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Peyer Patches

Peyer Patches are lymphoid follicles found in the small intestine, particularly in the ileum.
They play a crucial role in the immune system, acting as inductive sites for mucosal immunity.
Peyer Patches contain B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells that work together to detect and respond to pathogens in the gut.
Reasearching effective methods for studying Peyer Patches is essential for understanding intestinal immunity and developing new therapies for gastrointestinal diseases.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can help researchers locate the most reproducible and effective protocols from the literature, preprints, and patents to streamline their Peyer Patches studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Peyer Patches»

Rapid Isolation of Viable Lymphocytes

Cited 18 times

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Publication 2012

Amino Acids, Essential Antibiotics Bronchi Buffers Cell Separation Centrifugation Cold Temperature Collagenase Colon, Ascending Deoxyribonuclease I Deoxyribonucleases Digestion Edetic Acid Enzymes Glutamate Groin Ileum Intestines isolation Jejunum Lung Lymphocyte Lymphoid Tissue Mesentery Organ Procurement Pellets, Drug Penicillins Percoll Peyer Patches Pyruvate Saline Solution Sodium Spleen Stainless Steel Stem Cells Sterility, Reproductive Streptomycin Tissues Trypsin Inhibitors

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells

Cited 14 times

The number of B cells (B220⁺) and T cells (CD3⁺), the proportion CD4⁺ T cells, dead B and T cells and the proportion of PNA^hi B cells, plasma cells (B220^lo CD138⁺) and NP-binding CD38^hi IgG1⁺memory B cells were determined by FACS analysis using a FACSCalibur ™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Single cell suspensions were prepared from spleens or Peyer’s patches of Hoxc4^−/− and Hoxc4^+/+ mice and stained with Phycoerythrin (PE)-labeled anti-mouse B220 mAb (clone RA3-6B2) (eBioscience Corp.), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-mouse CD3 mAb (clone 17A2) (BioLegend, Inc.), PerCP-anti-mouse CD4 mAb (clone GK1.5) (BioLegend, Inc.), 7-AAD (BD Biosciences), FITC-PNA, FITC-anti-mouse CD138 mAb (clone 281-2) or APC-anti-mouse IgG1 (clone X56) (BD Biosciences), PE-NP (Biosearch Technologies, Inc.) and PECy7-anti-mouse CD38 mAb (clone 90) (eBiosciences Corp.). Single B220⁺ cell suspensions were prepared from spleens or Peyer’s patches using the EasySep® Mouse B Cell Enrichment Kit (StemCell Technologies Inc.). For the preparation of PNA^hi (GC) B cells, spleen or Peyer's patches B cells were stained with PE-anti-mouse CD45R (B220) mAb (clone RA3-6B2) (BD Biosciences) and FITC-PNA. Labeled lymphocytes were then sorted using a MoFlow™ cell sorter (Dako), yielding 95% pure PNA^hi B220⁺ cells.

Park S.R., Zan H., Pal Z., Zhang J., Al-Qahtani A., Pone E.J., Xu Z., Mai T, & Casali P. (2009). HoxC4 binds to the Aicda promoter to induce AID expression, class switch DNA recombination and somatic hypermutation. Nature immunology, 10(5), 540-550.

Publication 2009

7-aminoactinomycin D B-Lymphocytes CD4 Positive T Lymphocytes Cells Clone Cells Fluorescein IgG1 isothiocyanate Lymphocyte Memory B Cells Muromonab-CD3 Mus Peyer Patches Phycoerythrin Plasma Cells SDC1 protein, human Spleen Stem Cells T-Lymphocyte

Triculture Model of Intestinal Epithelium

Cited 13 times

A number of in vitro models have been used to study the toxicity and biokinetics of pharmaceuticals and chemicals in the GIT. The most commonly used model employs Caco-2 cells (immortal human colonic epithelial) cells, which after culture for 2–3 weeks differentiate into cells with markers and morphological characteristics of small intestinal epithelial enterocytes [64 –66 (link)]. While this may be a reasonable choice for many situations, the epithelium of the small intestine is more complex, and in order to more accurately emulate this structure, a variety of modifications have been added. The intestinal mucosa is normally protected by a layer of mucus produced by both goblet cells and submucosal glands (Brunner’s glands, limited mostly to the duodenum) [67 (link)]. It is therefore appropriate to modify the in vitro model to include mucus secreting cells. To this end, HT29-MTX cells, an immortal human cell line that resembles intestinal goblet cells and secretes mucus, is often co-cultured with Caco-2 cells [66 (link)–69 (link)]. Finally, in the Peyer’s patches and other lymphoid-associated epithelium of the small intestine, specialized cells called Microfold- or M-cells are present. These cells engulf and translocate samples of the contents of the intestinal lumen to lymphocytes in the submucosa below, thereby providing continuous antigenic surveillance of the intestinal contents [33 (link)]. It has also recently been shown that M-cells can play an important role in translocation of iENMs in in vitro intestinal epithelial models [33 (link)]. It has previously been shown that differentiated Caco-2 cells can be induced by factors released from another cell line, Raji B (a human B lymphocyte) to differentiate into cells resembling M-cells [70 (link), 71 (link)]. Thus, when Raji B cells are added to the basolateral compartment of a transwell system in which matured caco-2 cells reside on the transwell membrane above, some of the Caco-2 cells are induced to differentiate into M-like cells. The complete hybrid triculture model utilized in our methodology, illustrated in Fig. 5a, has previously been described and characterized and includes cells with morphology and markers consistent with the three primary cells of the intestinal epithelium: enterocytes, goblet cells and M-cells [37 (link)–41 (link)]. Because it represents a reasonably realistic hybrid model of the complete intestinal epithelium, this model was adopted for the proposed integrated methodology. Specifically, we employed the protocol reported by Mahler et al. [37 (link)] for development of our triculture system. Such a physiologically relevant model is well suited to the study of biokinetics and intestinal toxicity of iENMs. However other similar advanced models could also be used.
Details of the methods employed for development, characterization and validation of the triculture model, including protocols for creating the system, measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), immunofluorescence staining and imaging for morphological characterization and TEM characterization are provided in Additional file 1.

DeLoid G.M., Wang Y., Kapronezai K., Lorente L.R., Zhang R., Pyrgiotakis G., Konduru N.V., Ericsson M., White J.C., De La Torre-Roche R., Xiao H., McClements D.J, & Demokritou P. (2017). An integrated methodology for assessing the impact of food matrix and gastrointestinal effects on the biokinetics and cellular toxicity of ingested engineered nanomaterials. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 14, 40.

Publication 2017

Antigens B-Lymphocytes Brunner Glands Caco-2 Cells Cell Lines Cells Colon Cultured Cells Duodenum Enterocytes Epithelial Cells Epithelium Goblet Cells Homo sapiens HT29 Cells Hybrids Immunofluorescence Intestinal Contents Intestinal Epithelium Intestinal Mucosa Intestines Intestines, Small Lymph Lymphocyte M Cells Mucus Peyer Patches Pharmaceutical Preparations Resistance, Electrical Tissue, Membrane Translocation, Chromosomal

Isolation of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes

Cited 10 times

To label cells in the circulation, mice were injected with fluorochrome conjugated anti-CD8 antibodies (via the tail vein), as previously described^{25 (link)}. At 2.5 min following antibody injection, mice were bled and 30 s later mice were sacrificed. Heart perfusion, using 10 ml of cold PBS was performed (in some experiments this step was eliminated) and tissues were harvested and lymphocytes isolated as described^{16 (link),25 (link)}. Briefly, lymph nodes were mashed to achieve a single cell suspension, while the salivary glands, kidney, brain, and spleen were mashed and incubated at 37 °C with 100 U/ml collagenase type I (Worthington Biochemical Corporation), 10% FBS, MgCl₂/CaCl₂, HEPES (pH 7.2), L-glutamine RPMI solution and subjected to mixing (45 min shaking in spinner plates, with magnetic stirrers rotating at 450 rpm). Skin tissues were minced and incubated for 90 min at 37 °C in 2% FCS RPMI medium including Collagenase D (1 mg/ml, Roche applied science) and DNase I (5 μg/ml, SIGMA). For the small intestine, Peyer’s patches were dissected out and the remaining tissue cut longitudinally and then into 1cm pieces. These were rinsed and incubated with 15.4 mg/ml dithiothreitol in HBSS/HEPES (pH 7.2) bicarbonate buffer for 30 min (at 37°C, in spinner plates, as described above) to extract IELs. The remaining pieces were additionally incubated with the collagenase solution and conditions as listed above, to isolate LPL. All tissues were then subjected to a 44/67% percoll gradient (858g at 21°C for 20 min) to isolate lymphocytes.

Skon C.N., Lee J.Y., Anderson K.G., Masopust D., Hogquist K.A, & Jameson S.C. (2013). Transcriptional downregulation of S1pr1 is required for establishment of resident memory CD8+ T cells. Nature immunology, 14(12), 1285-1293.

Publication 2013

Anti-Antibodies Bicarbonates Brain Buffers Cells Collagenase Collagenase, Clostridium histolyticum collagenase 1 Common Cold Deoxyribonuclease I Dithiothreitol Fluorescent Dyes Glutamine Heart Hemoglobin, Sickle HEPES Intestines, Small Kidney Lymphocyte Magnesium Chloride Mus Nodes, Lymph Passive Immunization Percoll Perfusion Peyer Patches Salivary Glands Skin Spleen Tail Tissues Veins

Intravital Imaging of Mouse Lymphoid Tissues

Cited 9 times

Spleens or Peyer’s patches of anesthetized mice were imaged. Spleens or Peyer’s patches were surgically exteriorized, immobilized on a microscope stage, and maintained at 37 °C. A Nikon A1 laser scanning confocal microscope with a 20× objective and software NIS-Elements C was used for image acquisition. We used three dichronic mirrors (DM457/514 and DM405/488/561/640), and three bandpass emission filters (482/35, 540/30, 525/50, 595/50 and 700/75). YFP/CFP ratio was obtained by excitation at 458 nm. PE and Alexa-647 were excited at 488 nm and 633 nm, respectively. Images of purified cells in phosphate-buffered saline were also obtained as above. For 2P microscopy, we used a BX61WI/FV1000 upright microscope equipped with a ×25 water-immersion objective lens (XLPLN25XW-MP; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), which were connected to a Mai Tai DeepSee HP Ti:sapphire Laser (Spectra Physics, Mountain View, CA). The excitation wavelength for CFP was 840 nm. We used an IR-cut filter BA685RIF-3, three dichroic mirrors (DM450, DM505, and DM570), and three emission filters [FF01-425/30 (Semrock) for the second harmonic generation image, BA460-500 (Olympus) for CFP, and BA520-560 (Olympus) for YFP]. Intravital microscopy of mouse calvaria bone tissues was performed using a protocol modified from a previous study; 10–14-week-old mice were anesthetized using isoflurane; the frontoparietal region of the skull bone was exposed, and the internal surfaces of bones adjacent to the bone marrow cavity were observed using multiphoton excitation microscopy. The imaging system was composed of a multiphoton microscope (A1-MP; Nikon) driven by a laser (Chameleon Vision II Ti: Sapphire; Coherent) tuned to 840 nm together with an upright microscope equipped with a 25× water immersion objective (APO, N.A. 1.1; Nikon). We used three dichronic mirrors (DM458, DM506, and DM561) and three bandpass emission filters (417/60, 480/40, and 534/30). Acquired images were analyzed with MetaMorph software (Universal Imaging, West Chester, PA) and Imaris Software (Bitplane AG, Zürich, Switzerland).

Yoshikawa S., Usami T., Kikuta J., Ishii M., Sasano T., Sugiyama K., Furukawa T., Nakasho E., Takayanagi H., Tedder T.F., Karasuyama H., Miyawaki A, & Adachi T. (2016). Intravital imaging of Ca2+ signals in lymphocytes of Ca2+ biosensor transgenic mice: indication of autoimmune diseases before the pathological onset. Scientific Reports, 6, 18738.

Publication 2016

Apolipoprotein A-I Bone Marrow Bones Bone Tissue Calvaria Cells Chameleons Cranium Dental Caries Immersion Intravital Microscopy Isoflurane Lens, Crystalline Microscopy Microscopy, Confocal Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy Mus Operative Surgical Procedures Peyer Patches Phosphates Saline Solution Sapphire Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Peyer Patches»

Immunomodulation of Intestinal Lymphocytes

LPCs from Peyer’s patches were isolated from the small intestine of
BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, or C3H/HeN mouse according to previously established method
(Kikuchi et al., 2014 (link)). Isolated LPCs
(2.5×10⁵ cells/well) were then mixed with each heat-killed
LAB (5×10⁶ CFU/mL) and seeded into 96 well plates in 200
μL of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS and 1%
penicillin/streptomycin. After 7 days of incubation, LAB-stimulated LPCs were
analyzed for TLR2 and TLR4 expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and visualization of IgA positive B cells
(IgA⁺B220⁺ cells) by flow cytometry
analysis. Culture supernatant of each sample after co-culture for 7 days was
harvested. Sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were
performed to detect IgA (Cat # 88-50450-22, Thermo Fisher Scientific), IL-6 (Cat
# BMS603-2, Thermo Fisher Scientific), poly Ig receptor (pIgR; Cat # SEK50119,
Sino Biological, Wayne, PA, USA), and transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β; Cat # BMS608-4, Thermo Fisher Scientific) using ELISA kits
according to each manufacturer’s instructions. For blocking TLR2
signaling, neutralizing antibody against mouse TLR2 (Cat # 121802, BioLegend,
San Diego, CA, USA) was added into the LPC culture.

Choi C.Y., Lee C.H., Yang J., Kang S.J., Park I.B., Park S.W., Lee N.Y., Hwang H.B., Yun H.S, & Chun T. (2023). Efficacies of Potential Probiotic Candidates Isolated from Traditional Fermented Korean Foods in Stimulating Immunoglobulin A Secretion. Food Science of Animal Resources, 43(2), 346-358.

Publication 2023

Antibodies, Neutralizing B-Lymphocytes Biopharmaceuticals Cells Coculture Techniques Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay GIT2 protein, human Intestines, Small isononanoyl oxybenzene sulfonate Mice, Inbred C3H Mus Penicillins Peyer Patches Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptors Streptomycin TLR2 protein, human Transforming Growth Factor beta Transforming Growth Factors

Quantifying Mucosal and Systemic Immunoglobulin Levels

To measure serum IgA and IgG levels in experimental animals, blood specimens from
experimental mice were collected from infraorbital veins using capillary tubes
on day 7 or 21 after the first oral administration of each strain of LAB. To
obtain serum samples, each blood sample was incubated on ice for 1 h and
centrifuged at 8,000×g for 10 min. Each serum sample was then diluted
1:100 with PBS for measuring IgA and IgG levels (Choi et al., 2017 (link)). Sandwich ELISA kits were used to measure total
serum IgA (Cat # 88-50450-22, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and IgG (Cat #
88-50400-22, Thermo Fisher Scientific) levels according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
To measure BALT IgA, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed with 2 mL PBS after
exposing the tracheae of sacrificed mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were
then centrifuged at 800×g for 5 min at 4°C (Choi et al., 2018 (link)). Levels of IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage
fluids were quantitated using sandwich ELISA kits (Cat # 88-50450-22, Thermo
Fisher Scientific).
To measure GALT IgA, LPCs from Peyer’s patches were isolated from the
small intestine of each sacrificed mouse according to previously established
method (Kikuchi et al., 2014 (link)). Isolated
LPCs (2.5×10⁵ cells/well) were then mixed with each
heat-killed LAB (5×10⁶ CFU/mL) and seeded into 96-well plates
in 200 μL of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS and 1%
penicillin/streptomycin. After 2 days of incubation, culture supernatants of
each sample were harvested and sandwich ELISAs were performed to detect IgA
levels using ELISA kit (Cat # 88-50450-22, Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Publication 2023

Administration, Oral Animals, Laboratory BLOOD Bronchoalveolar Lavage Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Capillaries Cells Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay G-800 Intestines Mus Penicillins Peyer Patches Serum Strains Streptomycin Trachea Veins

Isolation of Intestinal Lymphocytes

Peyer’s patches were first removed from the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (cecum and colon). The intestinal sections were flushed with 1xPBS, opened longitudinally, then cut into 1cm sections, washed in PBS, followed by incubation in RPMI-1640 +1mM Dithiotriol (DTT) for 10mins (both Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MI, USA)). Cells were pelleted and suspended in HBSS (Calcium- and Magnesium-free) containing 25mM HEPES, 1mM DTT and 1mM EDTA (all Sigma-Aldrich), followed by incubation for 30 minutes at 37°C on a shaker at 140 rpm. Post-incubation, cells were vortexed vigorously for 10 seconds and filtered through a 100μm nylon membrane, to obtain the intestinal epithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Remaining tissues were further digested for 1hr at 37°C, with shaking at 250 rpm, in RPMI-1640 containing 1mg/ml Collagenase from Clostridium Histolyticum (Sigma-Aldrich). Post-incubation, cells were vortexed vigorously for 10 seconds and nylon membrane-filtered, to obtain the lamina propria lymphocytes (LPs). IELs and LPs were washed twice and resuspended in 30% Ficoll (GE HealthCare, Chicago, IL, USA), then layered on a 70% Ficoll solution prior to density centrifugation (469 xg, 20 mins, room temperature). Isolated IELs were washed and resuspended in RPMI complete media (RPMI-1640 + L-glutamine containing 5% FBS, 1mM HEPES, 1x MEM NEAA, 1mM Sodium pyruvate, 50μM 2-mercaptoethanol and 25μg Gentamycin sulfate (all Sigma-Aldrich)).

Pearson J.A., Peng J., Huang J., Yu X., Tai N., Hu Y., Sha S., Flavell R.A., Zhao H., Wong F.S, & Wen L. (2023). NLRP6 deficiency expands a novel CD103+ B cell population that confers immune tolerance in NOD mice. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1147925.

Publication 2023

2-Mercaptoethanol Calcium Cecum Cells Centrifugation Collagenase, Clostridium histolyticum Colon Duodenum Edetic Acid Ficoll Glutamine Hemoglobin, Sickle HEPES Ileum Intestines Intestines, Small Jejunum Lamina Propria Large Intestine Lymphocyte Magnesium Neoplasm Metastasis Nylons Peyer Patches Pyruvate Sodium Sulfate, Gentamicin Tissue, Membrane Tissues

Isolation and Purification of Adipose and Lymphoid Tissue Macrophages

Epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) were shredded into 2-3 mm pieces and dissociated with collagenase type II (1 mg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich, USA, Cat#C6885) at 37°C for 45-60 min until the adipose tissue was almost dissolved, and then the reaction was stopped with EDTA (10 mM) for 5 min. After being filtered with a 115 µm nylon mesh (Tokyo Screen, Japan), stromal vascular fraction (SVF) derived from adipose tissue was treated with red blood cell lysis buffer, made from ammonium chloride, potassium carbonate, and EDTA, for 5 min at room temperature. After centrifugation, the EAT SVF and MAT SVF were suspended in 10% FCS-RPMI.
Peyer’s patches (PPs) were treated with collagenase I (1 mg/mL; FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Japan, Cat#032-22364) and 10 μg/mL DNase I (Roche Diagnostics, Germany, Cat#10104159001) at 37°C for 60–90 min before being filtered with an 86 µm nylon mesh (Tokyo Screen, Japan). The PP cells were centrifuged twice and suspended in 10% FCS-RPMI. 10% FCS-RPMI was prepared using RPMI 1640 (Nissui Pharmaceutical, Japan, Cat#05918), containing 100 U/ml penicillin G potassium (Meiji Seika Pharma, Japan), 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate (Meiji Seika Pharma, Japan), 50 μM 2-mercaptoethanol (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Japan, Cat#137-06862), 0.03% L-glutamine (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Japan, Cat#074-00522), and 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Japan, Cat#191-01305), and 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany, Cat#173012).
After F4/80 MicroBeads Ultrapure (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany, Cat#130-110-443) were added to PP whole cells, F4/80⁺ cells were isolated using a magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany). The obtained F4/80⁺ cells were used as macrophages.

Wang Y., Takano T., Zhou Y., Wang R., Toshimitsu T., Sashihara T., Tanokura M., Miyakawa T., Nakajima-Adachi H, & Hachimura S. (2023). Orally administered Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OLL2712 decreased intestinal permeability, especially in the ileum: Ingested lactic acid bacteria alleviated obesity-induced inflammation by collaborating with gut microbiota. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1123052.

Publication 2023

2-Mercaptoethanol Bicarbonate, Sodium Buffers Cells Centrifugation Chloride, Ammonium Collagenase Collagenase, Clostridium histolyticum Deoxyribonucleases Diagnosis Edetic Acid Epididymis Erythrocytes Fetal Bovine Serum Glutamine Macrophage Mesentery Microspheres Nylons Penicillin G Potassium Peyer Patches Pharmaceutical Preparations potassium carbonate Streptomycin Sulfate Stromal Vascular Fraction Tissue, Adipose Tissues

Multi-tissue Immune Cell Isolation

Thymi, spleen and Peyer’s patches (PPs) were isolated from mice. Spleen and thymi single-cell suspensions were generated as described above. PPs were pressed through a 70-μm nylon screen to generate a single-cell suspension. Single-cell suspensions were stained for 30 min at 4 °C with the indicated antibodies. Staining for CD40L was performed as previously described (58 (link)). For intracellular Ig H + L staining, the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit was used as per the manufacturer’s instructions. For intranuclear transcription factor staining, the Tonbo Foxp3 / Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Kit was used as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples were acquired with a BD LSRII or Fortessa X-20 (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo version 10.8.1 (FlowJo LLC).

Martinez R.J., Breed E.R., Worota Y., Ashby K.M., Vobořil M., Mathes T., Salgado O.C., O’Connor C.H., Kotenko S.V, & Hogquist K.A. (2023). Type III interferon drives thymic B cell activation and regulatory T cell generation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(9), e2220120120.

Publication 2023

Antibodies Buffers Cells Mus Nylons Peyer Patches Protoplasm Spleen Thymus Gland Transcription Factor

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What are Peyer Patches and what is their role in the immune system?

Peyer Patches are lymphoid follicles found primarily in the ileum section of the small intestine. They play a crucial role in the mucosal immune system, acting as inductive sites where B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells work together to detect and respond to pathogens in the gut. Peyer Patches help the body mount an effective immune response to infections in the digestive tract.

Why is researching Peyer Patches important for understanding intestinal immunity?

Studying Peyer Patches is essential for advancing our knowledge of intestinal immunity and developing new treatments for gastrointestinal diseases. These lymphoid structures are the primary sites where the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) interacts with microbes and antigens, making them a key component of the mucosal immune system. Reasearching effective methods for studying Peyer Patches can provide valuable insights into how the body detects and responds to pathogens in the digestive tract.

What are some common challenges in studying Peyer Patches?

One of the main challenges in Peyer Patches research is the difficulty in accessing and isolating these lymphoid follicles for analysis. The small intestine is a complex organ, and Peyer Patches are located deep within the tissue, making them difficult to extract and study. Additionally, there can be variations in the size, number, and distribution of Peyer Patches between individuals and animal models, which can complicate experimental design and data interpretation.

How can PubCompare.ai help researchers optimizes their Peyer Patches studies?

PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can assist researchers in locating the most reproducible and effective protocols for studying Peyer Patches from the literature, preprints, and patents. The platform's advanced algorthim can help you quickly identify the best methods for your specific research goals, taking into account factors like tissue isolation, sample preparation, and analytical techniques. By leveraing PubCompare.ai's curated comparisons, you can streamline your Peyer Patches research and focus on generating high-quality, reproducible data.

What are some different applications of Peyer Patches research?

Peyer Patches research has a wide range of applications in the field of intestinal immunity and gastrointestinal disease. For exapmle, studying the role of Peyer Patches in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to new therapeutic approaches. Additionally, understanding how Peyer Patches interact with the gut microbiome and respond to dietary antigens can provide insights into the development of food allergies and other digestive disorders. Researchers are also exploring the potential of Peyer Patches as a target for mucosal vaccine delivery to enhance immune protection against enteric pathogens.

More about "Peyer Patches"

Peyer's patches, intestinal lymphoid follicles, gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), mucosal immunity, intestinal immunity, gastrointestinal diseases, immune response, B cells, T cells, antigen-presenting cells, inductive sites, intestinal pathogens, intestinal microbiome, intestinal inflammation, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, DNase I, Percoll, Collagenase D, Liberase TL, Dispase, Dithiothreitol, Collagenase VIII, Collagenase IV.
Peyer's patches are important lymphoid structures found in the small intestine, particularly in the ileum.
They play a crucial role in the body's mucosal immune response, acting as inductive sites where immune cells like B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells collaborate to detect and respond to pathogens in the gut.
Researching effective methods for isolating and studying Peyer's patches is essential for understanding intestinal immunity and developing new therapies for gastrointestinal diseases.
Techniques like enzymatic digestion with DNase I, Percoll gradient centrifugation, and the use of collagenases (Collagenase D, Liberase TL, Collagenase VIII, Collagenase IV) can be employed to isolate and purify Peyer's patch cells for further analysis.
Dithiothreitol may also be used to disrupt disulfide bonds and improve cell dissociation.
By leveraging the latest research and AI-powered tools like PubCompare.ai, scientists can streamline their Peyer's patch studies and identify the most reproducible and effective protocols, ultimately advancing our understanding of the gut immune system and contributing to the development of new treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.