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Kidney Tubules, Proximal

Q: What are the main functions of the proximal kidney tubules?

The proximal kidney tubules are responsible for the reabsorption of most filtered substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and ions. They play a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as regulating the pH of the blood.

Kidney Tubules, Proximal: The initial segment of the nephron, located between the renal corpuscle and the loop of Henle.
The proximal tubules are responsible for the reabsorption of most filtered substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and ions.
Optimal research protocols are crucial for understanding proximal tubule function and its role in kidney health.
PubCompare.ai can help locate the best methodologies from published literature, preprints, and patents, allowing you to compare different approaches and identify the most accurate and reproducible techniques.
Experiance the power of PubCompare.ai today and enhance your proximal tubule research outcomes.

Most cited protocols related to «Kidney Tubules, Proximal»

Chronic Kidney Disease in Cy/+ Rats

We utilized the Cy/+ rat, a Han:SPRD rat with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) (26 (link)). The male Cy/+ rat develops a persistent azotemia starting at about 10 weeks of age which progresses to uremia by about 40 weeks. The renal pathology has been well characterized with initial cyst development in proximal tubules, followed by interstitial fibrosis (27 (link)). The progressive azotemia is accompanied by the usual manifestations of CKD, including anemia, hypertension, and secondary hyperparathyroidism (26 (link)). The spontaneous genetic mutation (Cy) that leads to cystic kidney disease and progressive CKD encodes for a protein of unknown function (28 (link)). This rat colony at the Indiana University School of Medicine has been maintained through successive breeding of heterozygous Cy/+ rats. This is an autosomal dominant condition, such that at birth, 1/4 of the animals are normal (+/+), 1/2 are heterozygotes (Cy/+), and 1/4 are homozygotes (Cy/Cy). Homozygotes (Cy/Cy) of either sex are easily identified after approximately 10 days of age by abdominal palpation of enlarged kidneys and elevation in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), a finding used to verify parental heterozygosity. Homozygous Cy/Cy rats develop massively enlarged kidneys and severe azotemia, and normally die by 4 weeks of age. Heterozygote male animals develop progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) with a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) by 10 weeks of age and become markedly uremic by 40-50 weeks. Heterozygote female animals (and castrated males) develop progressive CKD with a rise in BUN not detected until 20 weeks of age, followed by uremia at 80 weeks (18 (link), 27 (link), 29 (link), 30 (link)). For the present study, male heterozygotes were utilized and all procedures reviewed and approved by the Indiana University School of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Moe S.M., Chen N.X., Seifert M.F., Sinders R.M., Duan D., Chen X., Liang Y., Radcliff J.S., White K.E, & Gattone VH I.I. (2008). A Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) and The Effect of Dietary Protein Source. Kidney international, 75(2), 176-184.

Publication 2008

Abdomen Anemia Animals Azotemia Birth Chronic Kidney Diseases Cyst Females Fibrosis Heterozygote High Blood Pressures Homozygote Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Kidney Kidney, Cystic Kidney Tubules, Proximal Males Multiple Pterygium Syndrome, Autosomal Dominant Mutation Palpation Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Rattus norvegicus Staphylococcal Protein A Urea Nitrogen, Blood Uremia

Genetic and Injury Models of Kidney Disease

The proximal tubule-specific DabA-L-deletion mice were generated by crossing DsbA-L (flox/flox) mice (provided by Dr. Feng Liu Lab) with PEPCK-Cre mice (provided by Jackson Laboratory) as previously described^{35 (link)}. The UUO model was established by ligating the left ureter in mice, also as previously described^{11 (link),41 (link),42}. For ischemic acute kidney injury, it was induced by the duration of bilateral clamping for 28 min and followed by reperfusion^{43 (link)}. For cisplatin injury, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg cisplatin at weeks 0, 1, and 3⁴⁴. For aristolochic acid injury, mice were intraperitoneally injected with 250 mg/kg aristolochic acid^{45 (link)}. Hsp90β siRNA was administered twice a week by tail vein injection in C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 15 mg/kg, with saline as a control. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with guidelines approved by the Animal Care Ethics Committee of Second Xiangya Hospital, People’s Republic of China, and ethical approval was obtained. Mice were housed in a 12-h light/dark cycle with free access to a standard rodent diet and water.

Li X., Pan J., Li H., Li G., Liu X., Liu B., He Z., Peng Z., Zhang H., Li Y., Xiang X., Chai X., Yuan Y., Zheng P., Liu F, & Zhang D. (2020). DsbA-L mediated renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. Nature Communications, 11, 4467.

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Publication 2020

Animal Care Committees aristolochic acid I Cisplatin DABA Deletion Mutation Diet Ethics Committees Injuries Kidney Injury, Acute Kidney Tubules, Proximal Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase RNA, Small Interfering Rodent Saline Solution Secondary Care Tail Ureter Veins

Conditionally Immortalized Proximal Tubule Cells

Conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (ciPTEC) were developed as described by Wilmer et al. with informed consent of the donors in accordance with the approved guidelines of the Radboud Institutional Review Board (21 (link)). Cells were seeded 7 days prior to the experiment at their corresponding density (55,000 cells/cm² for ciPTEC parent cells, 63,000 cells/cm² for ciPTEC-OAT1, and 82,000 cells/cm² for ciPTEC-OAT3) and grown for 1 day at 33°C and 5% v/v CO₂ to allow proliferation, enabled by the temperature-sensitive mutant of SV large T antigen (SV40T). Next, cells were cultured for 6 days at 37°C and 5% v/v CO₂ to stimulate differentiation and formation of an epithelial monolayer, described as “maturation.” Cells were cultured using Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM HAM’s F12, Life Technologies, Paisly, UK), 5 μg/ml insulin, 5 μg/ml transferrin, 5 μg/ml selenium, 35 ng/ml hydrocortisone, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 40 pg/ml tri-iodothyronine (Sigma, St. Louis, USA), and 10% fetal calf serum (FCS, Greiner Bio One, Kremsmuenster, Austria). Medium was refreshed every second day, supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (pen/strep, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) at 33°C and without pen/strep at the maturation temperature of 37°C. Three T3 mouse-fibroblast (3 T3) cells were cultured at 37°C and used only as irradiated non-proliferating feeder cells for sub-cloning procedures upon transduction, as described (21 (link)).

Nieskens T.T., Peters J.G., Schreurs M.J., Smits N., Woestenenk R., Jansen K., van der Made T.K., Röring M., Hilgendorf C., Wilmer M.J, & Masereeuw R. (2016). A Human Renal Proximal Tubule Cell Line with Stable Organic Anion Transporter 1 and 3 Expression Predictive for Antiviral-Induced Toxicity. The AAPS Journal, 18(2), 465-475.

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Publication 2016

Cells Clone Cells Donors Eagle Epidermal growth factor Epithelial Cells Ethics Committees, Research Fibroblasts Hydrocortisone Insulin Kidney Tubules, Proximal Large T-Antigen Mus Parent Penicillins Selenium Streptococcal Infections Streptomycin Transferrin

3D Culture of Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells

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Publication 2016

Biological Assay Buffers Cells Cell Survival Collagen Type I Collagen Type IV Cytotoxin Edetic Acid Epithelial Cells Ethics Committees, Research Extracellular Matrix Germ Cells Hemoglobin, Sickle Homo sapiens isolation Kidney Kidney Tubules, Proximal Light Microscopy Medical Devices Operative Surgical Procedures Penicillins Renal Cell Carcinoma Streptomycin Tail Tissues Trypsin

Generating Proximal Tubule-Specific AT1a Receptor-Deficient Mice

Wild-type (C57BL/6J or littermates) and global AT_1a receptor-deficient mice, Agtr1a^−/− or B6.129P2-Agtr1a^tm1Unc/J (Stock No: 002682), were purchased from Jackson Laboratories and bred in this laboratory as previously described.^{27 (link),28 (link)} Proximal tubule-specific AT_1a receptor-deficient mice, PT-Agtr1a^−/−, were generated and bred in the this laboratory using the iL1-Sglt2-Cre/Agtr1a-floxed approach, as we described recently for PT-Nhe3^−/− mice.^{13 (link),14 (link)} The iL1-Sglt2-Cre mice were originally obtained from Rubera et al., ^{25 (link)} whereas Agtr1a-floxed mice, C57BL/6N-Agtr1a^tm1Uky/J (Stock No: 016211), were generated by Rateri et al. ^{29 (link)} and purchased from Jackson laboratories. C57BL/6N-Agtr1a^tm1Uky/J mice were crossed with iL1-Sglt2-Cre mice to generate PT-Agtr1a^−/− mice for the studies in the present study (Figures S1–S3). The use of adult male (>12-week-old) wild-type, global Agtr1a^−/−, and PT-Agtr1a^−/− mice were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the University of Mississippi Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, respectively.

Li X.C., Leite A.P., Zheng X., Zhao C., Chen X., Zhang L., Zhou X., Rubera I., Tauc M, & Zhuo J.L. (2021). Proximal Tubule-Specific Deletion of AT1a Receptors in The Kidney Attenuates Circulating and Intratubular Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in PT-Agtr1a−/− Mice. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 77(4), 1285-1298.

Publication 2021

Adult Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Kidney Tubules, Proximal Males Mice, House Mice, Inbred C57BL SLC5A2 protein, human

Most recents protocols related to «Kidney Tubules, Proximal»

Automated Histological Quantification Protocol

Leica DM500, (German) photomicroscope was used to examine and photograph the stained sections. Image analysis and morphometry were performed using the free ImageJ software (Version 1.41; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Firstly, the images were calibrated by measuring a known distance on the image then the calibration was globalized to obtain the accurate measurements provided that all the images were taken at the same scale. Proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule diameters were measured in Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained sections by drawing a straight line between the outer margins of the tubules using the line Selection tool. As some tubules appeared oval in cross section, two diameters were picked per tubule (length and width) and then the means were calculated. Capillary tuft area in Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained sections was evaluated using the segmented line selection tool. The line was drawn in the capsular space (CS) along the outer margin of the capillary tuft then the area was calculated by the software. Collagen area in Masson’s Trichrome stained sections and the area of expression of anti α- smooth muscle actin was assessed using automatic color selection tool after adjusting the suitable color threshold. The actual area of the tissue was measured by subtracting the empty spaces from the total area of the image. The mean area percentage was calculated according to Shalaby et al. [31 (link)] by dividing the area of the selected color on the actual area of tissue after excluding the background.

Moustafa A.H., Pasha H.F., Abas M.A, & Aboregela A.M. (2023). The ameliorating role of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir on thioacetamide-induced kidney injury in adult albino rats. Anatomy & Cell Biology, 56(1), 109-121.

Publication 2023

Actins Capillaries Collagen Eosin Hematoxylin Kidney Tubules, Proximal Smooth Muscles Tissues Tubule, Distal Kidney

Cell Culture Protocols for RPTEC and HNSCC

Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) and HPV− HNSCC cell lines, FaDu and A253, were obtained from ATCC. Cell lines were authenticated using short tandem repeat DNA profiling. All experiments were conducted with Mycoplasma-free cells that had undergone less than five passages. RPTECs were cultured in renal epithelial cell basal medium (#PCS-400-030) supplemented with renal epithelial cell growth kit (#PCS-400-040) and 2% FBS (ATCC). Cancer cell lines were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. All cells were grown at 37°C in 5% carbon dioxide. Harvesting of cells was performed by washing with PBS then incubating cells in a 0.25% trypsin, 2.21 mmol/L Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 1X sodium bicarbonate solution at 37°C. Cell counts were performed using a Beckman Coulter Vi-CELL XR Cell Viability Analyzer (Beckman-Coulter).

Jones T.M., Espitia C.M., Chipollini J., Lee B.R., Wertheim J.A., Carew J.S, & Nawrocki S.T. (2023). Targeting NEDDylation is a Novel Strategy to Attenuate Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity. Cancer Research Communications, 3(2), 245-257.

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Publication 2023

Bicarbonate, Sodium Carbon dioxide Cell Lines Cells Cell Survival Culture Media Edetic Acid Epithelial Cells Kidney Kidney Tubules, Proximal Malignant Neoplasms Mycoplasma Short Tandem Repeat Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Trypsin

Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells Response to Metabolic Stimuli

Mouse proximal tubule epithelial cells RTEC were obtained from ATCC and cultured in DMEM (1.0 g/L glucose) containing 10% FBS and penicillin/streptomycin. All cells requiring intervention were synchronously quiescent after 6 h in a serum-free medium and then treated with different stimuli as follows: high glucose (HG, 15 and 30 mmol/L D-glucose in the medium, 5.5 mmol/L glucose as a control), palmitic acid (PA, 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/L) or UDP-GlcNAc (10 mmol/L). Tool cells HEK293T cells were obtained from ATCC and were cultured in DMEM (4.5 g/L glucose) containing 10% FBS.

Xu L., Zhou Y., Wang G., Bo L., Jin B., Dai L., Lu Q., Cai X., Hu L., Liu L., Wu Y., Chang X., Huang Y., Song L., Zhang T., Wang Y., Xiao Y., Zhang F., Liu L., Shi M., Wang T, & Guo B. (2023). The UDPase ENTPD5 regulates ER stress-associated renal injury by mediating protein N-glycosylation. Cell Death & Disease, 14(2), 166.

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Publication 2023

Cells Epithelial Cells Glucose Kidney Tubules, Proximal Mus Palmitic Acid Penicillins Serum Streptomycin

HK-2 Cell Response to TGF-β1

ATCC (Manassas, VA) provided HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells. An HK2 cell line was grown in a keratinocyte serum-free medium (Invitrogen) and tested at generations 10-13. Following pretreatment with/without anlotinib (2 μM) for 4 h, cells were incubated with TGF-β1 for 48 h. Thereafter, cell lysates and supernatants were prepared as described below.

Sun D., Guo J., Liang W., Chen Y., Chen X, & Wang L. (2023). Anlotinib Alleviates Renal Fibrosis via Inhibition of the ERK and AKT Signaling Pathways. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2023, 1686804.

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Publication 2023

anlotinib Cell Lines Cells Homo sapiens Keratinocyte Kidney Kidney Tubules, Proximal Serum TGF-beta1

Culturing Renal Cell Lines

Human renal cancer 786-O and ACHN cell lines were purchased from Bioresource Collection and Research Center (Hsinchu, Taiwan) and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Cytiva, SH30011.02) and MEM medium (Cytiva, SH30193.04). The human proximal tubule epithelial HK2 cell line was incubated with DMEM/F12 medium (Cytiva SH30004.03). These cell culture media contained 10% FBS (Cytiva SH30071.02), NEAA solution (100X; Cytiva SH30238.01), P/S reagent (100X, Cytiva SV30010) and cells incubated at 37 °C (involved in 5% CO₂) in a humidified atmosphere. RCC and HK-2 cells were subcultured when cells reached 70% confluence.

Tseng T.Y., Lee C.H., Lee H.L., Su C.Y., Kao C.Y., Tsai J.P, & Hsieh Y.H. (2023). Licochalcone A Suppresses Renal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis by Engagement of Sp1-Mediated LC3 Expression. Pharmaceutics, 15(2), 684.

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Publication 2023

Atmosphere Cancer of Kidney Cell Culture Techniques Cell Lines Cells Culture Media Epithelial Cells Homo sapiens Kidney Tubules, Proximal

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

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The Caki-1 is a laboratory equipment product offered by the American Type Culture Collection. It is a cell line derived from a human carcinoma. The Caki-1 cell line is used for research purposes, but a detailed description of its core function is not available while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.

Hk 2 cell by American Type Culture Collection

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The HK-2 cells are a human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line. They are widely used as an in vitro model for the study of human kidney function and disease.

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DMEM/F12 is a cell culture medium developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a balanced salt solution that provides nutrients and growth factors essential for the cultivation of a variety of cell types, including adherent and suspension cells. The medium is formulated to support the proliferation and maintenance of cells in vitro.

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DMEM/F12 medium is a cell culture medium commonly used for the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types. It is a balanced salt solution that provides the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and other components to support cell growth and proliferation in vitro.

What are the main functions of the proximal kidney tubules?

How can I optimize my research protocols for studying proximal kidney tubules?

Optimal research protocols are crucial for understanding proximal tubule function and its role in kidney health. PubCompare.ai can help you locate the best methodologies from published literature, preprints, and patents. The platform's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy.

What are some common challenges in studying proximal kidney tubules?

One of the key challenges in studying proximal kidney tubules is ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of your research protocols. Different methods and approaches can yield varying results, making it difficult to draw reliable conclusions. PubCompare.ai can assist by helping you compare different protocols and identify the most effective techniques for your specific research goals.

How can PubCompare.ai help me enhance my proximal kidney tubule research?

PubCompare.ai allows you to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. The platform can help researchers identify the most effective protocols related to Kidney Tubules, Proximal for their specific research goals. By highlighting key differences in protocol effectiveness, PubCompare.ai enables you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy, ultimately enhancing your research outcomes.

Are there different types or variations of proximal kidney tubules?

Yes, there are different segments within the proximal kidney tubules, each with its own unique functions and characteristics. For example, the early proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of filtered substances, while the later segments focus on more specialized functions. Understanding these variations is important for designing targeted research protocols and interpreting your findings accurately.

More about "Kidney Tubules, Proximal"

The proximal convoluted tubules, a critical component of the nephron in the kidney, are responsible for the reabsorption of essential substances like glucose, amino acids, and ions.
Optimizing research protocols is crucial for understanding the function of these proximal tubules and their role in maintaining kidney health.
PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform, can help researchers locate the best methodologies from published literature, preprints, and patents, allowing for a comparison of different approaches and the identification of the most accurate and reproducible techniques.
When studying proximal tubule function, researchers often utilize cell lines such as Caki-1 and HK-2, which are derived from human kidney cells.
These cells are typically cultured in media like DMEM, DMEM/F12, or RPMI 1640, often supplemented with antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin to prevent contamination.
Optimizing the culture conditions, including the choice of media and supplements, can have a significant impact on the reliability and reproducibility of experimental results.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, researchers can enhance their proximal tubule research outcomes and gain deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying kidney health and disease.
The platform's ability to quickly identify the most effective and reliable methodologies can save time, reduce costs, and ultimately contribute to advancements in the field of nephrology and renal physiology.