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> Anatomy > Body Part > Nails

Nails

Nails are keratinized structures covering the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges of the fingers and toes.
They serve to protect the delicate skin of the fingertips and toeips, and also enhance sensory perception and manual dexterity.
Nails grow from a nail root beneath the skin and consist of hard, translucent keratin.
Nail disorders, including fungal infections, ingrown nails, and nail changes associaated with systemic conditions, are common and can significantly impact quality of life.

Most cited protocols related to «Nails»

1
Whole Mount and Sectioned Embryo Imaging
For whole mount photographs (Figures 2 and 4), unfixed embryos were photographed using a Nikon epifluorescence microscope fitted with Chroma filter sets for ECFP (cyan GFP Ex436/20 Dm455 Bar480/40) and EYFP (yellow GFP Ex500/20 Dm515 Bar535/30). Digital images were acquired using a Spot camera.
For histological sections (Fig 3), embryos were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C, washed 2x for 10 min. in PBS, then equilibrated in the following solutions until the embryos settled at the bottom (approx. 30 min): PBS, 5% sucrose in PBS, 10% sucrose in PBS, and 15% sucrose in PBS. They were then equilibrated in a 1:1 mixture of OCT (Tissue-Tek, Mile, Inc.) and 15% sucrose in PBS for >1 hour, and embedded in OCT over dry ice. Sections were cut at 8 - 12 μM, blow-dried for 30 min. at low heat, then stored at -80°C with desiccant in an air tight bag. Before being photographed, the slides were brought to room temperature, washed 3x in PBS, mounted in Vectashield (Vector Laboratories), covered with a cover glass and sealed with clear nail polish. Sections were photographed as described above.
Srinivas S., Watanabe T., Lin C.S., William C.M., Tanabe Y., Jessell T.M, & Costantini F. (2001). Cre reporter strains produced by targeted insertion of EYFP and ECFP into the ROSA26 locus. BMC Developmental Biology, 1, 4.
Publication 2001
Cloning Vectors Cocaine Cyan 40 Desiccants Dry Ice Embryo Microscopy Nails paraform POU2F1 protein, human Sucrose Tissues
2
Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Cohort Study
The NCI IBMFS cohort is an open retrospective/prospective cohort, established in January 2002, with approval from the NCI Institutional Review Board. Data reported here include individuals enrolled prior to December, 2007, with follow-up through to December, 2008. The protocol, NCI 02-C-0052 [NCT00056121] (http://www.marrowfailure.cancer.gov), was advertised by mailing to paediatric haematologists/oncologists, medical geneticists, and IBMFS family support groups. Voluntary enrollment by the family contact (usually a parent or proband; a proxy was used for deceased patients) began with a telephone interview. Discussion at a team meeting determined whether the proband met the criteria for the suspected syndrome or needed further testing. A Family History Questionnaire provided medical information about relatives. Written informed consent and medical record release forms were signed. Individual Information Questionnaires (medical history, cancer risk factors, etc.) were sent to the proband (or proxy) and first-degree relatives. Biannual follow-up was obtained on all participants. Cancer diagnoses were confirmed by medical record review. All participants were enrolled in the ‘Field Cohort.’ Those who visited the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center were reassigned to the ‘Clinic Cohort.’ Families in the Clinic Cohort visited the NIH for 5 d, for thorough review of medical histories and physical examinations by haematologists and multiple subspecialists, as well as aetiologically-focused laboratory tests.
Participants were assigned to a specific syndrome according to standard criteria and confirmed by syndrome-specific tests where available (Alter, 2003 ). FA was diagnosed by abnormal chromosome breakage in peripheral blood lymphocytes, using both diepoxybutane and mitomycin C (Cervenka et al, 1981 (link); Auerbach et al, 1989 ). Skin fibroblasts were analysed when lymphocytes were normal but FA remained highly suspect (seeking evidence for haematopoietic mosaicism) (Alter et al, 2005 (link)). FA complementation group analyses were performed using retroviral correction (Chandra et al, 2005 (link)).
The clinical diagnosis of DC was made in individuals with components of the diagnostic triad (nail dystrophy, reticular pigmentation, and oral leucoplakia), or those with at least one other typical physical finding (Vulliamy et al, 2006 (link)), in association with marrow failure. We expanded the inclusion criteria to patients with marrow failure, any of the above physical parameters, and blood leucocyte subset telomere lengths below the first percentile of normal-for-age (Alter et al, 2007a (link)). We also classified as ‘DC’ probands and healthy family members who had pathogenic mutations in known DC genes, such as DKC1, TERC, TERT, and TINF2, including those with none of the typical physical findings (Savage & Alter, 2009 (link)).
The diagnosis of DBA was made in those with macrocytic pure red cell aplasia, and supported by finding increased red cell adenosine deaminase (Glader & Backer, 1988 (link)). Patients with SDS had neutropenia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, confirmed by detection of sub-normal levels of serum pancreatic trypsinogen and isoamylase (Ip et al, 2002 (link)).
All living affected individuals were specifically screened for all of the major IBMFS; genotyping was performed when possible (Ameziane et al, 2008 (link); Moghrabi et al, 2009 (link)). Affected individuals who had not received a transplant had bone marrow aspirations, biopsies and cytogenetic studies. Individuals who could not be classified as having a specific IBMFS were designated as ‘Others.’ Categories of ‘DC-like,’ ‘FA-like,’ and ‘SDS-like’ were used for individuals whose features initially suggested DC, FA, or SDS but who failed to meet diagnostic criteria. Severe bone marrow failure was defined as impaired haematopoiesis sufficiently severe to lead to bone marrow transplant (BMT) or death (Rosenberg et al, 2003 (link)); MDS required severe pancytopenia and dyspoietic morphology, with or without a cytogenetic clone (Alter et al, 2000 (link)).
Analyses used Microsoft Excel 11.0 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA), Stata 10.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA), and MATLAB 2008b software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator was used to calculate actuarial survival probabilities by age and cumulative incidences in the absence of competing risks; subjects were censored at death (Kaplan & Meier, 1958 ). Subgroup survivals were compared using the log-rank test for equality of survivor functions. Cause-specific hazards and cumulative incidence curves accounting for competing risks were calculated as described previously (Rosenberg et al, 2003 (link)). The observed number of cancers was compared with the expected number (O/E ratio), based on general population incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, adjusting for age, sex, race, and birth cohort (Ries et al, 2008 ). Sex ratios were examined using the binomial test of comparison with a male:female ratio of 1:1. Statistical tests were 2-sided, and P-values ≤0·05 were considered significant.
Alter B.P., Giri N., Savage S.A., Peters J.A., Loud J.T., Leathwood L., Carr A.G., Greene M.H, & Rosenberg P.S. (2010). Malignancies and survival patterns in the National Cancer Institute inherited bone marrow failure syndromes cohort study. British journal of haematology, 150(2), 179-188.
Publication 2010
Aspiration, Psychology Biopsy Birth Cohort BLOOD Bone Marrow Bone Marrow Transplantation Chromosome Aberrations Chromosome Breakage Clone Cells Congenital Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Deaminase, Adenosine Diagnosis erythritol anhydride Erythrocytes Ethics Committees, Research Family Member Fibroblasts Genes Grafts Hematopoiesis Hematopoietic System Isoamylase Leukocytes Leukopenia Leukoplakia, Oral Lymphocyte Males Malignant Neoplasms Marrow Mitomycin Mosaicism Mutation Nails Oncologists Pancreas Pancreatic Insufficiency, Exocrine Pancytopenia Parent pathogenesis Patients Physical Examination Pigmentation Pure Red-Cell Aplasia Retroviridae Serum Skin Survivors Syndrome telomerase RNA component Telomere TERT protein, human TINF2 protein, human Triad resin Trypsinogen Woman
3
Fixation and Immunostaining of Cells
This is modification from a previously published protocol described in [29 (link)]. Cells in 25 μl growth medium were rapidly fixed by the addition of 25 μl aldehyde in PBS to achieve a final concentration of 4% FA and 0.2% GA (glutaraldehyde); fixation was allowed to proceed for 15 min at room temperature (20–24 °C) before rinsing three times with PBS containing 50 mM NH4Cl. Slides were then placed on a metal plate in a deep ice bath and chilled for at least 2 min. All subsequent steps were performed on ice, with all solutions pre-chilled. Cells were blocked and permeabilized for 45 min with a solution of buffer A containing 5% (v/v) NGS (normal goat serum), 50 mM NH4Cl and 0.5% saponin. 100 nM GST–PH-PLCδ1 was included at this stage when the protein was used as a probe for PtdIns(4,5)P2, and GST-tagged protein was then removed by two rinses with buffer A. Primary antibodies were applied in buffer A with 5% NGS and 0.1% saponin for 1 h. After two washes in buffer A, a 45 min incubation with secondary antibody in buffer A with 5% NGS and 0.1% saponin was performed. Slides were then rinsed four times with buffer A, and cells were post-fixed in 2% FA in PBS for 10 min on ice, before warming to room temperature for an additional 5 min. FA was removed by three rinses in PBS containing 50 mM NH4Cl, followed by one rinse in distilled water. Wells were then dried, covered with 3 μl ProLong Gold (Invitrogen) supplemented with 1 μg/ml DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and covered with 22 mm×22 mm glass cover slips (No. 1 thickness, Scientific Laboratory Supplies), and sealed with nail varnish.
Hammond G.R., Schiavo G, & Irvine R.F. (2009). Immunocytochemical techniques reveal multiple, distinct cellular pools of PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2. Biochemical Journal, 422(Pt 1), 23-35.
Publication 2009
Aldehydes Antibodies Bath Buffers Cells Culture Media DAPI Electroplating Glutaral Goat Gold Immunoglobulins Nails Phosphatidylinositols Proteins Saponin Serum
4
Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol for Tissue Sections
Slides are removed from the running water and wiped around the section to create an 'island' onto which 100 – 200 μl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is carefully added to prevent the section from drying out. Next an ImmEdge pen (H-4000, Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK) is used to 'ring' the 'island'. The slide is shaken to remove excess PBS and 200 μl of immunofluorescence buffer (IFF) (PBS plus 1% bovine serum albumin (A3059, Sigma, Poole, Dorset, UK) and 2% foetal calf serum (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK), filtered through a 0.2 μm filter) is carefully pipetted onto the section before placing the slides in a moist chamber at room temperature. All following incubations are at room temperature with gentle mixing on a rocking platform, except where the primary antibody is applied overnight in which case the incubation is at 4°C (without rocking). Details of all antibodies used are in Table 1. Primary antibody(s) diluted in IFF for 60 minutes (or overnight at 4°C), 3 × 5 minute washes in PBS, 2 μg/ml secondary antibody diluted in IFF for 60 minutes, 3 × 5 minute washes in PBS containing 1.43 μM 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; D21490, Invitrogen,). The volumes used throughout are 100 – 200 μl depending on the size of the section.
Slides are rinsed in PBS, mounted in Vectashield (H-1000, Vector Laboratories) and sealed with clear nail varnish. This is best achieved by placing 8 μl of Vectashield on a 22 × 40 mm coverslip (0.155 – 0.185 mm thickness, VWR International), lowering the coverslip onto the section and gently squeezing out the excess Vectashield before sealing with nail varnish. Stained slides are stored at 4°C. We routinely collect images from slides within 0–5 days after labelling. High quality images can be collected following storage at 4°C for up to 10 weeks (see Figure 4A). However, if it is envisaged that the slides will be examined at later times, we strongly recommend storage at -20°C. As shown in Figure 4B, we have collected images following storage of slides at -20°C for 9 months with minimal loss in quality. Our recommendation is to collect images from slides that have been stored at -20°C within 1 – 4 weeks.
Robertson D., Savage K., Reis-Filho J.S, & Isacke C.M. (2008). Multiple immunofluorescence labelling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. BMC Cell Biology, 9, 13.
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Publication 2008
Antibodies Cloning Vectors DAPI Fetal Bovine Serum Fluorescent Antibody Technique Immunoglobulins Nails Phosphates Saline Solution Serum Albumin, Bovine
5
Updating EULAR PsA Management Recommendations
The updated EULAR standardised operating procedures were applied.21 (link) In October 2018, a steering group consisting of five rheumatologists, a fellow, a patient research partner and a health professional defined the questions that were to be addressed through a systematic literature review (SLR). The SLR was performed between October 2018 and May 2019, for the years 2015–2018, and analysed the efficacy in both musculoskeletal manifestations as well as the skin and nails in patients with PsA.1 (link) Of note, the SLR was not centred on skin psoriasis trials, and these trials are not reviewed systematically or alluded to systematically here. Where relevant and based on expert opinion, data made available after the end of the SLR were also integrated. In May 2019, the steering group as well as the taskforce met to integrate available information on disease management in PsA into practical recommendations. The taskforce consisted of 28 persons from 15 European countries with 15 different healthcare systems: 21 rheumatologists, 2 people affected with PsA, 1 health professional, 1 dermatologist and 3 rheumatology fellows/trainees. The taskforce comprised more than 30% new members compared with 2015.
The SLR informed the recommendations. However, the process was not only evidence-based but also experience-based and consensus-based, in line with the three-tier principles of evidence-based medicine that include clinical science (trials), patients’ perceptions and expectations, and physicians’ experiences. Benefit to cost ratios were taken into consideration when discussing prioritisation of drugs, since new effective treatments impose a significant burden on the healthcare budgets of EULAR and non-EULAR countries. Treatment guidance should therefore not only include considerations about safety and efficacy but should also focus on cost of treatment, in particular when different therapies have similar efficacy and safety data.
The results of the SLR were presented to the taskforce during a face-to-face meeting in May 2019, alongside the 2015 recommendations and proposals for changes to these recommendations prepared by the steering committee. Each recommendation was discussed in detail both in smaller (breakout) groups and in plenary sessions until consensus was reached. For changes to existing recommendations against which no new evidence has accrued since the last update, a ≥75% vote by the taskforce was mandated in order to prevent new taskforces from reformulating without major reasoning what had previously been developed based on the evidence presented at that point in time. If this majority was not reached, the recommendation was not changed. New recommendations were formulated and then accepted if ≥75% of the members agreed; if this agreement was not reached, the recommendation was reworded and subjected to a renewed vote for which a ≥67% majority was required. If this was not achieved, the wording underwent a next round of discussion and the new phrasing was approved if >50% of the taskforce members voted for it.
After the face-to-face meeting, the taskforce members were provided with the category of evidence and grade of recommendation for each item, based on the Oxford Evidence Based Medicine categorisation, as per the EULAR procedures.21 22 (link) Then an anonymised, email-based voting on the level of agreement among the taskforce members was performed on a 0–10 scale (with 10 meaning full agreement) allowing calculation of mean levels of agreement.
Gossec L., Baraliakos X., Kerschbaumer A., de Wit M., McInnes I., Dougados M., Primdahl J., McGonagle D.G., Aletaha D., Balanescu A., Balint P.V., Bertheussen H., Boehncke W.H., Burmester G.R., Canete J.D., Damjanov N.S., Kragstrup T.W., Kvien T.K., Landewé R.B., Lories R.J., Marzo-Ortega H., Poddubnyy D., Rodrigues Manica S.A., Schett G., Veale D.J., Van den Bosch F.E., van der Heijde D, & Smolen J.S. (2020). EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2019 update. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 79(6), 700-712.
Publication 2020
Dermatologist Europeans Face Health Care Professionals Nails Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Psoriasis Rheumatologist Safety Skin

Most recents protocols related to «Nails»

1
Pancake Coil Design for Inductive Heating
The advantage of a ‘pancake’ coil configuration for IH applications resides in the fact that some of the generated AMF appears on its surface. Therefore, it is suitable for applications that require surface heating and could have some degree of penetration depending on the intensity of the magnetic field. Other geometries, such as a helical configuration, require the target object to be inserted inside the coil [48 (link)–50 (link)]. A ‘pancake’ planar configuration met this project’s goal of applying AMFs to other surfaces. Hence, a 20-turn (for the LIH) and a 30-turn (for the TRIH) miniature multilayer ‘pancake’ coils were wound using a special high-frequency (200–350 kHz) wire known as Litz wire (MSW Wire Industries, Westlake Village, CA, USA). Litz wire is a conductor comprised of many twisted insulated strands that greatly minimizes the skin and proximity effects normally present in conductors at high frequencies by reducing the cross-sectional area of individual conductors [51 (link)]. It also counters the increase of the conductor impedance at higher frequencies, as the wire will maintain an AC resistance similar to its DC resistance. The wire used was composed of 120 strands of 42 AWG tightened with nylon, each one covered by a polyurethane insulation that allows it to withstand temperatures up to 155 °C.
The coils were wound counterclockwise on a nail (⌀ = 1.5 mm) that was inserted on a 10 cm × 10 cm slab of wood. Millimeter grid paper was glued to the wood to ensure the required coil diameter was met. Using this paper as a guide, twenty or thirty turns were made around the nail. Every three turns, Gorilla® Super Glue (Gorilla Glue Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA) was poured on the windings to maintain the turns in place. The coils were then detached from the base with about 5 cm of unwounded wire. Finally, the ends of the coils were soldered to Litz wires of the same gauge on their respective devices. These wires were then soldered to 6 AWG Type 2 Litz wires (OSCO Ltd., Milton Keynes, UK) that run externally and connect directly to the electrical circuitry with set screw copper lugs. The devices were operated at resonance (see Supplementary Information; subsection A). For this particular design, resonance frequencies of 326 kHz and 303 kHz were selected for the LIH and TRIH, respectively. Other values of resonance frequencies (100–500 kHz) can also be obtained using different tuning parameters. Table 1 presents a list of all relevant parameters of the coils used for the LIH and the TRIH cases. See figure 2 for a depiction of the LIH and TRIH coils.
Castro-Torres J.L., Méndez J., Torres-Lugo M, & Juan E. (2023). Development of handheld induction heaters for magnetic fluid hyperthermia applications and in-vitro evaluation on ovarian and prostate cancer cell lines. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 9(3), 035010.
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Publication 2023
Copper Electricity Flatulence Gorilla gorilla Helix (Snails) Magnetic Fields Medical Devices Nails Nylons Polyurethanes Skin Vibration Wounds
2
In Vivo Exosome Biodistribution

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Publication 2023
Alfalfa Cells Culture Media Diet Exosomes Fluorescence Light Macrophage Mice, Inbred C57BL Mus Nails Stains Veins Woman
3
Flexible PET-SPE Immunosensor for SARS-CoV-2 Detection

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Publication 2023
Binding Sites Carbon Cardiac Arrest CD3EAP protein, human Centrifugation Cystamine Cystamine Dihydrochloride DAC 1 Electric Conductivity Glutaral Graphite Medical Devices Nails Phosphates Polyethylene Terephthalates Powder Saline Solution SARS-CoV-2 Silver Soft Drinks Vacuum
4
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection

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Publication 2023
Alanine Albumins Ammonia Amylase Ascorbic Acid Aspartic Acid Biopharmaceuticals Blood Calcium chloride Carbon Black Chlorides Cystamine Dihydrochloride Electric Conductivity Glucans Glutamic Acid Glutaral Glycine Gold Graphite Histidine Homo sapiens Hydrochloric acid Immunoglobulins Isoleucine isononanoyl oxybenzene sulfonate Leucine Lysine Magnesium Chloride Males Men Methionine Nails Phenylalanine Polyethylene Terephthalates Polymers Potassium Chloride potassium ferricyanide potassium ferrocyanide potassium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic Powder Proline Recombinant Proteins Saliva SARS-CoV-2 Serine Serum Serum Albumin, Bovine Silver sodium borohydride Sodium Chloride Sodium Citrate Dihydrate sodium phosphate, monobasic Soft Drinks Strains Sulfuric Acids Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Urea Valine
5
Visualization of Fabric Dye Localization
Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed on a TCS SP8 instrument (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Germany) to visualize the localization of the disperse dyes and thionine acetate on the TC fabric. Laser excitation at 488 and 552 nm were employed to excite the disperse red (DR) dye and thionine acetate, respectively, with corresponding emission wavelengths of 570–630 (for DR) and 610–680 nm (for thionine acetate). The dual-dyed fabrics were first deconstructed by a knife to separate the yarns, which were then placed on a glass slide with one drop of water to smooth the surface, and then a coverslip was added on top, whose four edges were sealed with nail polish.
Jiang C., Dejarnette S., Chen W., Scholle F., Wang Q, & Ghiladi R.A. (2023). Color-variable dual-dyed photodynamic antimicrobial polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/cotton blended fabrics. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences.
Publication 2023
Acetate Microscopy, Confocal Nails thionine

Top products related to «Nails»

1
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2
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3
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DAPI is a fluorescent dye that binds strongly to adenine-thymine (A-T) rich regions in DNA. It is commonly used as a nuclear counterstain in fluorescence microscopy to visualize and locate cell nuclei.
4
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More about "Nails"

Nails are the keratinized structures that cover the dorsal (upper) aspect of the distal (furthest) phalanges (bones) of the fingers and toes.
These remarkable structures serve multiple purposes, including protecting the delicate skin of the fingertips and toeips, enhancing sensory perception, and aiding in manual dexterity.
Nails grow from a nail root beneath the skin and consist of hard, translucent keratin.
Nail disorders can significantly impact quality of life and are relatively common, ranging from fungal infections and ingrown nails to changes associated with systemic conditions.
Researchers studying nails may utilize various tools and techniques, such as Vectashield mounting medium, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) for nuclear staining, Alexa Fluor 488 for fluorescent labeling, Triton X-100 for permeabilization, ProLong Gold antifade reagent, Bovine serum albumin (BSA) for blocking, Fluoromount-G for mounting, and Hoechst 33342 for live-cell nuclear staining.
These advanced microscopy and imaging techniques, combined with a deep understanding of nail structure and function, can provide valuable insights into nail biology, development, and pathologies.
By leveraging the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their nail experiments, enhance reproducibility, and identify the most suitable products and protocols for their specific needs.