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> Anatomy > Body Part > Nucleus Accumbens

Nucleus Accumbens

The Nucleus Accumbens is a critical brain region involved in reward processing, motivation, and decision-making.
It is part of the ventral striatum and plays a key role in the brain's reward circuitry.
Researchers studying the Nucleus Accumbens may investigate its involvement in addiction, mood disorders, and other neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Most cited protocols related to «Nucleus Accumbens»

1
Brain Tissue Acquisition and Processing for Transcriptome Analysis
Brain tissue was obtained from the Douglas Bell Canada Brain Bank (DBCBQ; Douglas Mental Health Institute, Verdun, Québec). All subjects were Caucasians of French–Canadian descent, a population with a well identified founder effect105 (link). Sociodemographic and clinical information is listed in Supplementary Table 10. Males and females were group-matched for age, pH and postmortem intervals (PMI). Other information included presence of comorbid disorders, treatment history, smoking history, history of early life adversity, cause of death and presence of drug and/or alcohol abuse (Supplementary Table 10). Inclusion criteria for both cases and controls were the following: the subject had to be Caucasian and of French Canadian origin and the subject had to die suddenly without prolonged agonal state. Forty-eight subjects (26 MDD: 13 males, 13 females and 22 controls [CTRLs]: 13 males, 9 females) were recruited for this study. Tissue from six brain regions—orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; BA11), dorsolateral PFC (BA8/9; dlPFC), cingulate gyrus 25 (BA25; cg25; vmPFC), anterior insula (aINS); nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral subiculum (vSUB)—was carefully dissected at 4°C after having been flash-frozen in isopentene at −80°C. An additional group of 32 male samples (15 MDD and 17 CTRL) from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center brain bank was used for the validation of male DEGs. A third cohort composed of 18 female samples (6 MDD and 12 CTRL) was used for the validation of female DEGs. Sociodemographic and clinical information for the second (males) and third (females) cohorts is listed in Supplementary Tables 11 and 12, respectively. Tissue dissection was performed by histopathologists using reference neuroanatomical maps106 ,107 . The human study was approved by the research ethics boards of the McGill University and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Labonté B., Engmann O., Purushothaman I., Menard C., Wang J., Tan C., Scarpa J.R., Moy G., Loh Y.H., Cahill M., Lorsch Z.S., Hamilton P.J., Calipari E.S., Hodes G.E., Issler O., Kronman H., Pfau M., Obradovic A., Dong Y., Neve R., Russo S., Kazarskis A., Tamminga C., Mechawar N., Turecki G., Zhang B., Shen L, & Nestler E.J. (2017). Sex-Specific Transcriptional Signatures in Human Depression. Nature medicine, 23(9), 1102-1111.
Publication 2017
Abuse, Alcohol Autopsy Brain Caucasoid Races Cortex, Cerebral Dissection Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Females Freezing Gyrus Cinguli Homo sapiens Insula of Reil Males Men Mental Health Nucleus Accumbens Orbitofrontal Cortex Pharmaceutical Preparations Reproduction Subiculum Tissues
2
Cocaine Addiction Regulation via Glutamate Uptake

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Publication 2009
Acetylcysteine Animals Ceftriaxone Cocaine Decapitation Dietary Supplements Extinction, Psychological Fractionation, Chemical Glutamate Locomotion Nucleus Accumbens Pharmaceutical Preparations Proteins Rattus norvegicus Saline Solution Sedatives Self Administration Tissue, Membrane Tissues
3
Automated Brain Structural Analysis
Structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans were collected at the 24 participating centres. Scanning details are provided in Supplementary Table 3. T1-weighted images from cases and controls were analysed at each site using FreeSurfer 5.3.0, for automated analysis of brain structure (Fischl, 2012 (link)). Volumetric measures were extracted for 12 subcortical grey matter regions (six left and six right, including the amygdala, caudate, nucleus accumbens, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus), the left and right hippocampi, and the left and right lateral ventricles. Cortical thickness measures were extracted for 34 left-hemispheric grey matter regions, and 34 right-hemispheric grey matter regions (68 total; Supplementary Table 4). Visual inspections of subcortical and cortical segmentations were conducted following standardized ENIGMA protocols (http://enigma.usc.edu), used in prior genetic studies of brain structure (Stein et al., 2012 (link); Hibar et al., 2015 (link), 2017a (link); Adams et al., 2016 (link)), and large-scale case-control studies of neuropsychiatric illnesses (Schmaal et al., 2015 (link), 2016 (link); Hibar et al., 2016 (link); van Erp et al., 2016 (link); Boedhoe et al., 2017 ). Analysts were blind to participants’ diagnoses. Each analyst was instructed to execute a series of standardized bash scripts, identifying participants with volumetric or thickness measures greater or less than 1.5 times the interquartile range as outliers. Outlier data were then visually inspected, by overlaying the participant’s cortical segmentations on their whole-brain anatomical images. If the blinded local analyst judged any structure as inaccurately segmented, that structure was omitted from the analysis. The Supplementary material provides further information.
Whelan C.D., Altmann A., Botía J.A., Jahanshad N., Hibar D.P., Absil J., Alhusaini S., Alvim M.K., Auvinen P., Bartolini E., Bergo F.P., Bernardes T., Blackmon K., Braga B., Caligiuri M.E., Calvo A., Carr S.J., Chen J., Chen S., Cherubini A., David P., Domin M., Foley S., França W., Haaker G., Isaev D., Keller S.S., Kotikalapudi R., Kowalczyk M.A., Kuzniecky R., Langner S., Lenge M., Leyden K.M., Liu M., Loi R.Q., Martin P., Mascalchi M., Morita M.E., Pariente J.C., Rodríguez-Cruces R., Rummel C., Saavalainen T., Semmelroch M.K., Severino M., Thomas R.H., Tondelli M., Tortora D., Vaudano A.E., Vivash L., von Podewils F., Wagner J., Weber B., Yao Y., Yasuda C.L., Zhang G., Bargalló N., Bender B., Bernasconi N., Bernasconi A., Bernhardt B.C., Blümcke I., Carlson C., Cavalleri G.L., Cendes F., Concha L., Delanty N., Depondt C., Devinsky O., Doherty C.P., Focke N.K., Gambardella A., Guerrini R., Hamandi K., Jackson G.D., Kälviäinen R., Kochunov P., Kwan P., Labate A., McDonald C.R., Meletti S., O'Brien T.J., Ourselin S., Richardson M.P., Striano P., Thesen T., Wiest R., Zhang J., Vezzani A., Ryten M., Thompson P.M, & Sisodiya S.M. (2018). Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study. Brain, 141(2), 391-408.
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Publication 2018
Amygdaloid Body Brain Cortex, Cerebral Diagnosis Genetic Structures Globus Pallidus Gray Matter MRI Scans Nucleus Accumbens Putamen Seahorses Thalamus Ventricles, Right Visually Impaired Persons
4
Dopamine Dynamics in Selectively-Bred Rats
The majority of these studies were conducted with adult male Sprague-Dawley rats from a selective-breeding colony which has been previously described14 (link). The data presented here were obtained from bHR and bLR rats from generations S18–S22. Equipment and procedures for Pavlovian conditioning have been described in detail elsewhere 13 (link),15 (link). Selectively-bred rats from generations S18, S20 and S21 were transported from the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI) to the University of Washington (Seattle, WA) for the FSCV experiments. During each behavior session, chronically implanted microsensors, placed in the core of the nucleus accumbens, were connected to a head-mounted voltammetric amplifier for detection of dopamine by FSCV23 (link). Voltammetric scans were repeated every 100 ms to obtain a sampling rate of 10 Hz. Voltammetric analysis was carried out using software written in LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX). On completion of the FSCV experiments, recording sites were verified using standard histological procedures. To examine the effects of flupenthixol (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri; dissolved in 0.9% NaCl) on the performance of sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior, rats received an injection (i.p.) of 150, 300 or 600 μg/kg of the drug one hour prior to Pavlovian conditioning sessions 9, 11 and 13. Doses of the drug were counterbalanced between groups and interspersed with saline injections (i.p., 0.9% NaCl; prior to sessions 8, 10, 12 and 14) to prevent any cumulative drug effects. To examine the effects of flupenthixol on the acquisition of sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior, rats received an injection of either saline (i.p.) or 225 μg/kg of the drug one hour prior to Pavlovian conditioning sessions 1–7.
Detailed methods and any associated references are available in the online version of the paper at www.nature.com/nature.
Flagel S.B., Clark J.J., Robinson T.E., Mayo L., Czuj A., Willuhn I., Akers C.A., Clinton S.M., Phillips P.E, & Akil H. (2010). A selective role for dopamine in reward learning. Nature, 469(7328), 53-57.
Publication 2010
Adult austin Dopamine Flupenthixol Head Histological Techniques Males Normal Saline Nucleus Accumbens Pharmaceutical Preparations Radionuclide Imaging Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Saline Solution
5
Comprehensive Functional Annotation of Genetic Variants
For the biological annotation of the 20 SNPs in Table 1, we generated a list of LD partners for each of the original SNPs. A SNP was considered an LD partner for the original SNP if (i) its pairwise LD with the original SNP exceeded R2 = 0.6 and (ii) it was located within 250kb of the original SNP. We also generated a list of genes residing within loci tagged by our lead SNPs (Supplementary Table 34).
We used the NHGRI GWAS catalog44 (link) to determine which of our 20 SNPs (and their LD partners) were in LD with SNPs for which genome-wide significant associations have been previously reported. Since the GWAS catalog does not always include the most recent GWAS results available, we included additional recent GWAS studies. We used the tool HaploReg45 (link) to identify nonsynonymous variants in LD with any of the 20 SNPs or their LD partners.
We examined whether the 20 polymorphisms in Table 1 were associated with gene expression levels (Supplementary Table 24 and Supplementary Note). The cis-eQTL associations were performed in 4,896 peripheral-blood gene expression and genome-wide SNP samples from two Dutch cohorts measured on the Affymetrix U219 platform42 (link),43 (link),46 (link). We also performed eQTL lookups of our 20 SNPs in the Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal47 (link),48 (link). We restricted the search to the following trait-relevant tissues: hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (BA24), putamen (basal ganglia), frontal cortex (BA9), nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia), caudate (basal ganglia), cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, cerebellum, tibial nerve, thyroid, adrenal gland, and pituitary.
Finally, using a gene co-expression database49 (link), we explored the predicted functions of genes co-locating with the 20 SNPs in Table 1 (Supplementary Table 35).
Okbay A., Baselmans B.M., De Neve J.E., Turley P., Nivard M.G., Fontana M.A., Meddens S.F., Linnér R.K., Rietveld C.A., Derringer J., Gratten J., Lee J.J., Liu J.Z., de Vlaming R., Ahluwalia T.S., Buchwald J., Cavadino A., Frazier-Wood A.C., Davies G., Furlotte N.A., Garfield V., Geisel M.H., Gonzalez J.R., Haitjema S., Karlsson R., van der Laan S.W., Ladwig K.H., Lahti J., van der Lee S.J., Miller M.B., Lind P.A., Liu T., Matteson L., Mihailov E., Minica C.C., Nolte I.M., Mook-Kanamori D.O., van der Most P.J., Oldmeadow C., Qian Y., Raitakari O., Rawal R., Realo A., Rueedi R., Schmidt B., Smith A.V., Stergiakouli E., Tanaka T., Taylor K., Thorleifsson G., Wedenoja J., Wellmann J., Westra H.J., Willems S.M., Zhao W., Amin N., Bakshi A., Bergmann S., Bjornsdottir G., Boyle P.A., Cherney S., Cox S.R., Davis O.S., Ding J., Direk N., Eibich P., Emeny R.T., Fatemifar G., Faul J.D., Ferrucci L., Forstner A.J., Gieger C., Gupta R., Harris T.B., Harris J.M., Holliday E.G., Hottenga J.J., De Jager P.L., Kaakinen M.A., Kajantie E., Karhunen V., Kolcic I., Kumari M., Launer L.J., Franke L., Li-Gao R., Liewald D.C., Koini M., Loukola A., Marques-Vidal P., Montgomery G.W., Mosing M.A., Paternoster L., Pattie A., Petrovic K.E., Pulkki-Råback L., Quaye L., Räikkönen K., Rudan I., Scott R.J., Smith J.A., Sutin A.R., Trzaskowski M., Vinkhuyzen A.E., Yu L., Zabaneh D., Attia J.R., Bennett D.A., Berger K., Bertram L., Boomsma D.I., Snieder H., Chang S.C., Cucca F., Deary I.J., van Duijn C.M., Eriksson J.G., Bültmann U., de Geus E.J., Groenen P.J., Gudnason V., Hansen T., Hartman C.A., Haworth C.M., Hayward C., Heath A.C., Hinds D.A., Hyppönen E., Iacono W.G., Järvelin M.R., Jöckel K.H., Kaprio J., Kardia S.L., Keltikangas-Järvinen L., Kraft P., Kubzansky L.D., Lehtimäki T., Magnusson P.K., Martin N.G., McGue M., Metspalu A., Mills M., de Mutsert R., Oldehinkel A.J., Pasterkamp G., Pedersen N.L., Plomin R., Polasek O., Power C., Rich S.S., Rosendaal F.R., den Ruijter H.M., Schlessinger D., Schmidt H., Svento R., Schmidt R., Alizadeh B.Z., Sørensen T.I., Spector T.D., Starr J.M., Stefansson K., Steptoe A., Terracciano A., Thorsteinsdottir U., Thurik A.R., Timpson N.J., Tiemeier H., Uitterlinden A.G., Vollenweider P., Wagner G.G., Weir D.R., Yang J., Conley D.C., Smith G.D., Hofman A., Johannesson M., Laibson D.I., Medland S.E., Meyer M.N., Pickrell J.K., Esko T., Krueger R.F., Beauchamp J.P., Koellinger P.D., Benjamin D.J., Bartels M, & Cesarini D. (2016). Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nature genetics, 48(6), 624-633.
Publication 2016
Adrenal Glands Basal Ganglia Biopharmaceuticals BLOOD Brodmann Area 24 Cerebellum Cortex, Cerebral Gene Expression Genes, vif Genetic Polymorphism Genome Genome-Wide Association Study Genotype Gyrus, Anterior Cingulate Hypothalamus Lobe, Frontal Nucleus Accumbens Operator, Genetic Putamen Seahorses Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Thyroid Gland Tibial Nerve Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Nucleus Accumbens»

1
Schizophrenia-Risk Variants Influence KTN1 Expression
We examined the potential regulatory effects of schizophrenia-risk variants identified above on the KTN1 mRNA expression in human postmortem brains in a UK European cohort (n = 138) (i.e., BRAINEAC dataset)79 (link) and in a European-American cohort (n = 210) (i.e., GTEx dataset)80 using cis-eQTL analysis. These subjects were free of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In the UK European cohort, a total of 10 brain regions were analyzed, including cerebellar, prefrontal, occipital, and temporal cortices, hippocampus, medulla, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus, and intralobular white matter. In the European-American cohort, a total of 11 brain regions were analyzed, including BG (putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and substantia nigra), limbic system [anterior cingulate gyrus (BA24), amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus], prefrontal cortex (BA9), and cerebellum. Normalized mRNA expression levels were compared between different alleles of each variant using t-test. Multiple comparisons in each brain region were corrected by FDR.
Mao Q., Lin X., Yin Q., Liu P., Zhang Y., Qu S., Xu J., Cheng W., Luo X., Kang L., Taximaimaiti R., Zheng C., Zhang H., Wang X., Ren H., Cao Y., Lin J, & Luo X. (2023). A significant, functional and replicable risk KTN1 variant block for schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, 13, 3890.
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Publication 2023
Alleles Amygdaloid Body Autopsy Brain Brodmann Area 24 Cerebellum Europeans Gyrus, Anterior Cingulate Homo sapiens Hypothalamus KTN1 protein, human Limbic System Medulla Oblongata Nucleus, Caudate Nucleus Accumbens Prefrontal Cortex Putamen RNA, Messenger Schizophrenia Seahorses Substantia Nigra Temporal Lobe Thalamus White Matter
2
Genetic Influence on Brain Volumes
The ICV in 18,713 European subjects (17 CHAGE + 29 ENIGMA2 cohorts)81 (link) and the GMVs of BG (caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens) and limbic system (amygdale, hippocampus, and thalamus) in 38,258 European subjects (14 CHAGE + 35 ENIGMA2 + 1 UKBB cohorts)54 (link),82 (link) were measured by structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), following a standardized protocol procedure. GMVs were calculated using the brain segmentation software packages: FIRST83 (link) or FreeSurfer84 (link). All subjects were genotyped using microarray and imputed based on the 1000 Genome Project genotype panels. Genetic homogeneity was assessed in each subject using multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analysis.
The potential regulatory effects of schizophrenia-risk variants identified above on ICV and GMVs were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, 4 MDS components, ICV (for non-ICV phenotypes) and diagnosis (when applicable; most subjects were free of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders). Multiple testing in each brain region was corrected by FDR.
Mao Q., Lin X., Yin Q., Liu P., Zhang Y., Qu S., Xu J., Cheng W., Luo X., Kang L., Taximaimaiti R., Zheng C., Zhang H., Wang X., Ren H., Cao Y., Lin J, & Luo X. (2023). A significant, functional and replicable risk KTN1 variant block for schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, 13, 3890.
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Publication 2023
Brain Diagnosis Europeans Genome Genotype Globus Pallidus Limbic System Microarray Analysis Nucleus, Caudate Nucleus Accumbens Phenotype Putamen Reproduction Schizophrenia Seahorses Thalamus
3
Differential Gene Expression in Nucleus Accumbens and Striatum
Once PND90 was reached, animals were sacrificed, and tissue from the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and dorsolateral striatum was dissected. RNA extraction was performed using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). Libraries were prepared according to the ‘NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep kit for Illumina’ (New England Biolabs) instructions and sequenced using a ‘NextSeq™ 500 High Output Kit’ in a 1 × 75 single read sequencing run on a NextSeq500 sequencer. Differential expression analysis was carried out using the CUFFDIFF tool. We then used Metascape (https://metascape.org/gp/index.html#/main/step1) to analyse the enrichment in specific gene ontologies for each comparison.
Capellán R., Orihuel J., Marcos A., Ucha M., Moreno-Fernández M., Casquero-Veiga M., Soto-Montenegro M.L., Desco M., Oteo-Vives M., Ibáñez-Moragues M., Magro-Calvo N., Morcillo M.Á., Ambrosio E, & Higuera-Matas A. (2023). Interaction between maternal immune activation and peripubertal stress in rats: impact on cocaine addiction-like behaviour, morphofunctional brain parameters and striatal transcriptome. Translational Psychiatry, 13, 84.
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Publication 2023
A-A-1 antibiotic Animals DNA Library Neostriatum Nucleus Accumbens Tissues
4
Structural MRI Analysis with FreeSurfer
Structural T1 images were analyzed using FreeSurfer (version 6.0.03) to perform cortical modeling and volumetric segmentation. The standard processing procedures were performed separately on each cerebral hemisphere and included (1) motion correction and conform; (2) correction of signal strength non-uniformities caused by magnetic field inhomogeneities; (3) removal of no-brain issue (skull stripping); (4) affine registration to the Talairach atlas and segmentation of the subcortical white matter and deep gray matter structures. (5) tessellation of the gray-to-white and gray-to-cerebrospinal fluid surface boundaries; (6) automatic correction of topology defects; (7) surface deformation for optional placement of the gray-to-white and gray-to-CSF boundaries, two researchers blinded to the participants performed the initial visual inspection of the segmentation and minor manual corrections to the segmentation as needed; (8) smoothing with a 10 mm FWHM Gaussian smoothing kernel; (9) surface inflation and registration to a spherical atlas for intersubject matching of cortical folding patterns; (10) cortical parcellations were based on the PALS-B12 atlas (Van Essen, 2005 (link)). For each subject, per hemisphere, FreeSurfer parcellated five cortical regions (frontal, parietal, limbic, temporal, and occipital lobe) based on the PALS-B12 atlas and seven subcortical regions (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus) (Fischl et al., 2002 (link)). The regional cortical thicknesses and volumes, subcortical GM volumes, and total intracranial volume (TIV) were extracted from the reconstructed brain images in the standard brain space.
Wang H., Xu J., Yu M., Zhou G., Ren J., Wang Y., Zheng H., Sun Y., Wu J, & Liu W. (2023). Functional and structural alterations as diagnostic imaging markers for depression in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1101623.
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Publication 2023
Amygdaloid Body Brain Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebrospinal Fluid Cortex, Cerebral Cranium Globus Pallidus Gray Matter Magnetic Fields Nucleus Accumbens Occipital Lobe Papillon-Lefevre Disease Putamen Seahorses Thalamus White Matter
5
Probabilistic Decision-Making and Dopamine Dynamics in Rats
Risk attitude was tested in female and male rats using a probabilistic decision-making task. After magazine training was completed, rats were trained on an operant fixed ratio (FR) schedule to a criterion of >23 presses out of 20 total trials where one pellet was delivered following the depression of the left or right lever. Rats then underwent auto-shaping, where the rats were required to first nose-poke the magazine tray to begin the trail where the intertrial interval was increased from 0 to 15 s, the time to perform the trail initiating the poke was decreased to 10 s, and the intertrial interval was increased to 30 s.
Detailed methods for these and the following tasks can be found in previous publications (Nasrallah et al., 2009 (link), 2011 (link); Clark et al., 2012 (link); Schindler et al., 2014 (link)). During the task, rats were presented with two levers flanking the magazine tray where one lever represented the certain lever (low-risk) and the other the uncertain lever (high-risk). The low-risk lever was associated with a certain (1.00) delivery of two sucrose pellets and the uncertain lever was associated with the probabilistic (1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0.00) delivery of four sucrose pellets. Each session consisted of 24 forced trials followed by 24 free choice trials where each probability presented on a different day decreased in descending order with an intertrial interval of 45 s. During the forced choice trials and following the trial initiation, a single lever would extend and the pressing of that lever resulted in the illumination of the tray light signaling the delivery of the associated reward based on the certainty of that lever and probability of that day; whereas following trial initiation during the free choice trials, both levers were extended with a total of 10 s for that rat to choose between the two levers.
After the probabilistic decision-making was completed, female control and ethanol rats underwent anesthetized surgeries with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulated dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) as follows.
Asarch A.M., Kruse L.C., Schindler A.G., Phillips P.E, & Clark J.J. (2023). Sexually dimorphic development of the mesolimbic dopamine system is associated with nuanced sensitivity to adolescent alcohol use. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 1124979.
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Publication 2023
Dopamine Ethanol Lighting Males Medial Forebrain Bundle Nose Nucleus Accumbens Obstetric Delivery Operative Surgical Procedures Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Pellets, Drug Phytolacca americana Radionuclide Imaging Rattus Sucrose TNFSF10 protein, human Woman

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