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Internal Carotid Arteries

The internal carotid arteries are a pair of major arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures in the head.
These vessels originate from the common carotid arteries and ascend through the neck, entering the skull through the carotid canal.
The internal carotid arteries play a crucial role in cerebral perfusion and are a common site of atherosclerotic plaque buildup, which can lead to ischemic stroke.
Accurate characterization of the internal carotid arteries is essential for diagnosing and managing cerebrovascular disorders.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the anatomy and clinical significance of these important blood vessels.

Most cited protocols related to «Internal Carotid Arteries»

1
Late-Window Endovascular Stroke Therapy Eligibility
The trial was performed at 38 centers in the United States. Neurointerventionalists were preapproved to participate on the basis of training and experience. (For approval requirements, see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.) Enrolled patients or their surrogates provided written informed consent. Patients were enrolled if they met clinical and imaging eligibility requirements and could undergo initiation of endovascular therapy between 6 and 16 hours after the time that they had last been known to be well, including if they had awakened from sleep with symptoms of a stroke. Perfusion imaging had to be performed at the trial-site hospital in which endovascular therapy was planned.
Patients were eligible if they had an initial infarct volume (ischemic core) of less than 70 ml, a ratio of volume of ischemic tissue to initial infarct volume of 1.8 or more, and an absolute volume of potentially reversible ischemia (penumbra) of 15 ml or more. Estimates of the volume of the ischemic core and penumbral regions from CT perfusion or MRI diffusion and perfusion scans were calculated with the use of RAPID software (iSchemaView), an automated image postprocessing system. The size of the penumbra was estimated from the volume of tissue for which there was delayed arrival of an injected tracer agent (time to maximum of the residue function [Tmax]) exceeding 6 seconds.8 (link) (An example is given in Fig. 1.) Patients were required to have an occlusion of the cervical or intracranial internal carotid artery or the proximal middle cerebral artery on CT angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria for the trial are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.
Albers G.W., Marks M.P., Kemp S., Christensen S., Tsai J.P., Ortega-Gutierrez S., McTaggart R.A., Torbey M.T., Kim-Tenser M., Leslie-Mazwi T., Sarraj A., Kasner S.E., Ansari S.A., Yeatts S.D., Hamilton S., Mlynash M., Heit J.J., Zaharchuk G., Kim S., Carrozzella J., Palesch Y.Y., Demchuk A.M., Bammer R., Lavori P.W., Broderick J.P, & Lansberg M.G. (2018). Thrombectomy for Stroke at 6 to 16 Hours with Selection by Perfusion Imaging. The New England journal of medicine, 378(8), 708-718.
Publication 2018
Cerebrovascular Accident Computed Tomography Angiography Dental Occlusion Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Eligibility Determination Infarction Internal Carotid Arteries Ischemia Magnetic Resonance Angiography Middle Cerebral Artery Neck Neoplasm Metastasis Patients Perfusion Radionuclide Imaging Sleep Therapeutics Tissues
2
Validating PheWAS Phenotype Associations
All distinct ICD9 billing codes from each of the individuals' records were captured and translated into corresponding case groupings. For our purposes, a ‘case’ is a record that has a single, valid ICD9 code that maps to PheWAS case group. Other individuals were marked as ‘controls’ for a given case if they did not have any ICD9 codes belonging to the exclusion code grouping corresponding for that case. The PheWAS algorithm, then calculates case and control genotype distributions and calculates the χ2 distribution, associated allelic P-value and allelic odds ratio (OR). For those χ2 distributions in which observed cell counts fell below five, Fisher's exact test was used to calculate the P-value using the R statistical package (http://www.r-project.org/). Since many phenotypes, even after ICD9 code groupings, occur rarely, we selected only those that occurred in a minimum of 25 cases (0.42% of genotyped patients) as a threshold of clinical interest.
After the initial study, we conducted a failure analysis on the previously associated phenotypes that did not replicate using the PheWAS method. To investigate these further, we performed a physician chart review on all individuals with SLE and CAS by PheWAS code groups and analyzed the electrocardiograms of all patients with ICD9 codes indicative of AF. Our gold-standard definition of SLE required that a treating physician document an SLE diagnosis and immunosuppressive treatment via a clinical note or problem list. True positive cases of CAS required presence of carotid duplex sonography, traditional angiography, computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography demonstrating hemodynamically significant stenosis of the common or internal carotid artery. We assessed AF cases by processing all electrocardiograms using a previously validated natural language processing algorithm (Denny et al., 2005 (link)).
Denny J.C., Ritchie M.D., Basford M.A., Pulley J.M., Bastarache L., Brown-Gentry K., Wang D., Masys D.R., Roden D.M, & Crawford D.C. (2010). PheWAS: demonstrating the feasibility of a phenome-wide scan to discover gene–disease associations. Bioinformatics, 26(9), 1205-1210.
Publication 2010
Alleles Angiography Computed Tomography Angiography Diagnosis Electrocardiogram Gold Immunosuppressive Agents Internal Carotid Arteries Magnetic Resonance Angiography Microtubule-Associated Proteins Patients Phenotype Physicians Stenosis Ultrasonography, Carotid Arteries
3
MR CLEAN Registry Endovascular Stroke Therapy
Enrolment in the MR CLEAN Registry started directly after the final randomisation in the MR CLEAN trial on 16 March 2014. From 16 March 2014 to 31 December 2014 this was done retrospectively. From January 2015 onwards, enrolment was prospective. Sixteen centres participated in the MR CLEAN trial and are considered “MR CLEAN centres.” Two non-MR CLEAN centres started performing endovascular treatment later on and added patients to the MR CLEAN Registry, but these patients are not included in this analysis. The study data for patients undergoing endovascular treatment up to 15 June 2016 in the 16 MR CLEAN centres were completed and analysed and are reported here.
All patients undergoing endovascular treatment (defined as entry into the angiography suite and receiving arterial puncture) for acute ischaemic stroke in the anterior and posterior circulation have been registered in the MR CLEAN Registry. To adequately compare results with the MR CLEAN trial, in the current analysis we included those patients who adhered to the following criteria: arterial puncture within 6.5 hours of symptom onset, age 18 years and older, treatment in a centre that participated in the MR CLEAN trial, and proximal intracranial vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation (internal carotid artery (ICA), internal carotid artery terminus (ICA-T), middle (M1/M2) cerebral artery, or anterior (A1/A2) cerebral artery), shown by computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtraction angiography. No upper age limit, minimum Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS), or collateral grade were imposed on treating doctors, nor was an extracranial occlusion by atherosclerosis or dissection an exclusion criterion.
Jansen I.G., Mulder M.J, & Goldhoorn R.J. (2018). Endovascular treatment for acute ischaemic stroke in routine clinical practice: prospective, observational cohort study (MR CLEAN Registry). The BMJ, 360, k949.
Publication 2018
Acute Ischemic Stroke Angiography Angiography, Digital Subtraction Angle Class III Arteries Atherosclerosis Blood Vessel Cerebral Arteries Cerebrovascular Accident Computed Tomography Angiography Dental Occlusion Dissection Internal Carotid Arteries Magnetic Resonance Angiography Patients Physicians Punctures X-Ray Computed Tomography
4
Carotid Ultrasound Imaging for Atherosclerosis Evaluation
At baseline, B-mode ultrasound images of the right and left common, bifurcation, and internal carotid artery segments were recorded on Super-VHS videotape with a Logiq 700 ultrasound system using the M12L transducer (General Electric Medical Systems, CCA frequency 13 MHz). Video images were digitized at high resolution and frame rates using a Medical Digital Recording device (PACSGEAR, Pleasanton, CA) and converted into DICOM compatible digital records. The same ultrasound system and digitizing equipment were used at Exam 5; however, the video output was directly digitized using the same recorder settings without videotape. Trained, certified sonographers used pre-selected reference images from Exam 1 to match the scanning conditions of the initial study, including display depth, angle of approach, internal landmarks, degree of jugular venous distension, and ultrasound system settings. Ultrasound images were reviewed and interpreted by the UW AIRP MESA Carotid Ultrasound Reading Center. Images were imported into syngo Ultrasound Workplace reading stations loaded with Arterial Health Package software (Siemens Medical, Malvern, PA) for IMT measurement and plaque scoring. Measurements of Exam 1 and Exam 5 carotid ultrasound images were performed simultaneously. Images were matched side by side on a video monitor and measured contemporaneously, however Exam 1 IMT measurements were not considered in choosing the Exam 5 site or making the Exam 5 measurements
This analysis primarily focused on CCA IMT and carotid plaque score. Internal carotid artery IMT data are presented in Data supplements I and II. The distal CCA was defined as the distal 10-mm of the vessel. IMT was defined as the intima-media thickness measured as the mean of the mean left and right mean far wall distal CCA wall thicknesses. Carotid plaque score (0–12) was defined as the number of carotid plaques in the internal, bifurcation, and common segments of both carotid arteries.10 (link) Carotid plaque was defined as a discrete, focal wall thickening ≥1.5 cm or focal thickening at least 50% greater than the surrounding IMT.1 (link)
Tattersall M.C., Gassett A., Korcarz C.E., Gepner A.D., Kaufman J.D., Liu K.J., Astor B.C., Sheppard L., Kronmal R.A, & Stein J.H. (2014). Predictors of Carotid Thickness and Plaque Progression Over a Decade: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation, 45(11), 3257-3262.
Publication 2014
Arteries Blood Vessel Carotid Arteries Common Carotid Artery Dental Plaque Dietary Supplements Electricity Internal Carotid Arteries Medical Devices Reading Frames Senile Plaques Transducers Tunica Intima Ultrasonics Ultrasonography, Carotid Arteries Varices
5
Spot Sign Assessment in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
The NCCT examinations were reviewed by 3 experienced neuroradiologists to determine the ICH location (lobar, deep gray matter, or infratentorial), presence of associated intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and presence of calcifications within or adjacent to the ICH. Subsequently, the 1.25-mm axial CTA source images were independently reviewed in “spot windows” (width 200, level 110) by the same 3 neuroradiologists to determine the presence of active contrast extravasation, the spot sign, according to the following strict radiological criteria: (1) ≥1 focus of contrast pooling within the ICH; (2) with an attenuation ≥120 Hounsfield units (HU); (3) discontinuous from normal or abnormal vasculature adjacent to the ICH; and (4) of any size and morphology.
The number of spot signs, maximum dimension in a single axial CTA source image, morphology (round, curvilinear, irregular), location within the hematoma (central or peripheral), maximum absolute attenuation, and maximum relative attenuation compared with the ipsilateral distal supraclinoid internal carotid artery (or distal basilar artery in cases of infratentorial ICH) were recorded. In CTAs with >1 spot sign, the characterization was performed on the largest spot sign identified. If a delayed CTA acquisition was obtained, it was reviewed by the same 3 neuroradiologists, blinded to the first-pass CTA, to determine the presence and characteristics of spot signs according to the same radiological criteria. Differences in reader interpretation for the presence and/or characteristics of spot signs were adjudicated by consensus.
Determination of the initial and follow-up ICH and IVH volumes was performed independently and blinded to the CTA categorization with Analyze 9.0 software (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn) by thresholding with manual hematoma outline adjustment in the baseline and first follow-up NCCT examinations. Significant hematoma expansion was defined as an increase in ICH volume of >6 mL or >30% from the baseline ICH volume.10 (link)
Delgado Almandoz J.E., Yoo A.J., Stone M.J., Schaefer P.W., Goldstein J.N., Rosand J., Oleinik A., Lev M.H., Gonzalez R.G, & Romero J.M. (2009). Systematic Characterization of the Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Identifies Patients at Highest Risk for Hematoma Expansion: The Spot Sign Score. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation, 40(9), 2994-3000.
Publication 2009
Basilar Artery Extravasation of Contrast Media Gray Matter Hematoma Hemorrhage Internal Carotid Arteries Physical Examination Physiologic Calcification X-Rays, Diagnostic

Most recents protocols related to «Internal Carotid Arteries»

1
Murine Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

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Publication 2023
Arteries brusatol celastrol Internal Carotid Arteries Mice, House Middle Cerebral Artery Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Operative Surgical Procedures physiology Reperfusion Saline Solution Sevoflurane Thyroid Gland
2
Improving Stroke Management with AI-Powered Triage
The Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) consists of 3 comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) and 7 PSCs. Patients with suspected or confirmed (by CTA) LVO stroke are transferred from PSCs to CSCs within our system. In addition, PSCs outside of the MSHS may transfer these cases to our CSCs. Each spoke center within or outside of MSHS acts independently and has the same availability and access to EMS transfer services. They are all geographically located within the NYC metropolitan area and follow the same transfer protocols.
Since September 2019, Viz LVO has been implemented in all MSHS facilities (PCSs and CSCs); however, PSCs outside our system lack this AI-driven tool. Viz LVO is an FDA-cleared AI-powered software that provides computer-assisted triage of suspected LVOs on CTA scans. Viz LVO is trained to identify LVOs in the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ophthalmic, choroidal, and communicating segments) and the M1 (horizontal part) of the MCA. However, it does not assess the extracranial circulation, the posterior circulation, or the infraclinoid internal carotid artery [7] . In instances where a partial or complete occlusion is suspected, or when a vessel's caliber is less than the reference threshold, an LVO is suspected, and an alert is automatically sent to the stroke team [8] (link). For every CTA scan that is processed by Viz, a positive or negative LVO notification is provided, rather than the exact location of the occlusion.
For the purposes of this study, our institutional stroke database was reviewed in order to identify all suspected/confirmed LVO patients transferred from PSCs within and outside of our healthcare system from January 2020 to December 2021. Data collected included age, gender, ethnicity, race, rates of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and initial Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Primary outcomes included peripheral arrival to peripheral CTA, transfer time, and all available time metrics from peripheral CTA.
The “Viz-transfers” group includes all LVO transfers from PSCs within our system (3 spoke hospitals), while the “Non-Viz-transfers” group (control group) is comprised of all LVO transfers from PSCs that are MSHS-affiliated but belong outside of our system (4 spoke hospitals). Spokes within MSHS are empowered with Viz, while spokes outside MSHS are not Viz-empowered. For non-MSHS spokes, interventional neuroradiology (INR) team notification time after CTA depends on how fast radiology and stroke teams diagnose the LVO. For MSHS spokes, post-CTA INR team notification is instantaneous when an LVO is suspected by Viz. To minimize confounding, contemporaneous LVO transfers within and outside the MSHS were compared. Patients that were placed on an “LVO watch” due to mild symptoms were excluded. Patients with missing time metrics were also excluded. This study was approved by our local IRB with waiver of informed consent.
Matsoukas S., Stein L.K, & Fifi J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Software Significantly Decreases All Workflow Metrics for Large Vessel Occlusion Transfer Patients, within a Large Spoke and Hub System. Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra, 13(1), 41-46.
Publication 2023
Cerebrovascular Accident Choroid Dental Occlusion Diagnosis Ethnicity Fibrinolytic Agents Gender Internal Carotid Arteries Pancreatic Stellate Cells Patients Radionuclide Imaging SERPINA3 protein, human Thrombectomy X-Rays, Diagnostic
3
Carotid Artery Ultrasound Imaging Protocol
Echocardiography was performed by a well-trained sonographer in our hospital using a Sonos5500 color Doppler ultrasound diagnostic instrument with a probe frequency of 3–11 MHz. The patient was placed in the supine position, and transverse 2D images of the bilateral common carotid artery, the extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery, the external carotid artery, and the carotid bifurcation were acquired segment by segment, and the intima of the wall and the presence of plaque were observed. According to guidelines of the American Heart Association, CAS is defined as carotid intima-media thickness ≥ 1.0 mm and/or the presence of plaque [48 (link)–50 (link)].
Zhu X., Jing R., Li X., Zhang W., Tang Y, & Liu T. (2023). Left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid atherosclerosis, and cognitive impairment in peritoneal dialysis patients. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23, 127.
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Publication 2023
Carotid Arteries Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Common Carotid Artery Echocardiography External Carotid Arteries Internal Carotid Arteries Patients Senile Plaques Tunica Intima Ultrasonography
4
Focal Ischemia Induction in Rodents
All animals were fasted overnight, but were allowed free access to water before their surgery. The animals were anesthetized using isoflurane (5% for induction and 1-3% for maintenance) delivered in 100% oxygen. The model of focal ischemia was established by the permanent intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery, as previously described (22 (link)). Briefly, a 4-0 silicone-coated monofilament (USS DGTM Division of United States Surgical; Tyco Healthcare Group LP, Norwalk, CT, USA) was inserted into the internal carotid artery ~17 mm or until a slight resistance was detected. The wound was then sutured and 10% povidone iodine solution was applied at the incision site for antiseptic postoperative care. In the sham operation, all the arteries were exposed as described above, but monofilament insertion was not performed. The criteria for humane endpoints was defined as the inability to move, wound infection following surgery, a weight loss of >20%, dehydration, dyspnea, progressive pain, lack of response to external stimuli and bleeding from any orifice. However, all animals in the present study survived to the end of the study period (8 days).
Kongsui R, & Jittiwat J. (2023). Ameliorative effects of 6‑gingerol in cerebral ischemia are mediated via the activation of antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory pathways. Biomedical Reports, 18(4), 26.
Publication 2023
Animals Anti-Infective Agents, Local Arteries Dehydration Dyspnea Internal Carotid Arteries Ischemia Isoflurane Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Operative Surgical Procedures Oxygen Pain Postoperative Care Povidone Iodine Silicones Wound Infection Wounds
5
Establishing Ischemic Stroke Model in Rats
The rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of 3% pentobarbital sodium (35 mg/kg). A longitudinal incision was made slightly lateral to the neck midline to separate the common carotid artery and the vagus nerve by using blunt dissection. Proximal end ligation of the common carotid artery and external carotid artery was performed, and the internal carotid artery was clipped using a microvascular clamp. After an incision was made at a distance of 5 mm from the common carotid artery bifurcation, the intraluminal thread (0.26 mm in diameter; Beijing Getimes Technology Co., Ltd., China) was advanced 18–20 mm into the internal carotid artery through the incision until mild resistance was felt. Subsequently, the arterial clamp was released, and the proximal end of the internal carotid artery was ligated together with the intraluminal thread. Finally, the wound was rinsed and sutured before intraperitoneal injections of penicillin were administered to prevent infections. On the 3rd day after creating the rat model, the rats' limb movements were observed, and the intracranial infarction were visualized using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (General Electric, US). The neurological impairment was assessed using Zea Longa scores. Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) outcomes were assessed before and after each intervention by a blinded rater who is the use of well-trained, experienced testers. The MAS was used to quantify the extent of spasticity and each test movement was performed for 1 second before determining spasticity. Data from model groups showed ankle MAS. For data analysis, the 0 value of the MAS was assigned as 1; 1 was assigned as 2; 1+ was assigned as 3 and so on (15 (link)). The BL-420 biological signal acquisition system (Chengdu Techman Software Co., Ltd., China) was used to detect the changes in muscle tone.
Yu J., Li Y., Yang L., Li Y., Zhang S, & Yang S. (2023). The highest region of muscle spindle abundance should be the optimal target of botulinum toxin A injection to block muscle spasms in rats. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1061849.
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Publication 2023
Ankle Arteries Biopharmaceuticals Common Carotid Artery Dissection Electricity External Carotid Arteries Feelings Infarction Infection Injections, Intraperitoneal Internal Carotid Arteries Ligation Movement Muscle Spasticity Muscle Tonus Neck Penicillins Pentobarbital Sodium Pneumogastric Nerve Rattus norvegicus Wounds

Top products related to «Internal Carotid Arteries»

1
Laser doppler flowmetry by Moor Instruments
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Laser Doppler flowmetry is a non-invasive technique used to measure blood flow. It utilizes the Doppler effect to detect the movement of red blood cells within the microcirculation. The technique provides real-time, continuous measurements of tissue perfusion.
2
Periflux system 5000 by Perimed
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The PeriFlux System 5000 is a comprehensive laser Doppler perfusion monitoring system designed for clinical and research applications. It provides continuous, non-invasive measurement of microvascular blood flow, perfusion, and oxygen tissue saturation.
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Periflux 5000 by Perimed
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The PeriFlux 5000 is a laser Doppler perfusion monitoring system designed for clinical and research applications. It measures microvascular blood flow and tissue perfusion using laser Doppler technology.
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Zoletil is a general anesthetic and analgesic used in veterinary medicine. It is a combination of two active compounds, tiletamine and zolazepam, that work together to induce a state of deep sedation and pain relief in animals. The product is administered by injection and is commonly used for a variety of veterinary procedures, including surgery, diagnostic imaging, and minor treatments. Zoletil is intended for use under the supervision of licensed veterinary professionals.
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Periflux system 5010 by Perimed
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Laser doppler flowmetry by Perimed
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Laser Doppler flowmetry is a non-invasive technique used to measure tissue perfusion. It utilizes a low-power laser to detect the Doppler shift of light, which is proportional to the velocity of blood cells moving within the tissue. This technology provides a quantitative assessment of microvascular blood flow without the need for exogenous tracers or dyes.
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More about "Internal Carotid Arteries"

The internal carotid arteries (ICAs) are a crucial pair of blood vessels that play a vital role in supplying oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures in the head.
Originating from the common carotid arteries, the ICAs ascend through the neck and enter the skull via the carotid canal.
Accurate characterization of the ICAs is essential for diagnosing and managing cerebrovascular disorders, such as ischemic stroke, which can be caused by atherosclerotic plaque buildup in these vessels.
Laser Doppler flowmetry, a non-invasive technique, can be used to measure blood flow in the ICAs, providing valuable insights into cerebral perfusion.
The PeriFlux System 5000 and PeriFlux 5010 are instruments that can be used to perform Laser Doppler flowmetry, while the Mylab 70 ultrasound system is commonly used for imaging and assessing the ICAs.
Additionally, the anesthetic Zoletil can be used to sedate patients during procedures involving the ICAs.
Researchers may also utilize MATLAB, a powerful programming language, to analyze data collected from ICA studies, such as those using the IU22 ultrasound system.
By leveraging these tools and techniques, scientists can gain a deeper understanding of the anatomy, function, and clinical significance of the internal carotid arteries, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes and advancements in the field of cerebrovascular health.