Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Anatomy > Body Part > Meniscus

Meniscus

The meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilage structure located between the femur and tibia in the knee joint.
It plays a crucial role in load distribution, shock absorption, and joint stability during physical activity.
Damage or degeneration of the meniscus can lead to pain, swelling, and decreased mobility, often requiring surgical intervention.
Researchers studying the meniscus may investigate its anatomy, biomechanics, repair mechanisms, and novel treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes.
This concise overview provides a foundational understanding of the meniscus and its importance in knee joint function.
Optimizing meniscus research through innovative tools, like PubCompare.ai, can help maximize accuracy and reproducibility in this critical area of orthopaedic and sports medicine.

Most cited protocols related to «Meniscus»

1
Quantitative Radiographic Data Analysis in OA
Several methodological comparisons have been made regarding quantitative radio graphic data generated by the OAI (Supplementary Table 2 online). The findings emphasize, for example, the need to take radio-anatomic alignment of OAI fixed-flexion radiographs into account when analyzing change in JSW, and the need for central radiographic readings. Regarding semiquantitative scoring of articular tissue pathology using MRI images, two existing systems—WORMS (whole organ MRI score) and BLOKS (Boston Leeds osteoarthritis knee score)—were applied to a sample of images of 113 knees with radiographic OA and at risk of progression, from the OAI cohort. Both methods were shown to be reliable cross-sectionally (Supplementary Table 2 online). Longitudinally, BLOKS was found to be superior to WORMS for assessment of change in the meniscus, and WORMS was superior to BLOKS for scoring bone-marrow lesions (BMLs), in terms of predicting cartilage loss.4 (link) A new hybrid method (MOAKS; MRI OA knee score) was hence proposed with the aim of combining the advantages of each scoring system.5 (link) In assessing which sequence is better to detect such changes, more and larger focal cartilage defects and BMLs were detected with the intermediate-weighted fat-suppressed spin echo sequence than with DESS6 ,7 (link) (Figure 2, Supplementary Table 2 online).
Semi-automated segmentation algorithms for quantitative measurement of cartilage, bone, meniscus, and thigh muscles (Figure 3) have been assessed. These studies have used different image analysis approaches and have reported, in part, the level of agreement with manual segmentation and/or the level of inter-observer reliability (Figure 1, Supplementary Table 2 online).
The sensitivity to change of cartilage thick ness over 1 year in the medial femorotibial compartment was found to be similar between sagittal DESS, coronal multiplanar reconstructed DESS, and coronal FLASH in 80 knees (Figure 2), with SRMs ranging from −0.34 to −0.38.8 (link) The three protocols were also highly intercorrelated cross-sectionally (coefficient of correlation [r] ≥0.94); analysis of every second 0.7 mm DESS image provided similar sensitivity to change as analysis of every image.8 (link) Change in the medial weight-bearing femur substantially exceeded that in the posterior aspect of the femoral condyle, suggesting that structural progression is faster in (commonly) weight-bearing regions of the joint.9 (link)Measuring between-group differences using cartilage subregions (Figure 4) or atlases of cartilage thickness within anatomically defined cartilage plates has also been explored by several groups, alongside assessing whether such methods improve sensitivity to change (Supplementary Table 3 online). These studies generally identified the central subregion of the weight-bearing medial femoral cartilage plate as the region of interest with the greatest rate of cartilage loss and sensitivity to change (Figure 4).
Eckstein F., Wirth W, & Nevitt M.C. (2012). Recent advances in osteoarthritis imaging—the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 8(10), 622-630.
Publication 2012
Bone Marrow Bones Cartilage Condyle Desmosine Disease Progression ECHO protocol Enchondroma Femur Helminths Hybrids Hypersensitivity Joints Knee Meniscus Muscle Tissue NES protein, human Radiography Thigh Tissues
2
Histological Grading of Meniscus Degeneration

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2011
Calcium Cells Collagen Cyst Donors Fast Green Femur Fibrosis Hyalin Substance Hyperplasia hypoplasia Meniscus Physiologic Calcification safranine T Tears Tibia Tissues Vision
3
Automated Knee Cartilage and Meniscus Segmentation
The neural network model chosen for this problem is based on the U-Net architecture, which has previously shown promising results in the tasks of segmentation, particularly for medical images (15 (link),22 –25 ), and has fewer trainable parameters than the other popular segmentation architecture, SegNet (26 ). The U-Net architecture can be viewed in Figure E1 (online). The network takes a full image section as input and then, through a series of trainable weights, creates the corresponding section segmentation mask (22 ).
Our U-Net model uses a weighted cross-entropy loss function between the true segmentation value and the output for our model. The weighted cross-entropy function was used to account for the class imbalance of the volume that cartilage and meniscus compartments make up compared with the entire MR imaging volume. Details on this equation can be viewed in Appendix E1 (online).
To build the U-Net models, data in subjects from both the T1ρ-weighted and the DESS sets were divided into training, validation, and time-point testing sets with a 70/20/10 split and were then broken down into their respective two-dimensional (2D) sections to be used as inputs for the two sequence models. The time-point testing set for both data sets consisted of only follow-up studies corresponding to baseline studies in the training and validation data sets. This time-point hold-out data set was used as validation for the precision of the automatic segmentation longitudinally. A full breakdown of the T1ρ-weighted and DESS training, validation, and time-point testing data according to diagnostic group (ACL, OA, control) can be viewed in Table 2. The full 3D segmentation map was then generated by stacking the predicted 2D sections for a subject and then taking the largest 3D-connected component for each compartment class.
All U-Net models were implemented in Native TensorFlow, version 1.0.1 (Google, Mountain View, Calif). Model selection was made by using the 1-standard-error rule on the validation data set (27 ) (B.N., with 3 years of experience). For full learning specifications and learning curves of the U-Net, see Table E1 and Figure E2 (both online).
Norman B., Pedoia V, & Majumdar S. (2018). Use of 2D U-Net Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Cartilage and Meniscus Segmentation of Knee MR Imaging Data to Determine Relaxometry and Morphometry. Radiology, 288(1), 177-185.
Publication 2018
Cartilage Catabolism Desmosine Entropy Learning Curve Meniscus
4
Optimizing Growth Conditions for M. extorquens
We first tested whether we could reliably measure M. extorquens exponential growth rates using a robotic measurement system under similar conditions to those used by previous investigators with E. coli[3] (link). AM1 cultures were grown in a Microtest 96-well tissue culture treated plates (Falcon-35-3072) using buffered medium comprised of 14.5 mM of K2HPO4, 18.8 mM of NaH2PO4, 8 mM ammonium sulfate, 20 µM calcium chloride and the C7 metal mix that was left unchelated (i.e., no citrate) with 17 mM methylamine·HCL added to the base medium. The mixture was aliquoted in 160 µL portions into wells of a 96-well plate. The growth curves from the initial tests in 96 well plates showed huge deviations from the exponential model and were exceptionally noisy. We concluded that 96-well plates were inadequate for sustained exponential growth of M. extorquens. We re-evaluated this conclusion at the end of this project, after optimizing our strains and media, by again growing M. extorquens in MP media and in 96-well plates (Fig S1). Although exponential growth could then be achieved, relative to a 48-well plate grown simultaneously with the same inoculum, the average estimated growth rate was 7% slower and the std. error was 50% larger.
In contrast, we found that 48-well plates did allow for adequate mixing and consistent exponential growth (Fig 1D). We therefore altered the robotic system by installing new custom-built racks so that it could use 48-well plates (CoStar-3548) instead of 96-well plates. In contrast to the 96-well plates where the medium did not appear to move within the well, the media in the 48-well plates rhythmically swirled around. We also tested a second type of 48-well plate, from the Cellstar line made by Greiner Bio-One (Catalog #677 102). Surprisingly, although medium in the CoStar plates visibly swirled while shaking, the meniscus in the Cellstar plates, as in the 96-well plates, stayed at approximately the same level and did not appear to move; correspondingly, cultures grew much more poorly in Cellstar plates. For all future work in this paper, we grew the cultures in CoStar plates in 640 µL per well with the incubator shaking at 650 RPM, as growth and the swirling of the liquid appeared to be as good or better than the range of other values tested.
Delaney N.F., Kaczmarek M.E., Ward L.M., Swanson P.K., Lee M.C, & Marx C.J. (2013). Development of an Optimized Medium, Strain and High-Throughput Culturing Methods for Methylobacterium extorquens. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62957.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2013
Calcium chloride Citrate Meniscus Metals methylamine potassium phosphate, dibasic Strains Sulfate, Ammonium Tissues
5
Nanomaterial Dispersion Preparation
Dispersions were prepared based on a protocol recently developed by the authors16 (link). Sonication was performed in deionized water (DI H2O) using the critical dispersion sonication energy (DSEcr), which was determined as previously described for each ENM16 (link). ENMs were dispersed at 5 mg cm−3 in 3 ml of solute in 15 ml conical polyethylene tubes using a Branson Sonifier S-450A (Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, CT, USA), calibrated by the calorimetric calibration method previously described16 (link),26 (link), whereby the power delivered to the sample was determined to be 1.75 W, fitted with a 3 inch cup horn (maximum power output of 400 W at 60 Hz, continuous mode, output level 3) in which tubes were immersed so that sample and cup water menisci were aligned. Stock DI H2O suspensions were then diluted to final concentrations in either RPMI or F12K cell culture media, each either alone or supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), and vortexed for 30 seconds. Dispersions were analyzed for hydrodynamic diameter (dH), polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ζ), and specific conductance (σ) by DLS using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). pH was measured using a VWR sympHony pH meter (VWR International, Radnor, PA, USA).
DeLoid G., Cohen J.M., Darrah T., Derk R., Wang L., Pyrgiotakis G., Wohlleben W, & Demokritou P. (2014). Estimating the effective density of engineered nanomaterials for in vitro dosimetry. Nature communications, 5, 3514.
Publication 2014
Calorimetry Cell Culture Techniques Cells Culture Media Fetal Bovine Serum Horns Hydrodynamics Meniscus Neoplasm Metastasis Polyethylenes Ultrasonics

Most recents protocols related to «Meniscus»

1
Cost Analysis of Primary ACLR
This level II evidence study was approved by the College of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Retrospective chart and financial billing reviews were performed on 28 consecutive patients who underwent primary ACLR from January 2019 to December 2019 at a single academic institution. Exclusion criteria were: multiligamentous knee injury and age < 18. Three fellowship-trained sports medicine surgeons operated on the patients.
Data extracted included: age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), surgeon, length of operation (LOO), regional block used, implants used, associated meniscus surgery in addition to ACLR (yes or no) and if so, what type of meniscus surgery (partial meniscectomy or repair), graft type [allograft (ALLO) versus autograft (AUTO)], and autograft choice, including bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB), quadrupled hamstring (HAM) or quadriceps tendon (QUAD).
Financial information extracted included charges associated with grafts, anesthesia, radiology, pharmacy, implants, supplies, operating room (OR), anesthesiologist, and surgeon. The total charges and final amount that insurance and patient paid were also obtained. LOO was defined as incision start time to surgery end time. Surgical stage reflected the OR charge. Shared charges reflected the surgical fee from the hospital based on OR charge. Individual surgeons’ and anesthesiologists’ professional fees were billed separately. We define “cost” as the exact dollar amount the hospital was compensated to cover the ancillary and direct operating room charges of ACLR within the 90-day care window. Charges for intraoperative imaging were included under radiology and charges for durable medical equipment were included under supplies. Primary insurance type was also extracted and subcategorized as government or private. The charges that the insurance pays depend on the type of insurance taken by the patient as patients can take a better insurance for a higher cost cover.
Descriptive statistics were used, including frequencies and percentages for categorical measures, and means and ranges for continuous measures. The distribution of each surgical outcome was evaluated for approximate normality and transformed using the natural log transformation, if necessary. Potential predictors were evaluated separately for each of the surgery outcomes using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and with simultaneous adjustment for other significant predictors using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Potential predictors that were compared included surgeon, LOO, graft choice, concomitant meniscus surgery, use of regional block, radiology, and insurance type. Results were reported in terms of model-adjusted means and 95% confidence intervals. Significance was defined as p<0.05, and statistical tests were performed using SAS statistical software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).
Pan T., Gottshall J., King T.S, & Gallo R.A. (2023). Meniscus Work and Implant Selection Are Major Cost Drivers of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Cureus, 15(2), e34647.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Allografts Anesthesia Anesthesia, Conduction Anesthesiologist Bone and Bones Day Care, Medical Durable Medical Equipment Ethics Committees, Research Ethnicity Fellowships Gender Grafts Index, Body Mass Knee Injuries Ligamentum Patellae Meniscectomy Meniscus Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Quadriceps Femoris Surgeons Tendons Transplantation, Autologous X-Rays, Diagnostic
2
Optimized Surgical Approaches for Elite Soccer Players with ACL Injuries
All ACLR procedures were performed within 20 days from the injury. As a result of a previous study concerning graft rerupture rates,24 (link)
 hamstring tendon grafts are no longer used as our primary option for professional athletes, and soft tissue quadriceps tendon (QT) or bone–patellar tendon–bone (BTPB) grafts are the current choices for elite soccer players in our clinical practice. QT graft is the first choice in case of patellar tendinitis (ipsi- or contralateral), patella baja, patellofemoral pain, chondromalacia of the patellofemoral joint, and history of Osgood-Schlatter disease or Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome. A BTPB graft is preferred in case of quadriceps tendinitis (ipsi- or contralateral) and history of rectus femur injuries.
For all players in the present study, regardless of graft type, a rectangular femoral tunnel was used as described by Fink et al.9 (link)
 A rectangular tunnel is able to cover the footprint area more efficiently with the same cross-sectional area (graft size) as compared with the round reamer.9 (link),25 ,26 (link)
 For femoral graft fixation, an extracortical flip button was utilized in all grafts. The tibial tunnel was created with a conventional tibial guide and standard round reamers. For soft tissue QT grafts, a fully threaded, cannulated bioabsorbable interference screw matching the tunnel diameter was used with the suture ends tied over a cortical bone bridge.9 (link)
 Patellar tendon grafts were fixed with titanium interference screws. Concomitant meniscal tears and chondral injuries were treated considering several factors. The time from injury to surgery and the location, size, and stability of meniscal tear were considered in the choice between meniscal repair and meniscectomy. Microfractures were indicated in case of chondral lesions of ICRS grade 3 or 4 (International Cartilage Repair Society) no larger than 2 to 4 cm2. Chondroplasty was performed in case of chondral lesion of ICRS grade 1 or 2 with an unstable part.15 (link)
LET, specifically a modified Ellison technique,13 (link)
 was added in patients considered at high risk of reinjury. Age, generalized ligamentous laxity, high-grade pivot shift, presence of Segond fracture, posterior tibial slope >12°, or history of ipsi- or contralateral ACL injuries are all factors that are taken into account during the decision process.29 (link)
 After satisfactory review at 6 months postoperatively, the progression of rehabilitation and fitness to RTP was supervised by the teams’ medical staff.
Farinelli L., Abermann E., Meena A., Ueblacker P., Hahne J, & Fink C. (2023). Return to Play and Pattern of Injury After ACL Rupture in a Consecutive Series of Elite UEFA Soccer Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(3), 23259671231153629.
Publication 2023
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Bone and Bones Cartilage Chondromalacia Compact Bone Disease Progression Femur Grafts Hamstring Tendons Injuries Laceration Larsen Syndrome Ligamentum Patellae Medical Staff Meniscectomy Meniscus Microfractures Operative Surgical Procedures Osgood-Schlatter Disease Patella Patellofemoral Joints Patellofemoral Pain Patients Professional Athletes Quadriceps Femoris Rehabilitation Reinjuries Segond Fracture Sutures Tears Tendinitis Tendons Tibia Tissue Grafts Tissues Titanium
3
Return to Play After ACL Injury in Elite Soccer
After receiving ethics committee approval for the study protocol, we conducted a retrospective review of consecutive elite United European Football Association (UEFA) professional soccer players with a complete ACL injury who underwent ACLR at our institution. All patients underwent surgery by the senior author (C.F.) between September 2018 and May 2022. Patients with multiligamentous injuries and revision ACLR and those who had not returned to sport at the time of data collection were excluded. All patients had belonged on the first team of elite UEFA leagues (Bundesliga, Serie A, Premier League) during the ACL rupture.
All demographic and anthropometric characteristics—age, height, weight, body mass index, position, injury history, affected side, RTP time, minutes played per season (MPS), and MPS as a percentage of playable minutes—before and after ACLR were retrieved from medical records and publicly available media-based platforms: Transfermarkt (https://www.transfermarkt.com), uefa.com,fifa.com, official team websites, injury reports, official team press releases, personal websites, and professional statistical websites. These methods have commonly been used in similar research.10 ,20
Concomitant injuries to menisci, cartilage, and collateral ligaments were extracted from our clinical database.
The overall RTP rate was defined as the percentage of players, among all the injured players in the study, who were able to play in at least 1 game at a professional level after ACLR. RTP time was defined as the number of days from ACL injury to the first match appearance. The mean MPS and MPS% were calculated for the preinjury season as well as the first 3 postoperative seasons for all applicable players. The first season after ACLR, with a minimum of 4 months of competition, was defined as the first season of return to sport. The second and third seasons after ACLR, regardless of the amount of time played, represented the seasons after the first season post-ACLR. Players were noted who moved to a lower league according to UEFA country ranking during the same seasons or stopped their careers for any reason during the observation period. Complications after ACLR were documented.
The RTP times were compared with respect to player age (<25 vs ≥25 years), field position, absence of cartilage and meniscal tears, lateral and medial meniscal repair, type of graft, and presence of lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET).
Farinelli L., Abermann E., Meena A., Ueblacker P., Hahne J, & Fink C. (2023). Return to Play and Pattern of Injury After ACL Rupture in a Consecutive Series of Elite UEFA Soccer Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(3), 23259671231153629.
Publication 2023
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Cartilage Collateral Ligaments Ethics Committees Grafts Index, Body Mass Injuries Joints Meniscus Meniscus, Medial Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Tears Tenodesis
4
Chondroprotective Effect of Hydrogel Scaffold

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2023
Alcian Blue Cartilage Cartilage Diseases Degenerative Arthritides Eosin Ethanol Fast Green Meniscus Microscopy, Fluorescence Paraffin Paraffin Embedding PEGDMA Hydrogel safranine T Tissues
5
Biomimetic Meniscus Scaffold Mechanics

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2023
Meniscus PEGDMA Hydrogel Skeleton Sutures

Top products related to «Meniscus»

1
Keratograph 5m by Oculus
Sourced in Germany, United States
The Keratograph 5M is a medical device designed for corneal topography and anterior segment analysis. It utilizes advanced imaging technology to capture comprehensive data about the surface of the eye. The Keratograph 5M provides detailed information about the curvature and shape of the cornea, which is essential for various ophthalmic applications and procedures.
2
Matlab by MathWorks
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Austria, Morocco, Switzerland, Australia, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, China, France, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Malaysia, Israel, Finland, Spain
MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
3
Proteomelab xl 1 by Beckman Coulter
Sourced in United States
The ProteomeLab XL-I is an analytical ultracentrifuge system designed for advanced protein characterization. It employs sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium techniques to provide detailed information about the size, shape, and molecular weight of macromolecules in solution.
4
Spss statistic by IBM
Sourced in United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Italy, Poland, India, Canada, Switzerland, Spain, China, Sweden, Brazil, Australia, Hong Kong
SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive or batched statistical analysis. It provides data access and management, analytical reporting, graphics, and modeling capabilities.
5
Spss software by IBM
Sourced in United States, Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Belgium, China, Italy, India, Israel, France, Spain, Denmark, Canada, Hong Kong, Poland, Australia
SPSS is a software package used for statistical analysis. It provides a graphical user interface for data manipulation, statistical analysis, and visualization. SPSS offers a wide range of statistical techniques, including regression analysis, factor analysis, and time series analysis.
6
Fast fix by Smith & Nephew
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
Fast-Fix is a minimally invasive surgical device designed for tissue repair. It provides a secure and consistent method for attaching soft tissues to bone.
7
Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Israel, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Brazil, Denmark, Argentina, Sweden, New Zealand, Ireland, India, Gabon, Macao, Portugal, Czechia, Singapore, Norway, Thailand, Uruguay, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Panama
Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
8
Calcein am by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Australia, Japan, China, France, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Portugal, Switzerland, Czechia, Spain
Calcein AM is a fluorescent dye used for cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. It is a cell-permeant dye that is non-fluorescent until it is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases, at which point it becomes fluorescent and is retained within live cells.
9
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
10
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

More about "Meniscus"

fibrocartilage, knee joint, load distribution, shock absorption, joint stability, physical activity, pain, swelling, decreased mobility, surgical intervention, anatomy, biomechanics, repair mechanisms, treatment approaches, Keratograph 5M, MATLAB, ProteomeLab XL-I, SPSS Statistics, SPSS software, Fast-Fix, Streptomycin, Calcein AM, FBS, Penicillin/streptomycin, PubCompare.ai, orthopaedic, sports medicine