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Intrahepatic Bile Duct
The intrahepatic bile duct, also known as the intrahepatic biliary tree, is a network of ducts located within the liver that transport bile from the hepatocytes to the extrahepatic bile duct.
This complex system plays a crucial role in the digestion and elimination of waste products.
Disorders affecting the intrahepatic bile ducts, such as cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinoma, can have serious consequences and may require specialized medical intervention.
Reseraching the intraheptic bile duct can provide valuable insights into liver function and disease, as well as inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
This complex system plays a crucial role in the digestion and elimination of waste products.
Disorders affecting the intrahepatic bile ducts, such as cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinoma, can have serious consequences and may require specialized medical intervention.
Reseraching the intraheptic bile duct can provide valuable insights into liver function and disease, as well as inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Most cited protocols related to «Intrahepatic Bile Duct»
Ethics Committees, Research
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Liver
Operative Surgical Procedures
Palliative Care
Patients
Tissues
The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare initiated a nationwide, hospital-based cancer registry, the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR), in 1980. The history, objectives, and activities of the KCCR have been documented in detail elsewhere [3 (link)]. Incidence data from 1999 to 2016 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database (KNCI DB). Cancer cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition [4 ], and converted according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) [5 ]. Mortality data from 1993 to 2017 were acquired from Statistics Korea [1 ]. The cause of death was coded and classified according to ICD-10 [5 ].
The cancer sites included in this study were (1) all cancers sites combined and (2) the 24 common cancer sites as follows: lips, oral cavity, and pharynx (C00-C14), esophagus (C15), stomach (C16), colon and rectum (C18-C20), liver and intrahepatic bile duct (liver) (C22), gallbladder and other parts of the biliary tract (gallbladder) (C23-C24), pancreas (C25), larynx (C32), trachea, bronchus and lung (lung) (C33-C34), breast (C50), cervix uteri (C53), corpus uteri (C54), ovary (C56), prostate (C61), testis (C62), kidney (C64), bladder (C67), brain and central nervous system (C70-C72), thyroid (C73), Hodgkin lymphoma (C81), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (C82-C86, C96), multiple myeloma (C90), leukemia (C91-C95), and ‘other and ill defined’ sites.
Population data from 1993 to 2019 were obtained from the resident registration population data, reported by Statistics Korea. Data on the mid-year population, as of July 1 of the respective year, were analyzed. However, we used population data as of December 31, 2018 for the year 2019, because mid-2019 resident registration population data were not yet available at the time of analysis.
Linear regression models [6 ] were used to assess time trends and projections. We first performed a Joinpoint regression analysis on the data available to detect the year when significant changes occurred in cancer trends according to sex and cancer site. A Joinpoint regression describes changes in data trends by connecting several different line segments on a log scale at “joinpoints.” This analysis was performed using the Joinpoint software (ver. 4.3.1,http://surveillance.cancer.gov/joinpoint ) from the Surveillance Research Program of the US National Cancer Institute [7 ]. For the analysis, we arranged to have at least four data points between consecutive joinpoints. Secondly, to predict age-specific cancer rates, a linear regression model was fitted to age-specific rates by 5-year age groups against observed years based on observed cancer incidence data of the latest trend. Finally, we multiply the projected age-specific rates by the age-specific population to get the projected cancer cases and deaths of the year 2019. For thyroid cancer, we used a square root transformation when fitting a linear regression model and converted the predicted values back to the original scale.
We summarized the results by using crude rates (CRs) and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of cancer incidence and mortality. ASRs were standardized using the world standard population [8 ] and expressed per 100,000 persons.
The cancer sites included in this study were (1) all cancers sites combined and (2) the 24 common cancer sites as follows: lips, oral cavity, and pharynx (C00-C14), esophagus (C15), stomach (C16), colon and rectum (C18-C20), liver and intrahepatic bile duct (liver) (C22), gallbladder and other parts of the biliary tract (gallbladder) (C23-C24), pancreas (C25), larynx (C32), trachea, bronchus and lung (lung) (C33-C34), breast (C50), cervix uteri (C53), corpus uteri (C54), ovary (C56), prostate (C61), testis (C62), kidney (C64), bladder (C67), brain and central nervous system (C70-C72), thyroid (C73), Hodgkin lymphoma (C81), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (C82-C86, C96), multiple myeloma (C90), leukemia (C91-C95), and ‘other and ill defined’ sites.
Population data from 1993 to 2019 were obtained from the resident registration population data, reported by Statistics Korea. Data on the mid-year population, as of July 1 of the respective year, were analyzed. However, we used population data as of December 31, 2018 for the year 2019, because mid-2019 resident registration population data were not yet available at the time of analysis.
Linear regression models [6 ] were used to assess time trends and projections. We first performed a Joinpoint regression analysis on the data available to detect the year when significant changes occurred in cancer trends according to sex and cancer site. A Joinpoint regression describes changes in data trends by connecting several different line segments on a log scale at “joinpoints.” This analysis was performed using the Joinpoint software (ver. 4.3.1,
We summarized the results by using crude rates (CRs) and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of cancer incidence and mortality. ASRs were standardized using the world standard population [8 ] and expressed per 100,000 persons.
Age Groups
Brain
Breast
Bronchi
Carcinoma, Thyroid
Central Nervous System
Cervix Uteri
Colon
Esophagus
Gallbladder
Hodgkin Disease
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Kidney
Koreans
Larynx
Leukemia
Lip
Liver
Lung
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin, Familial
Malignant Neoplasms
Multiple Myeloma
Neoplasms
Oral Cavity
Ovary
Pancreas
Pharynx
Plant Roots
Prostate
Rectum
Stomach
System, Biliary
Testis
Thyroid Gland
Trachea
Urinary Bladder
Uterus
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Collagen
Cyst
Epithelial Cells
Epithelium
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Liver
Mus
Tail
For infection of cultured epithelial cells in vitro, C. parvum oocysts were treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite on ice for 20 min followed by extensive washing with DMEM-F12 medium. Oocysts were then excysted to release infective sporozoites (with an excystation efficiency greater than 90%), as previously reported [23] (link). Infection was performed in culture medium (DMEM-F12 with 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin) containing viable C. parvum sporozoites (from oocysts in a 5∶1 ratio with host cells). All experiments were performed in triplicate.
We adapted a mouse model of biliary and intestinal cryptosporidiosis via gallbladder injection of C. parvum originally developed by Verdon [30] (link). Briefly, C. parvum oocysts were treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite on ice for 20 min, followed by extensive washing with DMEM-F12 medium. Oocysts were then adjusted to 200,000 per 25 µl PBS and directly injected into the gallbladder of wild-type C57BL/6J or TLR4-deficient mice, as previously reported [13] (link), [30] (link). C. parvum infection in the intrahepatic bile ducts in the wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice was observed one week and two weeks post-injection. Five animals from each group at both time points were sacrificed and liver tissues obtained for immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization, as previously reported [13] (link), [30] (link), [48] (link). The C57BL/6J wild-type and TLR4-deficient (C57BL/10ScNJ; Tlr4lps-del) genotypes were purchased from the Jackson laboratory.
Real-time PCR and immunofluorescent microscopy were used to assay C. parvum infection, as previously reported [22] (link). Briefly, primers specific for C. parvum 18s ribosomal RNA (forward:5′-TAGAGATTGGAGGTTGTTCCT-3′ and reverse: 5′-CTCCACCAACTAAGAACGGCC-3′ ) were used to amplify the cDNA specific to the parasite. Primers specific for human plus C. parvum 18s were used to determine total 18s cDNA. Data were expressed as copies of C. parvum 18s versus total 18s. For immunofluorescent microscopy, cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde and incubated with a polyclonal antibody against C. parvum (a gift from Dr. Guan Zhu, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX), followed by anti-rabbit FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Molecular Probes) and co-staining with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 5 µM) to stain cell nuclei. Labeled cells were assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
We adapted a mouse model of biliary and intestinal cryptosporidiosis via gallbladder injection of C. parvum originally developed by Verdon [30] (link). Briefly, C. parvum oocysts were treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite on ice for 20 min, followed by extensive washing with DMEM-F12 medium. Oocysts were then adjusted to 200,000 per 25 µl PBS and directly injected into the gallbladder of wild-type C57BL/6J or TLR4-deficient mice, as previously reported [13] (link), [30] (link). C. parvum infection in the intrahepatic bile ducts in the wild-type and TLR4-deficient mice was observed one week and two weeks post-injection. Five animals from each group at both time points were sacrificed and liver tissues obtained for immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization, as previously reported [13] (link), [30] (link), [48] (link). The C57BL/6J wild-type and TLR4-deficient (C57BL/10ScNJ; Tlr4lps-del) genotypes were purchased from the Jackson laboratory.
Real-time PCR and immunofluorescent microscopy were used to assay C. parvum infection, as previously reported [22] (link). Briefly, primers specific for C. parvum 18s ribosomal RNA (forward:
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Animals
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Bile
Biological Assay
Cell Nucleus
Cells
Cryptosporidiosis
DAPI
DNA, Complementary
Epithelial Cells
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Gallbladder
Genotype
Homo sapiens
Immunofluorescence Microscopy
Immunoglobulins
Immunohistochemistry
Infection
In Situ Hybridization
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Liver
Microscopy, Confocal
Molecular Probes
Mus
Oligonucleotide Primers
Oocysts
paraform
Parasites
Penicillins
Propionibacterium acnes
Rabbits
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sporozoites
Stains
Streptomycin
Tissues
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of our Hospital. Informed consent was signed by the guardians of each child. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 75 patients with PBM (24 males; 51 females; age range 2 months to 13 years) who were hospitalized between January 2002 and December 2011. The gold standard for the selection of PBM patients was defined as >5 mm common channel as detected by MRCP, intraoperative cholangiography and CT [4 (link)]. PBM was classified based on Komi’s method [5 ] to the following three types: type I joining of common bile duct with pancreatic duct at approximately 90°, type II joining of pancreatic duct with common bile duct usually at 90°, type III complex arrangement of pancreatic duct and terminal portion of common bile duct.
All patients underwent intraoperative cholangiography. Computed tomography (CT; Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) was performed using the anteroposterior projection with the child lying supine. The CT protocols and technical parameters included 5 mm collimation at 10 mm intervals. Ultrasonography (US) (LOGIQ 5 PRO; GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) was carried out with 5–12 MHz curved and linear abdominal transducers. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was performed (under sedation for subjects at <10 years of age) on a Symphony 1.5 T scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with an abdominal phased array coil under the following modes: T1-weighted and T1-weighted fast spin series (field of view 24–28 cm, repetition time [TR] 173 ms, echo time [TE] 2.64 ms, flip angle 70, matrix 256 × 128, radiofrequency (RF) bandwidth 260 Hz/Px) and a T2-weighted sequence (TR 1,000 ms, TE 60 ms, RF bandwidth 230 Hz/Px). For MRCP, half fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) was used with multilayer thin coronal and axial T2-weighted imaging (TR 1,200 ms, TE 80 ms, slice thickness 4 mm). Oblique thick slabs were acquired in the planes of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. For multi-angle imaging, TR was 4,500 ms, TE 950 ms and slice thickness 60 mm.
Two radiologists who were unaware of the pathological findings independently reviewed the images and reached consensus through discussion. A diagnosis of PBM was established if the common channel is longer than 5 mm. They also assess the shape of the intrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder, pancreatitis, surgical pathology, symptom profiles, operative notes and pathological records were compared with the imaging findings.
All patients underwent intraoperative cholangiography. Computed tomography (CT; Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) was performed using the anteroposterior projection with the child lying supine. The CT protocols and technical parameters included 5 mm collimation at 10 mm intervals. Ultrasonography (US) (LOGIQ 5 PRO; GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) was carried out with 5–12 MHz curved and linear abdominal transducers. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was performed (under sedation for subjects at <10 years of age) on a Symphony 1.5 T scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with an abdominal phased array coil under the following modes: T1-weighted and T1-weighted fast spin series (field of view 24–28 cm, repetition time [TR] 173 ms, echo time [TE] 2.64 ms, flip angle 70, matrix 256 × 128, radiofrequency (RF) bandwidth 260 Hz/Px) and a T2-weighted sequence (TR 1,000 ms, TE 60 ms, RF bandwidth 230 Hz/Px). For MRCP, half fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) was used with multilayer thin coronal and axial T2-weighted imaging (TR 1,200 ms, TE 80 ms, slice thickness 4 mm). Oblique thick slabs were acquired in the planes of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. For multi-angle imaging, TR was 4,500 ms, TE 950 ms and slice thickness 60 mm.
Two radiologists who were unaware of the pathological findings independently reviewed the images and reached consensus through discussion. A diagnosis of PBM was established if the common channel is longer than 5 mm. They also assess the shape of the intrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder, pancreatitis, surgical pathology, symptom profiles, operative notes and pathological records were compared with the imaging findings.
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Abdomen
Bile
Child
Cholangiography
Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance
Choledochus
CT protocol
Diagnosis
ECHO protocol
Electron Transport Complex III
Ethics Committees, Research
Females
Gallbladder
Gold
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Legal Guardians
Males
Pancreatic Duct
Pancreatitis
Patients
Radiologist
Sedatives
Transducers
Ultrasonography
X-Ray Computed Tomography
Most recents protocols related to «Intrahepatic Bile Duct»
When a COVID-19 patient was transported to the angiography suite, staff members wearing full PPE opened the isolation tent and moved the patient to the operating table. After wiping the inside and outside of the tent that carried the patient with a tissue containing benzalkonium chloride (SafeCide; Cosell Care, Hanam, Republic of Korea), the tent was moved to a space outside the angiography suite.
The interventional radiology procedures were performed by two experienced interventional radiologists. Operators and assistants directly participating in the procedure performed the procedure wearing lead goggles, surgical cap that covered the ears, KF94 mask, face shield, sterilized surgical gown, and sterilized surgical gloves.
For venous catheter insertion, such as central venous infusion catheter, hemodialysis catheter, and peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC), veins such as the internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, and upper arm basilic or brachial vein were punctured under ultrasonography (US) guidance, and catheterization was performed using the Seldinger technique.
The insertion of a drainage catheter for drainage of pleural effusion or peritoneal fluid collection was also performed using the Seldinger technique after puncturing the fluid site under US guidance.
In the case of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PTGBD) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, the gallbladder or intrahepatic bile duct was punctured with a 21G needle under US guidance, and a drainage catheter was inserted into the gallbladder or bile duct using the Seldinger technique.
Arterial angiography or transcatheter arterial embolization was performed by puncturing the right or left common femoral artery under US guidance, followed by insertion of a 5-F introducer sheath (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) and catheterization of a 5-F angiographic catheter (Cobra, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA or Rosch Hepatic, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) and a microcatheter (Progreat, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) into the target vessel.
The interventional radiology procedures were performed by two experienced interventional radiologists. Operators and assistants directly participating in the procedure performed the procedure wearing lead goggles, surgical cap that covered the ears, KF94 mask, face shield, sterilized surgical gown, and sterilized surgical gloves.
For venous catheter insertion, such as central venous infusion catheter, hemodialysis catheter, and peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC), veins such as the internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, and upper arm basilic or brachial vein were punctured under ultrasonography (US) guidance, and catheterization was performed using the Seldinger technique.
The insertion of a drainage catheter for drainage of pleural effusion or peritoneal fluid collection was also performed using the Seldinger technique after puncturing the fluid site under US guidance.
In the case of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PTGBD) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, the gallbladder or intrahepatic bile duct was punctured with a 21G needle under US guidance, and a drainage catheter was inserted into the gallbladder or bile duct using the Seldinger technique.
Arterial angiography or transcatheter arterial embolization was performed by puncturing the right or left common femoral artery under US guidance, followed by insertion of a 5-F introducer sheath (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) and catheterization of a 5-F angiographic catheter (Cobra, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA or Rosch Hepatic, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) and a microcatheter (Progreat, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) into the target vessel.
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Angiography
Arm, Upper
Arteries
Bile
Blood Vessel
Catheterization
Catheters
Chloride, Benzalkonium
Cholecystostomy
Cobra
Common Femoral Artery
COVID 19
Drainage
Duct, Bile
Ear
Embolization, Therapeutic
Face
Gallbladder
Hemodialysis
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
isolation
Jugular Vein
Needles
Operating Tables
Operative Surgical Procedures
Patients
Peritoneal Fluid
Pleural Effusion
Radiologist
Surgical Gowns
Tissues
Ultrasonography
Veins, Subclavian
Venous Catheter, Central
PBD was performed under analgosedation with continuous monitoring of patients’ vital parameters. The initial puncture of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts was performed under ultrasound control, and the further course of the procedure was performed under continuous fluoroscopy (15 fps). The puncture was performed at an angle of less than 30 degrees [16 (link)] in order to reduce the possibility of adjacent blood vessel injury and at the same time ensure the smooth passage of the guide wire and the drainage catheter distally to one of the central intrahepatic bile ducts. We used a single-puncture technique and performed external biliary drainage by placing the 8.5 Fr drainage catheter with a 10 mm locking loop.
A procedure in which a drainage catheter was placed in the intrahepatic bile ducts and bile drainage was established into a drainage bag was considered a technically successful procedure. The main goal of the PBD procedure was to achieve optimal bile drainage volume in order to ensure efficient drainage and achieve normalization in serum bilirubin values within 4 weeks and complete absence of clinical signs and symptoms of cholestasis.
A procedure in which a drainage catheter was placed in the intrahepatic bile ducts and bile drainage was established into a drainage bag was considered a technically successful procedure. The main goal of the PBD procedure was to achieve optimal bile drainage volume in order to ensure efficient drainage and achieve normalization in serum bilirubin values within 4 weeks and complete absence of clinical signs and symptoms of cholestasis.
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Bile
Bilirubin
Catheters
Cholestasis
Drainage
Fluoroscopy
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Patient Monitoring
Punctures
Serum
Ultrasonics
Vascular System Injuries
We retrospectively reviewed all patients whose distal bile duct obstruction or dilated upstream bile duct was detected on CT scan and underwent ERCP from April 2015 to August 2020 at Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital. Bile duct abnormalities were considered to be involved when the radiologists encountered: (1) bile duct dilatation (7 mm for the common bile duct [CBD]), or (2) biliary wall thickening (1 mm), or (3) masses inside or around the affected duct. Diseases of benign bile duct obstruction included choledocholithiasis, IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, and other benign stenoses. Malignant bile duct obstruction diseases included distal bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, ampullary cancer, lymphoma, recurrent lymph node of gastric carcinoma, and duodenal carcinoma. The clinical laboratory parameters of the patients that were evaluated in this study were extracted before ERCP. All laboratory biomarkers were first examined before biliary drainage. The parameters were age, sex, weight, height, intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) diameter, CBD diameter, leukocyte count (WBC), and WBC fraction (neutrophils and lymphocytes). The values of total bilirubin (T-bil), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glucose, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (T-chol), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA19-9), and concurrent biliary infection were also assessed. Parameters that had more than half of the missing data were excluded beforehand. Extraction of the clinical information and AI analysis was done by different authors, blind to each other.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital (20,201,019-2), Aichi Cancer Center Hospital (2021-1-044) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki13 (link). This retrospective observational study used only medical information and did not compromise the privacy of the participants. All patients received an opt-out form for informed consent. Those who did not agree to participate were excluded. All authors had access to the research data and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital (20,201,019-2), Aichi Cancer Center Hospital (2021-1-044) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki13 (link). This retrospective observational study used only medical information and did not compromise the privacy of the participants. All patients received an opt-out form for informed consent. Those who did not agree to participate were excluded. All authors had access to the research data and reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
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Albumins
Alkaline Phosphatase
Amylase
Bile
Bile Duct Diseases
Bilirubin
Blindness
CA-19-9 Antigen
Cancer of Bile Duct
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Carcinoma
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Choledocholithiasis
Choledochus
Cholestasis
Cholesterol
Clinical Laboratory Services
Congenital Abnormality
C Reactive Protein
D-Alanine Transaminase
Dilatation
Drainage
Duct, Bile
Duodenal Cancer
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
Ethics Committees, Research
gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
Glucose
Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated
Hereditary pancreatitis
High Density Lipoproteins
IgG4
Infection
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Leukocyte Count
Low-Density Lipoproteins
Lymphocyte
Lymphoma
Malignant Neoplasms
Neutrophil
Nodes, Lymph
Pancreatic Carcinoma
Patients
Radiologist
Stenosis
Stomach
Transaminase, Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic
Triglycerides
X-Ray Computed Tomography
The imaging data obtained from the scans were studied on a workstation with 3D and 2D competence and multiple editing options. The reconstruction of the image and postprocessing of the source images of MRCP were achieved using an image of maximum intensity projection (MIP) formed in the coronal plane that showed the entire anatomy of the biliary system. Three-dimensional models of the hepatic ducts and common bile ducts were produced via a technique known as volume rendering (VR). The MIP and VR images were projected and magnified at a suitable angle to view the minor capacity of the standard common bile duct and intrahepatic bile ducts. A distinct consideration was given to the intrahepatic biliary radicles, especially the insertion of the right posterior sectoral duct, since it is considered the most crucial abnormality for optimal visualization. After the MIP and 3D VR images were obtained, the source images of the thin coronal sections and native axial sections were reviewed, which allowed for the optimum assessment of small accessory bile ducts or any of the small accessory bile duct branches.
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Choledochus
Duct, Bile
Hepatic Duct
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Microtomy
Radionuclide Imaging
System, Biliary
Clinical data were collected from patient's medical records in an electronic database, including age, gender, timing of diagnosis (prenatally or otherwise), history of recurrent attacks of biliary pancreatitis, cyst perforation, history of biliary operation, symptoms duration and preoperative serum biochemistry. Cyst size, the presence of pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM), intraluminal protein plug/calculi and intrahepatic bile duct dilatation revealed by preoperative imaging examinations and intraoperative cholangiography were also noted.
Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections for study participants were retrieved and reevaluated by three expert pathologists (Jie Shi, Yandong Zhang, and Jizhen Zou). Patient's clinical data was however not disclosed. Degree of inflammation of cyst wall was graded as mild (scattered inflammatory cells limited to the lamina propria), moderate (inflammatory cells extending into the submucosa), and severe (transmural inflammatory cells infiltration). Abnormal epithelial changes including hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia were documented. An epithelial premalignant lesion was defined as the presence of metaplasia or dysplasia. Dysplasia (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, abbreviated as BilIN) was graded using a 3-tier grading system (BilIN1-3) according to established criteria (24 (link)), corresponding to low-grade, intermediate-grade, and high-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ), respectively.
Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections for study participants were retrieved and reevaluated by three expert pathologists (Jie Shi, Yandong Zhang, and Jizhen Zou). Patient's clinical data was however not disclosed. Degree of inflammation of cyst wall was graded as mild (scattered inflammatory cells limited to the lamina propria), moderate (inflammatory cells extending into the submucosa), and severe (transmural inflammatory cells infiltration). Abnormal epithelial changes including hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia were documented. An epithelial premalignant lesion was defined as the presence of metaplasia or dysplasia. Dysplasia (biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, abbreviated as BilIN) was graded using a 3-tier grading system (BilIN1-3) according to established criteria (24 (link)), corresponding to low-grade, intermediate-grade, and high-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ), respectively.
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Bile
Biliary Tract Neoplasm
Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures
Bilin
Calculi
Carcinoma in Situ
Cells
Cholangiography
Cyst
Diagnosis
Dilatation
Eosin
Gender
Hematoxylin
Hyperplasia
Inflammation
Intrahepatic Bile Duct
Lamina Propria
Metaplasia
Pancreatitis, Chronic
Pathologists
Physical Examination
Precancerous Conditions
Proteins
Serum
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EGF is a lab equipment product from Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) protein. EGF is a growth factor that plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation.
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The Leica Confocal Microscope is a specialized imaging device that uses a focused laser beam to produce high-resolution, three-dimensional images of microscopic samples. It functions by scanning the sample point-by-point and collecting the emitted fluorescence or reflected light, which is then processed to generate a detailed, in-focus image.
Sourced in Japan
Image Pro-Analyzer software is a comprehensive image analysis tool that enables users to capture, process, and analyze digital images. It provides a suite of advanced image processing and measurement tools to quantify and extract data from various types of images.
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Israel, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Brazil, Netherlands, Gabon, Denmark, Poland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Argentina, India, Macao, Uruguay, Portugal, Holy See (Vatican City State), Czechia, Singapore, Panama, Thailand, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Morocco
Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
More about "Intrahepatic Bile Duct"
The intrahepatic bile duct, also known as the intrahepatic biliary tree or hepatic duct, is a complex network of ducts located within the liver.
This intricate system plays a crucial role in the digestion and elimination of waste products by transporting bile from the hepatocytes to the extrahepatic bile duct.
Disorders affecting the intrahepatic bile ducts, such as cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinoma, can have serious consequences and may require specialized medical intervention.
Researching the intrahepatic bile duct can provide valuable insights into liver function and disease, as well as inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
This area of study is particularly relevant for researchers working with cell culture models, as the use of media like FBS, RPMI 1640, and DMEM, as well as growth factors like EGF, can be important for maintaining and studying intrahepatic bile duct cells.
Additionally, techniques like confocal microscopy and image analysis software, such as Image Pro-Analyzer, can be utilized to visualize and analyze the structure and function of the intrahepatic bile duct.
To optimize your research on the intrahepatic bile duct, consider utilizing AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai.
This tool can help you locate relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
By enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your research, you can gain deeper insights into this crucial component of liver physiology and pathology.
This intricate system plays a crucial role in the digestion and elimination of waste products by transporting bile from the hepatocytes to the extrahepatic bile duct.
Disorders affecting the intrahepatic bile ducts, such as cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinoma, can have serious consequences and may require specialized medical intervention.
Researching the intrahepatic bile duct can provide valuable insights into liver function and disease, as well as inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
This area of study is particularly relevant for researchers working with cell culture models, as the use of media like FBS, RPMI 1640, and DMEM, as well as growth factors like EGF, can be important for maintaining and studying intrahepatic bile duct cells.
Additionally, techniques like confocal microscopy and image analysis software, such as Image Pro-Analyzer, can be utilized to visualize and analyze the structure and function of the intrahepatic bile duct.
To optimize your research on the intrahepatic bile duct, consider utilizing AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai.
This tool can help you locate relevant protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents, and use AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
By enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of your research, you can gain deeper insights into this crucial component of liver physiology and pathology.