on each foot: three on the plantar and one on the dorsal side. The 10-g SWM was placed perpendicular to the skin and pressure was applied until the filament just buckled with a contact time of 2 s. Inability to perceive the sensation at any one site was considered abnormal (36 (link), 37 (link)). DPN was defined as VPT ≥25 V and/or inability to feel the monofilament (35 (link)), and then participants were divided into DPN group and no DPN group.
Ankle brachial index (ABI) was measured noninvasively by a continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound probe (Vista AVS, Summit Co., USA) with participants in the supine position after at least 5 min of rest. Leg-specific ABI was calculated by dividing the higher SBP in the posterior tibial or dorsalis pedis by the higher of the right or left brachial SBP (33 (link), 38 (link)). Patients were diagnosed as having PAD if an ABI value <0.9 on either limb (33 (link), 38 (link)).
DFU was defined as ulceration of the foot (distally from the ankle and including the ankle) associated with neuropathy and different grades of ischemia and infection (39 (link)).
Yan P., Wu Y., Dan X., Wu X., Tang Q., Chen X., Xu Y., Zhu J., Miao Y, & Wan Q. (2023). Aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio was associated with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy in a Chinese population: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1064125.
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Publication 2023
Ache Allodynia Ankle Arm, Upper Common Cold Cytoskeletal Filaments Feelings Foot Foot Ulcer Hallux Hyperalgesia Hypersensitivity Indices, Ankle-Brachial Infection Ischemia Knee Joint Light Metatarsophalangeal Joint Neurologic Examination Pain Paresthesia Patients Physicians Pressure Reflex Skin Tendon, Achilles Thermosensing Tibia Toes Touch Ultrasounds, Doppler Upper Extremity Vibration
2
Measurement of Toe Blood Pressure
Participants rested in a supine position for at least 10 min prior to measurements, and their toes were heated to a temperature above 27 °C using heating overlays prior to testing. Systolic blood pressures were measured in the brachial arteries, and the highest systolic blood pressure measured identified the reference arm (Omron M6® AC, Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). The brachial pressure was thereafter measured in the reference arm simultaneously with the measurements of the toe blood pressure. Toe blood pressures were measured with an automated photoplethysmography device (SysToe®, Atys Medical, Soucieu-en-Jarrest, France) [14 (link)]. Toe pressures were measured consecutively and for each hallux. The measurements of toe pressures were performed until obtaining a difference of 10 mmHg or less between the measured values with a maximum of five measurements of toe pressure for each hallux.
Jørgensen L.R., Hegtmann C.L., Straszek S.P., Høyer C., Polcwiartek C., Petersen L.J., Dalgaard M.K., Jensen S.E, & Nielsen R.E. (2023). Peripheral artery disease in patients with schizophrenia as compared to controls. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23, 126.
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Publication 2023
Brachial Artery Determination, Blood Pressure Hallux Medical Devices Photoplethysmography Pressure Systolic Pressure
3
Arm Blood Pressure and Comorbidity
The difference in systolic blood pressure between the arms were calculated using the measurements when identifying the reference arm. Skin temperature was measured prior to the measurements of toe pressure for each hallux. Age, sex, smoking status (smoker/non-smoker), body mass index (BMI), and somatic comorbidities were registered in the clinical prospective cohort study [13 (link)]. Somatic comorbidities were recorded from electronic medical records, and additional comorbidities diagnosed in other regions or in primary health care were reported by patients or their caregivers.
Jørgensen L.R., Hegtmann C.L., Straszek S.P., Høyer C., Polcwiartek C., Petersen L.J., Dalgaard M.K., Jensen S.E, & Nielsen R.E. (2023). Peripheral artery disease in patients with schizophrenia as compared to controls. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23, 126.
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Publication 2023
Diploid Cell Hallux Index, Body Mass Patients Pressure Primary Health Care Skin Temperature Systolic Pressure
4
Toe-Brachial Index Measurement for PAD
TBI was calculated using the mean of the systolic toe pressure of the two closest measurements in each hallux and the mean of the two corresponding brachial systolic pressures in the reference arm. The lowest TBI of either extremity was used for the analysis. In case of previous amputation, the TBI from the remaining toe was used for the analysis. If the procedure described above was not possible, the measurements was excluded from further analysis. PAD was defined as TBI < 0.70 with an additional subdivision of prevalence rates of TBI < 0.64 and TBI < 0.50 [11 (link), 12 (link)].
Jørgensen L.R., Hegtmann C.L., Straszek S.P., Høyer C., Polcwiartek C., Petersen L.J., Dalgaard M.K., Jensen S.E, & Nielsen R.E. (2023). Peripheral artery disease in patients with schizophrenia as compared to controls. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23, 126.
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Publication 2023
Amputation Hallux Systolic Pressure
5
Neurological Assessments in Retrospective Analysis

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Publication 2023
Arecaceae Arm, Upper Ataxia Chest Discrimination, Psychology Eye Fingers Foot Hallux Heel Movement Postural Balance Prunus cerasus Vibration

Top products related to «Hallux»

1
Semmes weinstein monofilament by North Coast Medical
Sourced in United States, Canada
Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments are a set of calibrated nylon filaments used to assess tactile sensitivity and nerve function. They provide a standardized method for quantifying sensory thresholds.
2
Vibratron 2 by Physitemp
Sourced in United States
The Vibratron II is a laboratory instrument designed to provide precise vibration control. It generates controlled vibrations through an integrated electronic control system. The Vibratron II can be used to simulate various vibration conditions for testing and analysis purposes.
3
Neurothesiometer by Scientific Laboratory Supplies
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Neurothesiometer is a device used to measure the vibration perception threshold (VPT) of an individual. It applies a controlled vibration stimulus to the skin and measures the lowest level of vibration that the person can detect. This information is used to assess sensory nerve function.
4
Horwell neurothesiometer by Scientific Laboratory Supplies
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Horwell Neurothesiometer is a device used to measure vibration perception threshold (VPT) in clinical settings. It provides a quantifiable assessment of peripheral nerve function.
5
5.07 gauge semmes weinstein monofilament by North Coast Medical
Sourced in United States
The 5.07-gauge Semmes–Weinstein monofilament is a medical device used to assess sensory function. It is a thin, flexible nylon filament that is used to apply a standardized amount of pressure to the skin, allowing for the evaluation of light touch and pressure sensation.
6
Ms120b by Nihon Kohden
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The MS120B is a compact multi-parameter patient monitor designed for clinical use. It can measure and display various vital signs, including ECG, respiration rate, and pulse oximetry.
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Neuromaster mee 1232 ver 05 by Nihon Kohden
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The Neuromaster MEE-1232 ver. 05.10 is a multi-channel electrophysiology system designed for recording and analyzing neural signals. It features 32 recording channels and supports a variety of electrode types. The system is capable of acquiring and processing neural data in real-time.
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Spss statistic by IBM
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SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive or batched statistical analysis. It provides data access and management, analytical reporting, graphics, and modeling capabilities.
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Vicryl is a sterile, absorbable surgical suture material composed of a copolymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid. It is designed for use in general soft tissue approximation and/or ligation, including use in ophthalmic procedures.
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Tsa 2 neurosensory analyser by Medoc
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The TSA-II NeuroSensory Analyser is a lab equipment designed for testing tactile sensitivity and thermal sensitivity. It is capable of delivering controlled thermal and vibratory stimuli to the skin and recording the subject's responses.

More about "Hallux"

The hallux, or big toe, is a crucial component of human locomotion and balance.
Researchers studying the hallux can leverage advanced AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai to optimize their research.
This innovative tool helps identify the most effective protocols and products from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
Leveraging the power of AI, PubCompare.ai empowers researchers to streamline their hallux studies and discover the most effective approaches.
With this tool, researchers can locate the best protocols and enhance the quality of their hallux-related research.
Complementary tools like Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments, Vibratron II, Neurothesiometer, Horwell Neurothesiometer, and the 5.07-gauge Semmes–Weinstein monofilament can also be used to assess sensory function and nerve conduction in the hallux.
Software like SPSS Statistics and Neuromaster MEE-1232 ver. 05.10 can be utilized for data analysis and interpretation.
Additionally, materials such as Vicryl (polyglactin 910) sutures may be used in surgical procedures involving the hallux.
The TSA-II NeuroSensory Analyser can also be employed to measure thermal and vibration perception thresholds in the hallux.
By leveraging these advanced tools and techniques, researchers can optimize their hallux studies, enhance reproducibility, and discover the most effective approaches to this critical aspect of human anatomy and function.