Diagnostic histologic methods were performed on standard blocks of tissue that were fixed in 4% buffered formaldehyde and then either dehydrated and embedded in paraffin or cryoprotected and cut on a freezing, sliding microtome. Paraffin sections from the olfactory bulb and tract, anterior medulla (two levels anterior to the obex), anterior and mid-pons, mid-amygdala with adjacent transentorhinal area, anterior cingulate gyrus (1–3 cm posterior to the coronal slice containing the genu of the corpus callosum), middle temporal gyrus (at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus), middle frontal gyrus (4–5 cm posterior to the frontal pole), and inferior parietal lobule were stained immunohistochemically for α-synuclein using a polyclonal antibody raised against an α-synuclein peptide fragment phosphorylated at serine 129, after epitope exposure with proteinase K. The process leading to the choice of immunohistochemical method, as well as details of the method, have been described in a previous publication (7 (link)). The density of α-synuclein-immunoreactive Lewy bodies and neurites in each of the above-mentioned brain regions was scored, for more than 90% of slides, by a single observer (TGB), without knowledge of diagnosis, as none, sparse, moderate, frequent and very frequent, using the templates provided by the Dementia with Lewy Bodies Consortium (66 (link)). The remaining slides were scored by trainees under the instruction of the primary observer. For the substantia nigra (SN), LTS was estimated using the same scoring method but on thioflavine-S-stained thick (40 micron) sections due to the standard laboratory practice of sectioning the SN in this manner for unbiased morphometric analysis.
Olfactory Bulb
The olfactory bulb is a critical structure in the mammalian brain responsible for the initial processing of olfactory information.
It receives input from the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity and plays a key role in smell perception, memory, and navigation.
The olfactory bulb is organized into several distinct layers, each with specialized neuronal populations that contribute to the complex processing of odor signals.
Researchers studying the olfactory bulb can utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to access the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while benefiting from in-depth comparisons to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.
This can help elevate olfactory bulb studies and enhance the overall research workflow.
It receives input from the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity and plays a key role in smell perception, memory, and navigation.
The olfactory bulb is organized into several distinct layers, each with specialized neuronal populations that contribute to the complex processing of odor signals.
Researchers studying the olfactory bulb can utilize PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to access the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, while benefiting from in-depth comparisons to ensure reproducibility and accuracy.
This can help elevate olfactory bulb studies and enhance the overall research workflow.
Most cited protocols related to «Olfactory Bulb»
Amygdaloid Body
Brain
Corpus Callosum
Dementia
Diagnosis
Endopeptidase K
Epitopes
Formaldehyde
Gyrus, Anterior Cingulate
Histological Techniques
Immunoglobulins
Knee
Lateral Geniculate Body
Lewy Bodies
Medial Frontal Gyrus
Medulla Oblongata
Microtomy
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Neurites
Olfactory Bulb
Paraffin
Paraffin Embedding
Parietal Lobule
Peptide Fragments
Pons
Serine
SNCA protein, human
Substantia Nigra
thioflavine
Tissues
Bath
Brain
Internal Ribosome Entry Sites
Light
Mice, Laboratory
Microscopy
Microtomy
Movement
Olfactory Bulb
Saline Solution
Detailed methodology for producing the rat brain atlas is provided in the first three editions (Swanson, 1992 , 1998 , 2004 ) that are available as open access legacy resources (Swanson, 2015b ) at larrywswanson.com . Briefly, after many attempts (starting in 1974) to obtain a complete series of transverse histological sections suitable for an atlas, one was obtained in 1982 from a 315‐g adult male Sprague‐Dawley rat that had been perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in celloidin to hold separate parts of sections in place during mounting. All procedures for rats complied with NIH and institutional guidelines current from 1974 to 1982; the work on the atlas brain was done at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA. Every section through the brain was collected, stained, and mounted; the first 133 sections through the olfactory bulbs were 30 µm thick, whereas the last 423 sections through the rest of the brain were 40 µm thick. The sections were stained with thionin and covered with DPX.
Because celloidin‐embedded tissue shrinks considerably and differentially in the rostro‐caudal, medio‐lateral, and dorso‐ventral dimensions, two Cartesian coordinate systems for the sections were produced. The first is a strictly physical coordinate system, corresponding to dimensions in the tissue sections themselves. The second is a stereotaxic coordinate system that ideally would be based on the dimensions of the brain within the skull of the intact, living animal. Fortunately, this brain was cut in virtually the same transverse plane as the stereotaxic rat brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986), based on unembedded, frozen‐sectioned brains that suffered very little shrinkage. Because researchers have found the stereotaxic coordinates in Paxinos and Watson (1986) to be the best available, they were adopted for our brain as the second set of coordinates.
Photomicrographs of selected histological sections were obtained by placing the sections in an Omega enlarger with a point light source, projecting an image of the section onto a 4 × 5 inch sheet of Kodak Kodalith Ortho (2556) film, developing the film in Kodak Kodalith fine line developer, and printing with a Durst enlarger and Schneider Kreuzanch Componon‐S lens (f/150 mm) on 11 × 14 inch sheets of Kodak Kodabrome II RC paper, contrast grade F5. After 35 years, these thick celloidin sections are unsuitable for high resolution digital scanning because they are not completely flat and because the DPX has retracted in places, creating random “bubbles” of air between tissue section and coverslip. However, most areas of the sections remain suitable for microscopic examination.
Because celloidin‐embedded tissue shrinks considerably and differentially in the rostro‐caudal, medio‐lateral, and dorso‐ventral dimensions, two Cartesian coordinate systems for the sections were produced. The first is a strictly physical coordinate system, corresponding to dimensions in the tissue sections themselves. The second is a stereotaxic coordinate system that ideally would be based on the dimensions of the brain within the skull of the intact, living animal. Fortunately, this brain was cut in virtually the same transverse plane as the stereotaxic rat brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986), based on unembedded, frozen‐sectioned brains that suffered very little shrinkage. Because researchers have found the stereotaxic coordinates in Paxinos and Watson (1986) to be the best available, they were adopted for our brain as the second set of coordinates.
Photomicrographs of selected histological sections were obtained by placing the sections in an Omega enlarger with a point light source, projecting an image of the section onto a 4 × 5 inch sheet of Kodak Kodalith Ortho (2556) film, developing the film in Kodak Kodalith fine line developer, and printing with a Durst enlarger and Schneider Kreuzanch Componon‐S lens (f/150 mm) on 11 × 14 inch sheets of Kodak Kodabrome II RC paper, contrast grade F5. After 35 years, these thick celloidin sections are unsuitable for high resolution digital scanning because they are not completely flat and because the DPX has retracted in places, creating random “bubbles” of air between tissue section and coverslip. However, most areas of the sections remain suitable for microscopic examination.
Adult
Animals
Biopharmaceuticals
Brain
Celloidin
Cranium
Lens, Crystalline
Light
Males
Microscopy
Olfactory Bulb
paraform
Photomicrography
Physical Examination
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Thionins
Tissues
Once the brain is positioned under the objective and the imaging and sectioning parameters are chosen (see below), the instrument operates in a fully automated mode. The brain is mounted in saline (we used 50 mM PB, pH 7.4) in a water bath positioned on the computer controlled XYZ stages. After identifying Z-position of the brain surface under the objective, the following parameters are set in the software: FOV size, FOV mosaic size, pixel size, pixel residence time, laser power, sectioning speed, sectioning frequency, Z-step for each sectioning cycle and a number of Z sections. The imaging plane is set below the brain surface to ensure an undisturbed optical section throughout. We typically use 50 μm below surface, but a comparable image resolution can be obtained down to about 100 μm below surface with small adjustments in laser power. The laser power is set constant for imaging of single optical sections between each sectioning steps. For collection of Z-volumes between sectioning steps, such as the dataset of SST-ires-Cre::Ai9 olfactory bulb imaged at Z-resolution 2.5 μm (Supplementary Video 6 ), the laser power is adjusted based on the Z depth to compensate for increased light scattering with increased depth.
The number of FOV tiles per mosaic is set to cover the extent of the sample and allow for a small overlap between the FOV tiles for post-processing stitching (see below). The experiments with the 10X objective employ 6 × 8 overlapping mosaic of 1.66 × 1.66 mm FOV, the XY stage movement is 1.5 mm, pixel size 1 or 2 μm and pixel residence time between 0.4 to 1.0 μs. The experiments with the 20x objective employ 11 × 17 mosaic of 0.83 × 0.83 mm FOV, the XY stage movement is 0.7 mm, pixel size 0.5 or 1μm and pixel residence time between 0.4 to 1 μs. Once a mosaic is completed, the same XYZ stages used for the mosaic imaging move the sample from the microscope objective towards a vibrating blade microtome to section the uppermost portion of the tissue. The times for imaging of 260 section mouse brain datasets are given Table 1.
The number of FOV tiles per mosaic is set to cover the extent of the sample and allow for a small overlap between the FOV tiles for post-processing stitching (see below). The experiments with the 10X objective employ 6 × 8 overlapping mosaic of 1.66 × 1.66 mm FOV, the XY stage movement is 1.5 mm, pixel size 1 or 2 μm and pixel residence time between 0.4 to 1.0 μs. The experiments with the 20x objective employ 11 × 17 mosaic of 0.83 × 0.83 mm FOV, the XY stage movement is 0.7 mm, pixel size 0.5 or 1μm and pixel residence time between 0.4 to 1 μs. Once a mosaic is completed, the same XYZ stages used for the mosaic imaging move the sample from the microscope objective towards a vibrating blade microtome to section the uppermost portion of the tissue. The times for imaging of 260 section mouse brain datasets are given Table 1.
Bath
Brain
Internal Ribosome Entry Sites
Light
Mice, Laboratory
Microscopy
Microtomy
Movement
Olfactory Bulb
Saline Solution
Cerebellum
Craniotomy
Cranium
Fibrosis
Isoflurane
isolation
Lynx
Males
Mice, House
Olfactory Bulb
Operative Surgical Procedures
Tungsten
Most recents protocols related to «Olfactory Bulb»
RNA-seq was performed to obtain the brain RNA expression profiles of the F1 mice subjected to behavioral experiments. Four mice in each group were sacrificed after the behavioral experiments. Total RNA was extracted from the brain tissue (whole brain, excluding the olfactory bulb and cerebellum) using the NucleoSpin RNA kit (TaKaRa Bio). The concentrations of the RNA samples were determined using a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The quality was checked using the 5200 Fragment Analyzer System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and Agilent HS RNA kit (Agilent). Sequence libraries were then constructed using the MGIEasy RNA Directional Library Prep Set (MGI Tech; Shenzhen, China). The quality of the library was checked using the 5200 Fragment Analyzer System with dsDNA 915 Reagent Kit (Agilent). One hundred base-pair paired-end sequencing was performed on the DNBSEQ-G400 platform using the DNBSEQ-G400RS high-throughput sequencing kit (MGI Tech). The resulting raw reads were quality-checked using the Sickle program. Adapter trimming was performed using the Cutadapt 1.16 program. Trimmed reads were mapped against mm10 using the HISAT2 program, followed by annotation and transcript quantification using StringTie. Transcript expression levels were compared to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using edgeR; DEGs were defined as genes with P-values < 0.05 and two-fold or greater expression variation by exactTest. These were used for pathway analysis using IPA software version 68752261 (QIAGEN).
Base Pairing
Brain
cDNA Library
Cerebellum
DNA, Double-Stranded
Genes
Mice, Laboratory
Olfactory Bulb
RNA-Seq
Tissues
Transcription, Genetic
Place, duration, and design of the study
This prospective single-center study was performed in our department between May 2021 and December 2021.
Ethics
Informed consent was obtained for all patients. The examinations were only performed after a careful explanation of the characteristics, non-invasiveness, and aim of the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (Number: 2021.93 [075-DEFI/078-CE]) and the design complies with the Declaration of Helsinki ethical standards.
Inclusion criteria
Adulthood, OD concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 documented infection), subjective persistence of OD, and a cognitive status that allowed the patient to sign an informed consent and to self-treat with the medical therapeutic proposed.
Exclusion criteria
Chronic rhinosinusitis, recent head trauma with loss of consciousness, olfactory complaints before documented COVID-19, gestation, prior nasal surgery, known olfactory bulb lesion on imaging, neurologic or psychiatric disease, or inability to tolerate nasal endoscopy.
Evaluation
Our evaluation consisted of several steps: A general assessment of days before the onset of hyposmia, co-morbidities, a subjective assessment using the Portuguese Language Olfactory Disorders Questionnaire [12 (link)], and a VAS toward subjective impairment of hyposmia in quality of life. Our VAS consisted of an 11-point scale ranging between 0 and 10, being “not a problem” on the left end of the scale (number 0) and “worst problem in my life” on the right end of the scale (number 10). An objective assessment of olfactory thresholds using the Sniffin´ Sticks threshold test with n-butanol: 16 levels in 48 pens were also performed [13 (link)]. The nasal status assessment was performed by nasal endoscopy for exclusion of nasal pathology and evaluation of Lund-Kennedy score - when a polyp score ≥ 1 was seen, the patient was excluded from our cohort while follow-up and further management were maintained in parallel. Also, all patients underwent olfactory training and adjuvant therapy using the strategy described in the protocol described by Sousa et al. [14 (link)].
Variables evaluated
Age, gender, relevant comorbidities, date of perceived onset of OD, olfactory thresholds, and VAS (related to OD). Patients were re-evaluated after three months, and data was collected.
Statistical analysis
Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 (Statistical Package for Social Studies) - IBM, USA. For numerical values, the range, mean, and standard deviations were calculated. The differences between the two mean values were used using the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences in mean values before and after the intervention were done by Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The correlation between VAS and olfactory thresholds was done using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. To access the confounding variables, ANCOVA analysis was also performed. All reported p-values are two-tailed, with a p-value ≤ 0.05 indicating statistical significance.
This prospective single-center study was performed in our department between May 2021 and December 2021.
Ethics
Informed consent was obtained for all patients. The examinations were only performed after a careful explanation of the characteristics, non-invasiveness, and aim of the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (Number: 2021.93 [075-DEFI/078-CE]) and the design complies with the Declaration of Helsinki ethical standards.
Inclusion criteria
Adulthood, OD concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 documented infection), subjective persistence of OD, and a cognitive status that allowed the patient to sign an informed consent and to self-treat with the medical therapeutic proposed.
Exclusion criteria
Chronic rhinosinusitis, recent head trauma with loss of consciousness, olfactory complaints before documented COVID-19, gestation, prior nasal surgery, known olfactory bulb lesion on imaging, neurologic or psychiatric disease, or inability to tolerate nasal endoscopy.
Evaluation
Our evaluation consisted of several steps: A general assessment of days before the onset of hyposmia, co-morbidities, a subjective assessment using the Portuguese Language Olfactory Disorders Questionnaire [12 (link)], and a VAS toward subjective impairment of hyposmia in quality of life. Our VAS consisted of an 11-point scale ranging between 0 and 10, being “not a problem” on the left end of the scale (number 0) and “worst problem in my life” on the right end of the scale (number 10). An objective assessment of olfactory thresholds using the Sniffin´ Sticks threshold test with n-butanol: 16 levels in 48 pens were also performed [13 (link)]. The nasal status assessment was performed by nasal endoscopy for exclusion of nasal pathology and evaluation of Lund-Kennedy score - when a polyp score ≥ 1 was seen, the patient was excluded from our cohort while follow-up and further management were maintained in parallel. Also, all patients underwent olfactory training and adjuvant therapy using the strategy described in the protocol described by Sousa et al. [14 (link)].
Variables evaluated
Age, gender, relevant comorbidities, date of perceived onset of OD, olfactory thresholds, and VAS (related to OD). Patients were re-evaluated after three months, and data was collected.
Statistical analysis
Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 (Statistical Package for Social Studies) - IBM, USA. For numerical values, the range, mean, and standard deviations were calculated. The differences between the two mean values were used using the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences in mean values before and after the intervention were done by Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The correlation between VAS and olfactory thresholds was done using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. To access the confounding variables, ANCOVA analysis was also performed. All reported p-values are two-tailed, with a p-value ≤ 0.05 indicating statistical significance.
argipressin, Asu(1,6)-
Butyl Alcohol
Cognition
COVID 19
Craniocerebral Trauma
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Ethics Committees
Gender
Hyposmia
Language Disorders
Mental Disorders
Nose
Olfaction Disorders
Olfactory Bulb
Patients
Pharmaceutical Adjuvants
Physical Examination
Polyps
Pregnancy
Sense of Smell
Sousa
Surgical Procedure, Nasal
Systems, Nervous
Therapeutics
Vision
For stereological quantification, initial estimations of the total volume of the olfactory bulbs, main olfactory bulb (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) were performed. To do so, we used the Cavalieri method by measuring the area of the first semithin section of each level (A) included in each region (MOB or AOB), considering that there was a separation of 200 μm (tref) between levels, thus obtaining the reference volume (Vref).
The point for sectioning the first level was decided randomly. The number of levels (i) comprising each region for the OB, MOB, and AOB was different for each animal.
Next, [3H]-thy+cells were counted using the physical dissector. For this purpose, we took 4 pairs of semithin sections from each level separated by 12 μm, and the slices of each pair of semithin sections were separated by 3 μm (tdis). We counted the cells that were labeled in one slice and not in the next, first in one direction (Q1) and then in the opposite (Q2), analyzing a total of 8 dissectors per level (d), Q being the total number of cells counted for each animal. The dissector volume (Vdis) was then obtained by adding the volumes of each analyzed level.
Finally, the total number of [3H]-thy+ cells (N) for each region in the OB of each animal was estimated by applying the following formula:
We also compared whether the volumes of the different regions were affected by the surgical procedure. For this purpose, we calculated the index V/HL (volume/head length) to adjust the volume of the different regions according to the size of the animal and to be able to compare them with each other.
The point for sectioning the first level was decided randomly. The number of levels (i) comprising each region for the OB, MOB, and AOB was different for each animal.
Next, [3H]-thy+cells were counted using the physical dissector. For this purpose, we took 4 pairs of semithin sections from each level separated by 12 μm, and the slices of each pair of semithin sections were separated by 3 μm (tdis). We counted the cells that were labeled in one slice and not in the next, first in one direction (Q1) and then in the opposite (Q2), analyzing a total of 8 dissectors per level (d), Q being the total number of cells counted for each animal. The dissector volume (Vdis) was then obtained by adding the volumes of each analyzed level.
Finally, the total number of [3H]-thy+ cells (N) for each region in the OB of each animal was estimated by applying the following formula:
We also compared whether the volumes of the different regions were affected by the surgical procedure. For this purpose, we calculated the index V/HL (volume/head length) to adjust the volume of the different regions according to the size of the animal and to be able to compare them with each other.
Accessory Olfactory Bulb
Animals
Cells
Head
Olfactory Bulb
Operative Surgical Procedures
Physical Examination
68-day-old Protamine-EGFP (PRM1-EGFP) mice (Haueter et al., 2010 (link)) (CD1; B6D2-Tg (Prm1-EGFP)#Ltku/H) were euthanised in a schedule 1 procedure via intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital followed by decapitation following licensed procedures approved by the Mary Lyon Centre and the Home Office UK. Brains were dissected and cut into four equidistant lateral sections using a scalpel, with region 1 encompassing the olfactory bulb. Regions 2 and 3 were then further sectioned using a vibratome (VT1000S, Leica) set to produce 200 µm sections. Brain sections were kept at 4°C in Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) from death to HPF. A 2 mm biopsy punch was used to excise regions of cortex from lateral slices.
Punches were then placed onto electron microscope grids during freezing. Brain punches on grids were frozen between 3 mm planchettes/carriers (Science Services, Munich, Germany) assembled on mid-plates. Briefly, planchettes were coated with 1% soya-lecithin dissolved in chloroform and the solution allowed to evaporate. This process generates small microvesicles on the surface of the planchette. A flat-sided planchette was placed flat side upwards and a glow discharged (Glocube, Quorum, Lewes, UK) electron microscopy grids (UltraAuFoil, 200 Au mesh, 2/2 Au film; Quantifoil Micro Tools) placed on top; brain punches were then placed onto the grid and submerged in 20% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in HBSS. 3 mm planchettes with a 0.1 or 0.2 mm recess, also coated with 1% soya lecithin, were then placed recess-side-down onto the assembled sandwich and high-pressure frozen in a Leica HPM 100 (Leica Microsystems). The planchette grids were then disassembled under liquid nitrogen, clipped into Autogrids (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and stored at 80 K (liquid nitrogen) for later use.
Punches were then placed onto electron microscope grids during freezing. Brain punches on grids were frozen between 3 mm planchettes/carriers (Science Services, Munich, Germany) assembled on mid-plates. Briefly, planchettes were coated with 1% soya-lecithin dissolved in chloroform and the solution allowed to evaporate. This process generates small microvesicles on the surface of the planchette. A flat-sided planchette was placed flat side upwards and a glow discharged (Glocube, Quorum, Lewes, UK) electron microscopy grids (UltraAuFoil, 200 Au mesh, 2/2 Au film; Quantifoil Micro Tools) placed on top; brain punches were then placed onto the grid and submerged in 20% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in HBSS. 3 mm planchettes with a 0.1 or 0.2 mm recess, also coated with 1% soya lecithin, were then placed recess-side-down onto the assembled sandwich and high-pressure frozen in a Leica HPM 100 (Leica Microsystems). The planchette grids were then disassembled under liquid nitrogen, clipped into Autogrids (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and stored at 80 K (liquid nitrogen) for later use.
Biopsy
Brain
Cell-Derived Microparticles
Chloroform
Cortex, Cerebral
Decapitation
Electron Microscopy
Freezing
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Lecithin
Mice, Laboratory
Nitrogen
Olfactory Bulb
Pentobarbital Sodium
Pressure
Protamines
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Sodium Chloride
Soybeans
Three days after MCAO, mice were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with cold PBS. For histologic analysis, each whole brain was delicately harvested from the skull and incubated in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C. Following sequential dehydration in 15% and 30% sucrose, brains were embedded in Tissue-Tek® O.C.T. compound (Sakura® Finetek Inc., USA), frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at − 80 °C for immunofluorescence staining. After the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs were removed, the ischemic/ipsilateral hemispheres were collected, frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen until protein was extracted for western blot analysis. For quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR), ischemic/ipsilateral hemispheres snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen were sufficiently lysed with TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, USA) and stored at − 80 °C thereafter.
Brain
Cerebellum
Cold Temperature
Cranium
Dehydration
Freezing
Immunofluorescence
Mice, Laboratory
Nitrogen
Olfactory Bulb
paraform
Proteins
Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sucrose
Tissues
trizol
Western Blot
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More about "Olfactory Bulb"
The olfactory bulb (OB) is a critical structure in the mammalian brain that plays a pivotal role in the initial processing of olfactory information.
As the primary center for smell perception, the OB receives input from the olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity and is responsible for encoding and interpreting odor signals.
The OB is organized into several distinct layers, each with specialized neuronal populations that contribute to the complex processing of these olfactory cues.
This intricate layering and cellular organization allow the OB to perform various functions, including smell perception, memory formation, and spatial navigation.
Researchers studying the OB can leverage powerful tools like PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to access the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This platform provides in-depth comparisons to ensure reproducibility and accuracy, which is crucial for elevating olfactory bulb studies and enhancing the overall research workflow.
In addition to the OB, researchers may also utilize various techniques and reagents to investigate olfactory processes, such as TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, the RNeasy Mini Kit for purification, fetal bovine serum (FBS) for cell culture, and MATLAB for data analysis.
Furthermore, techniques like TTC staining and the use of protease inhibitor cocktails can provide valuable insights into the structural and functional aspects of the OB.
By combining the powerful research tools offered by PubCompare.ai with a comprehensive understanding of the olfactory bulb and related techniques, researchers can elevate their studies and gain deeper insights into the complex world of smell perception and processing.
As the primary center for smell perception, the OB receives input from the olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity and is responsible for encoding and interpreting odor signals.
The OB is organized into several distinct layers, each with specialized neuronal populations that contribute to the complex processing of these olfactory cues.
This intricate layering and cellular organization allow the OB to perform various functions, including smell perception, memory formation, and spatial navigation.
Researchers studying the OB can leverage powerful tools like PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform to access the most reliable protocols from literature, preprints, and patents.
This platform provides in-depth comparisons to ensure reproducibility and accuracy, which is crucial for elevating olfactory bulb studies and enhancing the overall research workflow.
In addition to the OB, researchers may also utilize various techniques and reagents to investigate olfactory processes, such as TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, the RNeasy Mini Kit for purification, fetal bovine serum (FBS) for cell culture, and MATLAB for data analysis.
Furthermore, techniques like TTC staining and the use of protease inhibitor cocktails can provide valuable insights into the structural and functional aspects of the OB.
By combining the powerful research tools offered by PubCompare.ai with a comprehensive understanding of the olfactory bulb and related techniques, researchers can elevate their studies and gain deeper insights into the complex world of smell perception and processing.