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> Anatomy > Body Part > Ileocecal Valve

Ileocecal Valve

The ileocecal valve, also known as the Bauhin's valve, is a muscular valve located at the junction of the ileum and cecum.
It plays a crucial role in regulating the flow of contents between the small and large intestines.
The valve helps to prevent backflow of contents from the cecum into the ileum, and also assists in the absorption of nutrients and water from the intestinal contents.
Proper function of the ileocecal valve is essential for maintaing normal gastrointestinal tract physiology and preventing conditions such as ileoecal reflux.
Researchers utilyze the ileocecal valve as an important model for studying intestinal motility, absorption, and related disease states.

Most cited protocols related to «Ileocecal Valve»

1
Cecal Ligation and Puncture for Sepsis
Sepsis was induced following a modification of a previously published method of CLP [10 (link)]. Briefly, animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine (250 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). After adequate anesthesia, the lower quadrants of the abdomen were shaved and the surgical area was disinfected. A longitudinal midline incision was made using a scalpel, and scissors were used to extend the incision into the peritoneal cavity. After intramuscular, fascial, and peritoneal incision, the cecum was located and exteriorized. In our experiments, the cecum was ligated at different lengths below the ileocecal valve to avoid bowel obstruction. Total cecal length was measured from the tip of the ascending cecum to the tip of the descending cecum. The cecum was then ligated at 5, 20, and 100 % of its total length. For the “100 %” group, the cecum was ligated to the longest possible without bowel occlusion (Fig. 1).

Description of cecal length ligation methods. The total length of the cecum is represented by the full line. Dotted arrows are placed at each level of cecal ligation: 5, 20, and 100 % of the total of cecum length

The cecum was then perforated by a single puncture midway between the ligation and the tip of the cecum with a 20-G needle. We chose this needle diameter to obtain mid-grade lethal sepsis [5 (link), 13 (link), 14 (link)]. After removing the needle, a small amount of feces was extruded. The cecum was relocated, after which the fascia, abdominal musculature, and peritoneum were closed via simple running sutures; the skin was also sutured. The control mice were anesthetized and underwent laparotomy without puncture or cecal ligation and served as the control. The animals were shocked or control-operated and euthanized at different times depending on the set of experiments.
Immediately post-procedure, 1 ml of saline was administered subcutaneously for fluid resuscitation (circa 0.045 ml/g) [8 (link), 14 (link)]. Pain control for CLP and sham mice was achieved with 0.05 mg/kg buprenorphine every 12 h.
Ruiz S., Vardon-Bounes F., Merlet-Dupuy V., Conil J.M., Buléon M., Fourcade O., Tack I, & Minville V. (2016). Sepsis modeling in mice: ligation length is a major severity factor in cecal ligation and puncture. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, 4, 22.
Publication 2016
Abdominal Cavity Abdominal Muscles Anesthesia Animals Buprenorphine Cecum Fascia Feces Ileocecal Valve Injections, Intraperitoneal Intestinal Obstruction Ketamine Laparotomy Ligation Management, Pain Mice, Laboratory Needles Operative Surgical Procedures Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum Punctures Resuscitation Saline Solution Septicemia Skin Xylazine
2
Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Mice
Experimental NEC was induced in 5–10 day old mice as in 21 (link), 22 (link), 44 (link). Briefly, NEC formula [Similac Advance infant formula (Abbott Nutrition):Esbilac (PetAg) canine milk replacer, 2:1] was supplemented with enteric bacteria made from a stock created from a specimen obtained from an infant with surgical NEC (12.5 μl original stool slurry in 1ml formula) and was orally gavage fed five times/day (50 μl per gram of mouse body weight) as in 44 (link). The mice also received hypoxia for 10 minutes twice daily (5%O2, 95%N2) in a hypoxic chamber (Billups-Rothenberg) for a total of 4 days. We have shown that this experimental NEC protocol induces intestinal inflammation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which closely resembles human NEC3 , 4 (link), 22 (link), 44 (link). Control (i.e., non-NEC) animals remained with their mothers and were breast fed on demand. Where indicated, formula fed mice were enterally administered expressed murine breast milk which was obtained as in 8 (link) or EGF-deficient breast milk once per day with or without recombinant EGF (0.5 ng/μL of formula) added back to that feeding only. The expression of mucosal cytokines was assessed by qRT-PCR as in 44 (link). Immediately after sacrifice, the terminal ileum was harvested 1 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. The severity of disease was determined on histological sections of the terminal ileum by a pediatric pathologist who was blinded to the study conditions according to our previously published scoring system from 0 (normal) to 3 (severe)3 .
Good M., Sodhi C.P., Egan C.E., Afrazi A., Jia H., Yamaguchi Y., Lu P., Branca M.F., Ma C., Prindle T J.r., Mielo S., Pompa A., Hodzic Z., Ozolek J.A, & Hackam D.J. (2015). Breast milk protects against the development of necrotizing enterocolitis through inhibition of Toll Like Receptor 4 in the intestinal epithelium via activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mucosal immunology, 8(5), 1166-1179.
Publication 2015
Animals Body Weight Canis familiaris Cytokine Enterobacteriaceae Feces Homo sapiens Hypoxia Ileocecal Valve Ileum Infant Infant Formula Inflammation Intestines Milk Milk, Human Mothers Mucous Membrane Mus Operative Surgical Procedures paraform Pathologists Tube Feeding
3
Sepsis Study in Sprague-Dawley Rats
The present study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The study protocol was approved by the Committee on Ethics in Animal Experiments of Southern Medical University.
In total, 64 specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats (male or female) weighing 180–220 g were used in this study. The rats were housed in plastic cages with a controlled temperature of 25°C, humidity of 50–55%, and a 12 h light/dark cycle. All the animals had free access to food and distilled water. All rats were anesthetized and maintained with isoflurane (RWD Life Science, Shenzhen, China) and were randomly divided into six groups: the control, vehicle, resveratrol (RSV), SRT1720 (a selective activator of SIRT1), RSV+Ex527, and RSV+3-TYP groups.

In the control group, rats were anesthetized and underwent surgery without any other treatment.

In the vehicle group, the rats were given vehicle (0.3 mL) and subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) after 30 min.

In the RSV group, the rats were given RSV (0.3 mL; 50 mg/kg) and subjected to CLP after 30 min.

In the SRT1720 group, the rats were given SRT1720 (0.3 mL; 0.2 mg/kg) [16 (link)] and subjected to CLP after 30 min.

In the RSV+Ex527 group, rats were given RSV+Ex527 (0.3 mL, 50 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg, resp.) and subjected to CLP after 30 min.

In the RSV+3-TYP group, the rats were given RSV+3-TYP (0.3 mL, 50 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg, resp.) [15 (link)] and subjected to CLP after 30 min.

Sepsis was introduced by using the CLP technique. Specifically, midline laparotomy was performed using minimal dissection, and the cecum was ligated just below the ileocecal valve by using 4-0 silk ligatures to maintain intestinal continuity. The cecum was perforated at 2 locations 1 cm apart by using an 18-gauge needle and gently compressed until the feces were extruded. The bowel was then returned to the abdomen and the incision closed. Control rats underwent the same surgical procedures, but the cecum was neither ligated nor punctured. At the end of the operation, all rats were subcutaneously resuscitated with vehicle (normal saline, NS; 20 mL/kg). All rats were deprived of food but had free access to water after the operation. All rats received subcutaneous injections of imipenem/cilastatin (14 mg/kg) in 8 mL NS solution (40 mL/kg) at 6 h after CLP.
After the CLP model was created, 36 rats (6 in each group) were killed for tissue extraction, observation of mitochondrial morphology, and renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) isolation; the remaining animals (8 in each group) were used for survival analyses.
Xu S., Gao Y., Zhang Q., Wei S., Chen Z., Dai X., Zeng Z, & Zhao K.S. (2016). SIRT1/3 Activation by Resveratrol Attenuates Acute Kidney Injury in a Septic Rat Model. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 7296092.
Publication 2016
Abdomen Animals Animals, Laboratory Cecum Dissection Epithelial Cells Feces Females Food Humidity Ileocecal Valve Imipenem-Cilastatin Intestines Isoflurane isolation Laparotomy Ligation Ligature Males Mitochondria Needles Normal Saline Punctures Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Respiratory Rate Resveratrol Septicemia Silk Sirtuin 1 Specific Pathogen Free SRT1720 Subcutaneous Injections Tissues Tubule, Kidney
4
Murine Models of Endotoxemia and NEC

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Publication 2009
Adenoviruses Animals Canis familiaris Endotoxemia Escherichia coli Ethics Committees, Research Gel Chromatography Homo sapiens Hypoxia Ileocecal Valve Ileum Infant, Newborn Infant Formula Injections, Intraperitoneal Intestinal Mucosa Intestines Liver Lung Mice, Laboratory Microscopy, Confocal Milk, Cow's Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Strains Surgical Stoma Tube Feeding
5
Isolation of Intestinal Lymphocytes
Tissue samples were maintained in cold saline or University of Wisconsin (UW) solution and brought to the laboratory within 2-4hrs of organ procurement. Intestinal sections were opened along their mesenteric borders, washed in cold PBS (Mediatech, Manassas, VA). Jejunum was defined from the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine between the duodenojejunal flexure and ileocecal valve, and the proximal two-thirds of ileum is the proximal ileum and the distal one-thirds as distal ileum, and colon samples were from the sigmoid colon. Proximal PPs were taken from proximal ileum, distal PPs were from distal ileum, and mLNs were separated from each regional mesentery. Samples were processed using enzymatic and mechanical digestion resulting in high yields of live lymphocytes, as described 21 (link).
Senda T., Dogra P., Granot T., Furuhashi K., Snyder M.E., Carpenter D.J., Szabo P.A., Thapa P., Miron M, & Farber D.L. (2018). Microanatomical dissection of human intestinal T-cell immunity reveals site-specific changes in gut-associated lymphoid tissues over life. Mucosal immunology, 12(2), 378-389.
Publication 2018
Cold Temperature Colon Digestion Enzymes Ileocecal Valve Ileum Intestines Intestines, Small Jejunum Lymphocyte Mesentery Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome Organ Procurement Saline Solution Sigmoid Colon Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Ileocecal Valve»

1
Lung Infection and Sepsis Models

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Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity Adult Aftercare Animal Model Animals, Laboratory ARID1A protein, human Bacteria Cecum Escherichia Escherichia coli Food Humidity Ileocecal Valve Infection Ligation Lung Males Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Needles Operative Surgical Procedures Pentobarbital Peritoneal Cavity Quarantine Sepsis
2
Murine Models of Acute Kidney Injury
Male C57BL/6 J mice (7–9 weeks of age, weighing 20–25 g) were obtained from Shanghai Jihui Laboratory Animal Care Co. LTD, Shanghai, China. All the protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhongshan Hospital and were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All the experiments were replicated at least twice and mice were randomized to each group.
To establish IR-induced AKI model, bilateral renal pedicles were clamped for 30 min for mice in the IR group with mice body temperature retained at 35–36 °C during all surgical procedures. The same operation except clamping of renal pedicles for mice in the sham group. Kidneys were collected for analysis at different time points after reperfusion.
To establish the cisplatin-induced AKI model, mice in the cisplatin group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of cisplatin (Sigma–Aldrich) at 20 mg/kg and mice of the control group were received saline alone. Kidneys were collected for analysis at different time points after treatment.
To establish the sepsis-induced AKI model, the cecum was exteriorized and ligated distal of the ileocecal valve. Then, the cecum was perforated three times using a 20-gauge needle and squeezed to extrude fecal contents that were spread around the cecum using a cotton swab, with mice body temperature retained at 35–36 °C during all surgical procedures. In sham animals, the cecum was exteriorized without ligation and puncture. Kidneys were collected for analysis at different time points after surgery.
Zhang Y., Bao S., Wang D., Lu W., Xu S., Zhou W., Wang X., Xu X., Ding X, & Zhao S. (2023). Downregulation of KLF10 contributes to the regeneration of survived renal tubular cells in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via ZBTB7A-KLF10-PTEN axis. Cell Death Discovery, 9, 82.
Publication 2023
Aftercare Animals Animals, Laboratory Body Temperature Cecum Cisplatin Extrude Feces Gossypium Ileocecal Valve Kidney Ligation Males Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Needles Operative Surgical Procedures Punctures Reperfusion Saline Solution Sepsis
3
Ceftriaxone-Induced Gut Dysbiosis in Rats
Totally, 12 four-week-old Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were selected and reared adaptively in the laboratory for 1 week. An experimental study was set after allocating the rats randomly into two groups, the experiment group (n = 6) and the control group (n = 6). The rats in the experiment group were administered orally ceftriaxone sodium at 125 mg/ml dissolved in 0.9% saline solution, 2 ml/day for 14 days to induce gastrointestinal dysbiosis [15 (link)]. The rats in the control group were administered orally 0.9% saline solution, 2 ml/day for 14 days in parallel. Then, the rats were sacrificed, and intestinal samples were collected as described below. A 20 cm jejunum segment was sectioned 10 cm beneath the ligament of Treitz. The content was extruded into a 2 ml sterile Eppendorf tube. The appendix segment was cut at the tip of the caecum around the ileocecal junction, and the content was extruded into a sterile tube. A 20 cm colon segment was sectioned 2 cm apart from the end of the ileocecal valve, and the content was extruded into a sterile tube. All the intestinal contents were frozen at −80 °C. The jejunum, appendix and colon segment tissues were fixed in a solution of 10% neutral formalin and 5% glutaraldehyde and stored at 4 °C.
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee, Dalian Medical University. All experiments were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of our Ethical Committee.
Shao C., Song X., Wang L., Zhang H., Liu Y., Wang C., Chen S., Ren B., Wen S., Xiao J, & Tang L. (2023). Microbiome Structure and Mucosal Morphology of Jejunum Appendix and Colon of Rats in Health and Dysbiosis. Current Microbiology, 80(4), 127.
Publication 2023
Animals Cecum Ceftriaxone Sodium Colon Dysbiosis Ethics Committees Formalin Freezing Glutaral Ileocecal Valve Intestinal Contents Intestines Jejunum Ligaments Normal Saline Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Sterility, Reproductive Tissues
4
Silymarin Modulation of Sepsis-Induced Organ Injury
Except for the control and CLP groups, silymarin (SIGMA S0292-10G) was given to the other groups in 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg doses with a gavage needle and orally. Silymarin serum was applied after being suspended in physiological water. An hour later, CLP was applied to the third, fourth, and fifth groups (Groups 3, 4, and 5). Oral-applied silymarin reaches the highest level in plasma within approximately 2–4 hr and it has a half-life of 6 hr [72 (link)]. The application of anesthetic material for the operation was given an hour before the silymarin operation because it slowed down the absorption of the drug. Only the CLP model was applied to the second group.
CLP is a method used to create septicemia in polymicrobial properties. The animals in the operation groups were anesthetized with xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg). The rats were secured on the back, and the infiltration line of the abdomen was wiped twice with povidone-iodine solution, providing the antisepsis. The midline of the abdomen was opened with a 3 cm incision and the cecum was explored. The ligation was applied under the ileocecal valve with silk floss (3/0). The connected section was drilled twice with the standard injector tip measuring 18 gauge and tightened to allow some of the fecal matter to come out. Then, the cecum was placed in the abdomen and the abdomen was closed with the stapler in normal anatomical form.
In the CLP rat model, the perforation was constituted with 13, 16, 18, and 22 caliber injector tips and a 0.5 cm scalpel, and the mortality of the experimental subjects was assessed in the literature [45 (link)]. Therefore, we used an 18-gauge injector to obtain blood and liver tissue in this study before the rats died.
The operated animals were taken into postoperative care for 16 hr. At the end of 16 hr, 15 mg/kg xylazine and 100 mg/kg ketamine were administered intraperitoneally to all subjects. Thus, the reflexes of the anesthetized rats were controlled and an incision was made at the level of the abdominal diaphragm. The animals whose blood samples were taken from their hearts under deep anesthesia were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Then, the liver tissues of all animals were taken to a solution containing 10% formaldehyde for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The blood samples taken were used for biochemical analysis.
Aydemir Celep N, & Gedikli S. (2023). Protective Effect of Silymarin on Liver in Experimental in the Sepsis Model of Rats. Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica, 56(1), 9-19.
Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity Anesthesia Anesthetics Animals Antisepsis BLOOD Cecum Feces Formaldehyde Heart Ileocecal Valve Joint Dislocations Ketamine Ketamine Hydrochloride Ligation Liver Liver Function Tests Neck Needles Pharmaceutical Preparations physiology Plasma Postoperative Care Povidone Iodine Rattus norvegicus Reflex Septicemia Serum Silk Silymarin Tissues Tube Feeding Vaginal Diaphragm Xylazine
5
Comprehensive Tissue Sampling and Analysis
For real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis, tissue specimens from the liver, kidneys, lungs, and ileum (approximately 5 cm from the ileocecal valve) were collected immediately after death and separately homogenized. For histological examination and immunohistochemistry, the left cardiac ventricle of each rat was perfused with 0.9% normal saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde. After stiffening, the liver, lungs, and kidneys were obtained and placed in the a matrix. The tissues were sliced to a thickness of 2 mm and soaked in paraformaldehyde overnight. After applying paraffin wax, each tissue was cut into 5-μm-thick slices.
Park Y.J., Seo K.H., Joo J.D., Jung H.S., Kim Y.S., Lee J.Y, & Park H. (2023). The effects of etomidate on expression of high mobility group box 1 via the nuclear factor kappa B pathway in rat model of sepsis. The Libyan Journal of Medicine, 18(1), 2182683.
Publication 2023
Ileocecal Valve Ileum Immunohistochemistry Kidney Left Ventricles Liver Lung Normal Saline Paraffin paraform Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Tissues Western Blot

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More about "Ileocecal Valve"

The ileocecal valve, also known as Bauhin's valve or the Ileoceacal sphincter, is a crucial anatomical structure located at the junction of the small and large intestines.
This muscular valve plays a vital role in regulating the flow of contents between the ileum and cecum, preventing backflow and aiding in nutrient and water absorption.
Proper functioning of the ileocecal valve is essential for maintaining normal gastrointestinal (GI) tract physiology and preventing conditions such as ileocecal reflux.
Researchers often utilize the ileocecal valve as a model for studying intestinal motility, absorption, and related disease states.
Techniques like RNAlater preservation, C57BL/6J male mice models, and the use of drugs like Ceftriaxone, LPS, Rompun, Fatal Plus, Baytril, and Xylazine can be employed to investigate various aspects of ileocecal valve function and its impact on the GI tract.
The Endo GIA stapler is another tool that can be used in surgical procedures involving the ileocecal valve.
By leveraging the insights gained from the ileocecal valve's structure and function, researchers can optimize their studies, enhance reproducibility, and identify the most effective research approaches and products to advance our understanding of this important anatomical feature and its role in gastrointestinal health and disease.