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> Anatomy > Body Part > Kidney

Kidney

Kidneys are vital organs that play a crucial role in the human body.
They are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating blood pressure.
Kidneys also produce hormones that help control red blood cell production, calcium absorption, and blood pressure.
Proper kidney function is essential for overall health and well-being.
Researchers in the field of kidney studies utilize advanced tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their research by identifying the most effective treatments and products through accurate, reproducilbe studies and AI-driven comparisons.

Most cited protocols related to «Kidney»

1
Comparative Evaluation of RNA-seq and Microarray
Genome-wide expression was measured in liver and kidney using RNA-seq on the Illumina GA I and hybridization of the same samples to Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 arrays. The sample preparation and data analysis was designed to maximize the similarity between the microarray and RNA-seq experiments (see Marioni et al. [21 (link)]). Differential expression between kidney and liver was determined using an empirical Bayes modified t-statistic on the microarray platform and P-values for DE were downloaded from their website. For the RNA-seq experiment, the data were normalized using TMM normalization [27 ] and a negative binomial exact test was used to determine DE [16 (link)]. To test the GOseq method, we used the genes called DE from the microarray experiment to calculate the significance of over-representation of each GO category using the standard GO analysis methods. We also calculated P-values for each GO category being over-represented among genes that were DE in the RNA-seq data, using both the GOseq and hypergeometric methods. GOseq's ability to outperform the hypergeometric method, as measured by its ability to reproduce the results of the microarray GO analysis, was quantified by calculating a P-value for the difference in the two methods being due to chance. To do this, a NULL was chosen under which both methods were equally likely to correctly recover each microarray GO category, with this likelihood given by a binomial distribution.
Young M.D., Wakefield M.J., Smyth G.K, & Oshlack A. (2010). Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biology, 11(2), R14.
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Publication 2010
Crossbreeding Genes Genome Kidney Liver Microarray Analysis RNA-Seq
2
RNA-seq Library Preparation from HEK293T Cells
Nuclear RNA was prepared from HEK293T (kidney) cells. Briefly, cells were lysed on ice for 5 min in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 10 mM NaCl, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.05% NP-40, and nuclei were spun at 2,500g for 3 min and then resuspended in QIAzol for RNA isolation using the miRNeasy kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Qiagen). The RNA-seq library was created using the Illumina TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation Kit v2 with the standard protocol, and sequenced on one lane of the HiSeq 2000 platform (100 bp, paired-end). Data are available at NCBI as accession number SRP041943. The database of annotated protein coding and noncoding genes (41,409 genes and 171,904 transcripts in total) was produced by merging all annotated genes from the RefSeq database29 (link), the UCSC Browser24 (link) and the Ensembl database30 (link).
Pertea M., Pertea G.M., Antonescu C.M., Chang T.C., Mendell J.T, & Salzberg S.L. (2015). StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads. Nature biotechnology, 33(3), 290-295.
Publication 2015
Cell Nucleus Cells DNA Library Edetic Acid Genes isolation Kidney Nonidet P-40 RNA, Nuclear RNA-Seq Sodium Chloride Standard Preparations Tromethamine
3
PhenoScanner: Comprehensive Genotype-Phenotype Database
PhenoScanner consists of a Perl interface (with R command line tool) that connects to a MySQL database. To develop the initial database, we collated 137 genotype–phenotype association datasets, including results for anthropometric traits, blood pressure, lipids, cardiometabolic diseases, renal function measures, glycemic traits, inflammatory diseases, psychiatric diseases and smoking phenotypes (Supplementary Table). We also included the NHGRI-EBI GWAS catalog, NHLBI GRASP (Leslie et al., 2014 (link)) and dbGaP catalogues of associations. To ensure consistent formatting, we aligned alleles to the plus strand, added or updated chromosome positions to build 37 using dbSNP (release 138) (Sherry et al., 2001 (link)) and liftOver (https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgLiftOver), and updated old rsIDs to dbSNP release 141 (Supplementary Data). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures between neighbouring variants in the autosomal chromosomes were calculated using the phased haplotypes from European samples in 1000 Genomes phase 3 (N = 503) (1000 Genomes Project Consortium et al., 2012 (link)). Variants with minor allele frequencies <0.5% were removed along with multiallelic variants and large indels ( ≥ 5 bases). For each remaining variant, we calculated D′ and r2 for variants within 500 kb in either direction, and kept LD statistics for pairs of variants with r2≥0.6 . LD statistics based on the CEU population from Hapmap 2 release 24 (Frazer et al., 2007 (link)) are also available (Supplementary Data).
The user may enter either one variant into the text box on the website or upload up to 50 variants in a text file. The Perl interface annotates the variant alleles using dbSNP, identifies proxies of the specified variants (if requested) in the database according to a user-specified pairwise r2 threshold, and queries the catalogue of genotype–phenotype associations for the specified variants and their proxies. Association results are collated and presented with respect to the same effect and non-effect alleles for each variant. The associations with proxies are aligned according to the effect and non-effect alleles of the corresponding primary variant of interest for added ease of interpretation. The output is a file of associations, which is made available to download. There is also a P value filter option that only retains results with study-specific P values less than the selected threshold.
Staley J.R., Blackshaw J., Kamat M.A., Ellis S., Surendran P., Sun B.B., Paul D.S., Freitag D., Burgess S., Danesh J., Young R, & Butterworth A.S. (2016). PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype–phenotype associations. Bioinformatics, 32(20), 3207-3209.
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Publication 2016
Alleles Blood Pressure Chromosomes Europeans Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Grasp Haplotypes HapMap INDEL Mutation Inflammation Kidney Lipids Mental Disorders Phenotype
4
Tissue-specific cDNA Library Generation
Double-stranded cDNA of eight human tissues (brain, heart, kidney, testis, liver, spleen, lung, and skeletal muscle) were generated with the Marathon cDNA amplification kit (Clontech). The cDNA concentration was normalized by quantitative PCR against AGPAT1 and EEF1A1 genes. The PCRs were performed in 386-well plates in a total volume of 12.5 μLl. One microliter of normalized cDNA was mixed with JumpStart REDTaq ReadyMix (Sigma) and primers (4 μM) with a Freedom evo robot (TECAN). The 10 first cycles of amplification were performed with a touchdown annealing temperature decreasing 1°C per cycle from 65°C to 55°C; annealing temperature of the next 30 cycles was carried out at 55°C. For each tissue, 2 μL of each RT-PCR reaction were pooled together and purified with the QIAquick PCR purification Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. This purified DNA was directly used to generate a sequencing library with the “Genomic DNA sample prep kit” (Illumina) according to the manufacturer's recommendations with the exclusion of the fragmentation step. This library was subsequently sequenced on an Illumina Genome Analyzer 2 platform.
Harrow J., Frankish A., Gonzalez J.M., Tapanari E., Diekhans M., Kokocinski F., Aken B.L., Barrell D., Zadissa A., Searle S., Barnes I., Bignell A., Boychenko V., Hunt T., Kay M., Mukherjee G., Rajan J., Despacio-Reyes G., Saunders G., Steward C., Harte R., Lin M., Howald C., Tanzer A., Derrien T., Chrast J., Walters N., Balasubramanian S., Pei B., Tress M., Rodriguez J.M., Ezkurdia I., van Baren J., Brent M., Haussler D., Kellis M., Valencia A., Reymond A., Gerstein M., Guigó R, & Hubbard T.J. (2012). GENCODE: The reference human genome annotation for The ENCODE Project. Genome Research, 22(9), 1760-1774.
Publication 2012
Brain cDNA Library DNA, Complementary EEF1A1 protein, human Genes Genome Genomic Library Heart Homo sapiens Kidney Liver Lung Marathon composite resin Oligonucleotide Primers Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Skeletal Muscles Spleen Testis Tissues
5
Live-cell Imaging of Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis
BSC1 (monkey kidney epithelial) cells stably expressing rat brain clathrin light chain-EGFP (kindly provided by T. Kirchhausen, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) were cultured and prepared as specified in Supplementary Note 13 online. For live cell imaging, BSC1 cells were plated on glass coverslips, and through-the-objective TIR-FM was performed on a Nikon TE2000U inverted microscope using a 100X/1.45NA oil-immersion objective. Images were captured at 0.5 Hz with 200ms exposure time using a Hamamatsu Orca II-ERG.
Jaqaman K., Loerke D., Mettlen M., Kuwata H., Grinstein S., Schmid S.L, & Danuser G. (2008). Robust single particle tracking in live cell time-lapse sequences. Nature methods, 5(8), 695-702.
Publication 2008
Brain Cells Clathrin Light Chains Epithelial Cells Kidney Microscopy Monkeys Orcinus orca Submersion

Most recents protocols related to «Kidney»

1
Tucaresol Combination Therapy Evaluation
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

1) Tucaresol

Tucaresol (0-1200 μM) is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumors such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines. Tucaresol is studied either alone or in combination with standard-of-care agents (1-100 μM). All cell lines are grown in standard serum-containing media with an exposure time of 24-144 hours. Cell viability is measured using, for example, the Cell TiterGlo® Viability Assay. The potency (IC50) and efficacy (% cell kill) are determined from the percent cell growth of the vehicle control.

2) Tucaresol Plus PD-1 Antibody

Tucaresol (0-1200 μM) in the presence of a PD-1 antibody is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumor such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines, and the viability of the cell lines are measured as described above. The viability of the cell lines in the presence of tucaresol plus PD-1 antibody is compared to the viability of the cell lines in the presence of a CTLA-4 antibody plus the PD-1 antibody or PD-1 antibody alone.

3) CTLA-4 Antibody Plus PD-1 Antibody

CTLA-4 antibody in the presence of a PD-1 antibody is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumor such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines, and the viability of the cell lines are measured as described above.

4) Tucaresol Plus Plinabulin

Tucaresol (0-1200 μM) in the presence of Plinabulin is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumor such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines, and the viability of the cell lines are measured as described above.

The viability of the cell lines in the presence of tucaresol, tucaresol plus PD-1 antibody, CTLA-4 antibody plus the PD-1 antibody, and tucaresol plus plinabulin are compared.

US11857522B2. Compositions containing tucaresol or its analogs (2024-01-02). BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ramon Mohanlal [US], Lan Huang [US], George Kenneth Lloyd [US].
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Patent 2024
Adenocarcinoma Biological Assay Cell Lines Cells Cell Survival Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 Fibroblasts Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins Kidney Leukemia MCF-7 Cells Multiple Myeloma Neoplasms Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Pancreas plinabulin Serum Skin tucaresol
2
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Complement Regulation and Treatment
Not available on PMC !

Example 19

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure caused by platelet thrombi in the microcirculation of the kidney and other organs. aHUS is associated with defective complement regulation and can be either sporadic or familial. aHUS is associated with mutations in genes coding for complement activation, including complement factor H, membrane cofactor B and factor I, and well as complement factor H-related 1 (CFHR1) and complement factor H-related 3 (CFHR3). Zipfel, P. F., et al., PloS Genetics 3(3):e41 (2007).

The effect of the exemplary fusion protein construct of this disclosure to treat aHUS is determined by obtaining and lysing red blood cells from aHUS patients treated with the exemplary fusion protein construct. It is observed that treatment with the exemplary fusion protein construct is effective in blocking lysis of red blood cells in the patients suffering from aHUS, compared to treatment with a sham control.

US11879008B2. Methods of treating complement mediated diseases with fusion protein constructs comprising anti-C3d antibody and a complement modulator (2024-01-23). Q32 Bio Inc. [US]. Inventors: Michael Steven Curtis [US], Michael Storek [US], Shelia Marie Violette [US], Susan L. Kalled [US], Kelly C. Fahnoe [US], Cheng Ran Huang [US], Ellen Garber Stark [US], Frederick Robbins Taylor [US], Justin Andrew Caravella [US], Vernon Michael Holers [US].
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Patent 2024
Anemia, Hemolytic Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Blood Platelets Complement Activation Complement C1 Complement factor H Erythrocytes Fibrinogen Genes Kidney Kidney Failure Microcirculation Mutation Patients Proteins Thrombocytopenia Thrombus Tissue, Membrane
3
Evaluating Tucaresol and Checkpoint Inhibitors in Xenograft Models
Not available on PMC !

Example 7

Five groups including tucaresol, tucaresol plus PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, tucaresol plus CTLA-4 antibody, CTLA-4 antibody plus PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, and tucaresol plus plinabulin are tested to determine their effect in an animal xenograft model.

The combined treatment with tucaresol and the checkpoint inhibitor(s) is tested in comparison with the treatment with tucaresol alone, the treatment with checkpoint inhibitor alone, or combination of checkpoint inhibitors. The tests are performed using seven to ten-week old athymic (nu/nu) mice that were injected subcutaneously with human tumor cell lines (of either solid or liquid tumor origin, for example of breast, lung, colon, brain, liver, leukemia, myeloma, lymphoma, sarcoma, pancreatic or renal origin). Six to ten testing groups are prepared, and each group includes 10 mice.

Each treatment starts at tumor size between 40-150 mm3 and continues until Day 24-56, when the animals are necropsied. To determine the efficacy of each treatment, the following data are collected: mortality; the body weight of the mice assessed twice weekly both prior to treatments; the rate of tumor growth as determined by the tumor size measurement (twice every week); the tumor growth index; overall survival rate; the tumor weight at necropsy; and the time required to increase tumor size 10 fold.

US11857522B2. Compositions containing tucaresol or its analogs (2024-01-02). BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ramon Mohanlal [US], Lan Huang [US], George Kenneth Lloyd [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Animal Model Animals Autopsy Body Weight Brain Breast CD274 protein, human Cell Cycle Checkpoints Cell Line, Tumor Colon Combined Modality Therapy CTLA4 protein, human Genes, Neoplasm GZMB protein, human Heterografts Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins inhibitors Kidney Leukemia Liver Lung Lymphoma Mice, Nude Multiple Myeloma Mus Neoplasms Pancreas plinabulin Sarcoma Thymic aplasia tucaresol
4
Evaluating AST Cytotoxicity Compared to As(III)
Not available on PMC !

Example 6

The AST cytotoxicity was evaluated and compared with that of inorganic As(III) using five different types of human cell lines from major organs/tissues: HEK293, immortalized embryonic kidney cells; THP-1, monocytes derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient; macrophage, macrophage-like cells differentiated from THP-1; HepG2, immortalized cells isolated from a hepatocellular carcinoma; and Caco-2, immortalized cell line derived from a colorectal adenocarcinoma patient (FIG. 5). The results show that AST has much lower cytotoxicity in human cells than As(III). The LC50 values of AST on all the tested cell lines except Caco2 were greater than 250 μM. Caco-2 was relatively more sensitive to AST with a lower LC50 value (150-200 μM). In contrast, the LC50 values of As(III) on all the tested cell lines except macrophage were lower than 25 μM, while that of macrophage was higher (100 μM), suggesting that AST is >10 times less cytotoxic than As(III). AST at 100 μM completely inhibits PfGS-I activity (FIG. 2C), P. falciparum proliferation in blood (FIG. 3) and transmission to mosquitoes (FIG. 4A), but had little effect on most of the tested human cell lines (FIG. 5). Thus, AST is effective against the malaria parasite with limited effect on human cells.

US11877996B1. Arsinothricin as a multi-stage antimalarial (2024-01-23). None [US], None [US], None [US], None [US]. Inventors: Masafumi Yoshinaga [US], Barry P. Rosen [US], Jun Li [US], Guodong Niu [US].
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Patent 2024
Acute Monocytic Leukemia Adenocarcinoma BLOOD Cardiac Arrest Cell Lines Cells Culicidae Cytotoxin Embryo Hepatocellular Carcinomas Homo sapiens Kidney Macrophage Malaria Monocytes Parasites Patients Tissues Transmission, Communicable Disease
5
Inhibition of IL-17A-induced IL-6 Production
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Exemplary IL-17RA human mAbs were tested in a cynomolgus bioassay utilizing the cynomolgus-derived kidney epithelial cell line JTC-12 stimulated with cynomolgus IL-17A. FIG. 12 shows IL-17RA mAbs having the heavy and light chain sequences (AMH22/AML22), (AMH19/AML19), (AMH18/AML18) and (AMH14/AML14) in the inhibition of cynomolgus IL-17A-induced IL-6 production from JTC-12 cells. The (----) line depicts the positive control value of cynomolgus IL-17 in combination with TNF-alpha. The (-.-.-) line depicts the positive control value of cynomolgus TNF-alpha. The (....) line depicts the media control value. JTC-12 cells were preincubated for 30 mins with anti-IL-17RA mAbs and then stimulated overnight with cynomolgus IL-17A (5 ng/ml) and human TNF-alpha (5 ng/ml). FIG. 12 shows that each antibody was able to inhibit cynomolgous IL-17A from binding IL-17RA and inhibit IL-17RA activation, as determined by IL-6 production from JTC-12 cells. The IL-17RA antibody (AMH14/AML14) was able to antagonize cynomolgous IL-17A-induced IL-6 production from JTC-12 cells with an IC50 of approximately 1.2 nM.

US11858999B2. IL-17 receptor A antigen binding proteins (2024-01-02). AMGEN K-A, INC. [US]. Inventors: Joel E. Tocker [US], Jacques J. Peschon [US], David Fitzpatrick [AU], James F. Smothers [US], Christopher Mehlin [US], Ai Ching Lim [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Antigens Biological Assay Cardiac Arrest Cell Lines Cells Homo sapiens IL17A protein, human IL17RA protein, human Immunoglobulins Interleukin-12 Interleukin-17A Kidney Macaca fascicularis Monoclonal Antibodies NR4A2 protein, human Psychological Inhibition Receptors, Interleukin-17 TNFSF14 protein, human Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Top products related to «Kidney»

1
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
2
Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.
3
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
4
Penicillin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
5
Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
6
Lipofectamine 2000 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Lipofectamine 2000 is a cationic lipid-based transfection reagent designed for efficient and reliable delivery of nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), into a wide range of eukaryotic cell types. It facilitates the formation of complexes between the nucleic acid and the lipid components, which can then be introduced into cells to enable gene expression or gene silencing studies.
7
Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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Hek293t by American Type Culture Collection
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HEK293T is a human embryonic kidney cell line that is commonly used in cell and molecular biology research. It is a highly transfectable cell line, meaning it can efficiently incorporate exogenous DNA or RNA, making it a valuable tool for gene expression, protein production, and other applications.
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Rpmi 1640 medium by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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RPMI 1640 medium is a commonly used cell culture medium developed at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. It is a balanced salt solution that provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and amino acids to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types in vitro.
10
L glutamine by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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L-glutamine is an amino acid that is commonly used as a dietary supplement and in cell culture media. It serves as a source of nitrogen and supports cellular growth and metabolism.

More about "Kidney"

Kidneys are vital organs that play a crucial role in the human body.
They are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating blood pressure.
Kidneys also produce hormones that help control red blood cell production, calcium absorption, and blood pressure.
Proper kidney function is essential for overall health and well-being.
Researchers in the field of nephrology or kidney studies utilize advanced tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their research by identifying the most effective treatments and products through accurate, reproducible studies and AI-driven comparisons.
This platform helps them locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enabling them to discover the power of AI-driven comparisons and take their kidney research to the next level.
Key subtopics in kidney research include glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and kidney stone formation.
Researchers may use cell culture models such as HEK293T cells, RPMI 1640 medium, and L-glutamine to study kidney function and disease mechanisms.
Techniques like TRIzol reagent and Lipofectamine 2000 can be employed for gene expression analysis and transfection, respectively.
Understanding the role of the kidneys and the latest advancements in kidney research is crucial for healthcare professionals, patients, and the general public.
By leveraging tools like PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their studies, leading to improved treatments and better outcomes for individuals with kidney-related conditions.