Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Anatomy > Body Part > Pia Mater

Pia Mater

Pia mater is a delicate, highly vascular membrane that intimately covers the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
It provides nourishment and support to the central nervous system, while also playing a crucial role in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
This innermost layer of the meninges is essential for maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of the brain and spinal cord.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's innovative AI-driven platorm to optimize research protocols and enhance the repodducibility of studies focusing on the pia mater and its critical role in the body.

Most cited protocols related to «Pia Mater»

1
Cortical Surface Reconstruction from MRI

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2012
Cortex, Cerebral Cranium Face Magnetic Fields Pia Mater Tissues White Matter
2
Meningeal Cell Isolation and Characterization
Mice were perfused with 0.1M PBS for 5min. Heads were removed and skulls were quickly stripped. Mandibles were removed, as well as all skull material rostral to maxillae. Surgical scissors were used to remove the top of the skull, cutting clockwise, beginning and ending inferior to the right post-tympanic hook. Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater) were carefully removed from the interior aspect of the skulls and surfaces of the brain with Dumont #5 forceps (Fine Science Tools). Meninges were gently pressed through 70μm nylon mesh cell strainers with sterile plastic plunger (BD Biosciences) to yield a single cell suspension. For lymphatic endothelial cells isolation, meninges (along with diaphragm and ear skin) were digested for 1h in 0.41U/ml of Liberase TM (Roche) and 60U/ml of DNAse1. Cells were then centrifuged at 280g at 4°C for 10 min, the supernatant was removed and cells were resuspended in ice-cold FACS buffer (pH 7,4; 0.1M PBS; 1mM EDTA: 1% BSA). Cells were stained for extracellular marker with antibodies to CD45-PacificBlue (BD Bioscience), CD45-PE-Cy7 or eFluor 450 (eBioscience), TCRβ-Alexa780 (eBioscience), CD4-Alexa488 (eBioscience), CD8-PerCPCy5.5 (eBioscience), CD44-APC (eBioscience), CD62L-PE (eBioscience), CD71-APC (eBioscience), podoplanin-PE (eBioscience), CD31-Alexa647 (eBioscience), B220-PE (eBioscience), CD19-BB515 (BD Bioscience). Except for the lymphatic endothelial cells identification experiment, all cells were fixed in 1% PFA in 0.1M pH 7.4 PBS. Fluorescence data were collected with a CyAn ADP High-Performance Flow Cytometer (Dako) or a Gallios (Beckman Coulter) then analyzed using Flowjo software (Treestar). To obtain accurate cells counts, single cells were gated using the height, area and the pulse width of the forward and side scatter, then cells were selected for being live cells using the LIVE/DEAD Fixable Dead Cell Stain Kit per the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen). The cells were then gated for the appropriate markers for cell type (Extended Data Fig. 3,9). Experiments were performed on meninges from n = 3 mice per group. Data processing was done with Excel and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism.
Louveau A., Smirnov I., Keyes T.J., Eccles J.D., Rouhani S.J., Peske J.D., Derecki N.C., Castle D., Mandell J.W., Kevin S.L., Harris T.H, & Kipnis J. (2015). Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatics. Nature, 523(7560), 337-341.
Publication 2015
Alexa Fluor 647 Antibodies Antigen T Cell Receptor, beta Chain Arachnoid Maters Brain Buffers CD44 protein, human Cells Cold Temperature Cranium Dura Mater Edetic Acid Fluorescence Forceps Head isolation Liberase Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Mandible Maxilla Meninges Mus Nylons Pia Mater prisma Pulse Rate SELL protein, human Skin Stains Sterility, Reproductive Surgical Scissors TFRC protein, human Tympanic Cavity Vaginal Diaphragm
3
Thalamocortical Slice Preparation and Maintenance
Male mice “3 weeks” of age (P18-P24) were deeply anesthetized with Euthasol (pentobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium solution) and decapitated. The brain was transferred into ice-cold dissection buffer containing (in mM): 87 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 7 MgCl2, 0.5 CaCl2, 20 D-glucose, 75 sucrose and 1.3 ascorbic acid aerating with 95% O2–5% CO2. Thalamocortical slices 400 μm were made on an angled block (Agmon and Connors, 1991 (link)) using a vibratome (Vibratome 1000 Plus). Following cutting, slices were transected parallel to the pia mater to remove the thalamus and midbrain. This transection was not done for the first experiment (see Fig. 1D,E and indicated in corresponding text). Slices were immediately transferred to an interface recording chamber (Harvard Instruments) and allowed to recover for 1 hr in nominal ACSF at 32°C containing (in mM): 126 NaCl, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 2 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, and 25 D-glucose. After this, slices were perfused with a modified ACSF that better mimics physiological ionic concentrations in vivo which contained (in mM): 126 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26 NaHCO3, 1 MgCl2, 1 CaCl2, and 25 D-glucose (based on but modified from (Sanchez-Vives and McCormick, 2000 (link); Gibson et al., 2008 (link))). We used a slightly higher external K+ concentration to promote active states (5 mM versus 3.5 mM in vivo), but this manipulation was probably unnecessary since the use of 3.5 mM external K+ still results in spontaneously generated UP states (Rigas and Castro-Alamancos, 2007 (link)). Slices remained in this modified ACSF for 45 minutes and then recordings were performed with the same modified ACSF.
Hays S.A., Huber K.M, & Gibson J.R. (2011). Altered Neocortical Rhythmic Activity States in Fmr1 KO Mice Are Due to Enhanced mGluR5 Signaling and Involve Changes in Excitatory Circuitry. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(40), 14223-14234.
Publication 2011
Ascorbic Acid Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain Buffers Cold Temperature Dissection Glucose Ions Magnesium Chloride Males Mesencephalon Mice, Laboratory Pentobarbital Sodium Phenytoin Sodium physiology Pia Mater Sodium Chloride Sucrose Thalamus
4
Surface-Based Cortical Parcellation and Structural Analysis

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2009
Anisotropy Cortex, Cerebral Cranium Face Insula of Reil Magnetic Fields Pia Mater Tissues White Matter
5
Optimized Brain Slice Preparation
The surgical specimens were closely examined to determine the optimal strategy for blocking and mounting on the vibrating microtome platform. Tissue blocks were trimmed and mounted such that the angle of slicing was perpendicular to the pial surface. This ensures that the dendrites of large pyramidal neurons are preserved relatively intact. No effort was made to remove the pia mater, as this procedure greatly prolongs the processing time and risks damage to the underlying grey matter. Slices of 350 µm thickness were prepared on a Compresstome VF-200 slicer machine (Precisionary Instruments) using the NMDG protective recovery method22 (link),24 (link) and either a zirconium ceramic injector blade (EF-INZ10, Cadence) or a sapphire knife (93060, Electron Microscopy Sciences). The slicing solution was NMDG aCSF as above for transport. The slices were transferred into a recovery chamber filled with NMDG aCSF at 32–34 °C and continuously bubbled with carbogen gas. After a 12 min recovery incubation, the slices were transferred into a Brain Slice Keeper-4 holding chamber (Automate Scientific; see also22 (link) for more details on chamber design) containing, at room-temperature, carbogenated 4-HEPES aCSF of the following composition: 92 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4, 30 mM NaHCO3, 20 mM HEPES, 25 mM glucose, 2 mM thiourea, 5 mM Na-ascorbate, 3 mM Na-pyruvate, 2 mM CaCl2·4H2O and 2 mM MgSO4·7H2O. Slices were stored for 1–75 hours with minimal submersion (~2 mm depth from the air-liquid interface) on soft nylon netting before transfer to the recording chamber for patch clamp recording. For prolonged slice incubation times beyond 12 hours in the holding chamber, the HEPES aCSF was refreshed every 12 hours and the Brain Slice Keeper-4 holding chamber was thoroughly cleaned to mitigate bacterial growth and slice deterioration. The inclusion of 20 mM HEPES in the aCSF formulations (with concomitant increase in NaHCO3) was important to ensure adequate pH buffering and to additionally reduce edema over extended periods of time with the slices in the holding chamber22 (link),25 (link). The osmolality of all solutions was measured at 300–310 mOsmoles/Kg.
Ting J.T., Kalmbach B., Chong P., de Frates R., Keene C.D., Gwinn R.P., Cobbs C., Ko A.L., Ojemann J.G., Ellenbogen R.G., Koch C, & Lein E. (2018). A robust ex vivo experimental platform for molecular-genetic dissection of adult human neocortical cell types and circuits. Scientific Reports, 8, 8407.
Publication 2018
Bacteria Bicarbonate, Sodium Brain carbogen Cardiac Arrest Dendrites Edema Electron Microscopy Glucose Gray Matter HEPES Microtomy Nylons Operative Surgical Procedures Pia Mater Pyramidal Cells Pyruvate Sapphire Sodium Chloride Submersion Sulfate, Magnesium Thiourea Tissues Zirconium

Most recents protocols related to «Pia Mater»

1
Improved Motor Function After oNPC Transplantation
Not available on PMC !

Example 12

Improvement of Motor Function without Allodynia After oNPC Transplantation

Rats received cell transplantation 2 weeks (subacute phase of injury) or 8 weeks (Chronic) following SCI. Cells were dissociated into a single-cell suspension by using Accutase [or Trypsin, or papaein] at a concentration of 5×104 cells/μl to 20×104 cells/μl in neural expansion medium, and were transplanted (2 μl) bilaterally at 4 positions caudal and rostral to the lesion epicenter, bilateral to the midline. Injections sites were situated approximately 2 mm from the midline and entered 1 mm deep into the cord. Intraparenchymal cell transplantation requires slow injections and gradual needle withdrawal to ensure cells do not reflux out of the needle tract. When inserting the needle, the entire bevel should be below the pia mater to ensure injection into the cord. When removing the needle, additional time may be required if reflux is seen. This can be modified as required.

Locomotor coordination and trunk stability using the BBB open-field locomotion scale was evaluated. BBB scores showed significantly improved functional recovery after SCI in the oNPC group compared to the vehicle group (week 7-9; p<0.05) (FIG. 14A). Further, a gait analysis using the CatWalk Digital Gait Analysis system (Noldus Inc.; FIG. 14B) was conducted. Gait analysis revealed that oNPC transplanted rats had significantly better recovery in terms of stride length and swing speed relative to the vehicle and control unpatterned-NPC group (FIGS. 14C and D). To determine whether sensory impairments occurred following cell transplantation, the tail-flick test was used to measure thermal allodynia. Notably, no significant difference was found between groups, suggesting that the transplanted cells did not contribute to post-injury sensory dysfunction (FIG. 14E).

US11859206B2. Generation of oligodendrogenic neural progenitor cells (2024-01-02). UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK [CA]. Inventors: Michael George Fehlings [CA], Mohamad Khazaei [CA].
Patent 2024
accutase Allodynia Cells Cell Transplantation Cell Transplants Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 Gait Analysis Hyperalgesia, Thermal Injuries Locomotion Motor Neurons Needles Neurons Pia Mater Rattus norvegicus Recovery of Function Tail Transplantation Trypsin Vascular Access Ports Vision
2
Awake Brain Tumor Resection Protocol
As previously described (11 (link)), the critical points of awake surgery include patient position, awake anesthesia, neuronavigation, intraoperative ultrasound, DES mapping, and tumor resection. All patients were anesthetized by administration of propofol and remifentanil by target-controlled infusion, using a laryngeal mask airway for intubation during the craniotomy. The ipsilateral critical sensory scalp nerves, pin insertion, and scalp incision sites were injected with local anesthetic (0.67% lidocaine and 0.33% ropivacaine) with 1:200,000 adrenaline to provide rapid and long-lasting local anesthesia while reducing bleeding. Anesthesia was withdrawn to wake up the patient. The location of the tumor was detected intraoperatively using ultrasound before brain mapping and tumor resection. DES mapping was performed using a 5-mm interval bipolar electrical nerve stimulator (Osiris NeuroStimulator; inomed Medizintechnik GmbH, Emmendingen, Germany) with a frequency of 60 Hz, a pulse duration of 1 ms, a current of 2–6 mA (usually 3–4 mA), and a duration of 1 s for motor and sensory tasks and 4 s for language or other cognitive tasks. Positive motor area stimulation was assumed when movements of the contralateral limb or face were induced. Positive stimulation affecting sensory areas was considered when an abnormal feeling was generated in the contralateral limb or face. Positive stimulation of language areas was considered when the patient exhibited counting arrest, anomia, speech repetition, or other language disturbances without twitching of the mouth. After cortical mapping, the lesion was removed by alternating resection and regular subcortical stimulation.
To protect functional pathways, the patient was asked to continue to move their arm and hand or leg, count numbers, or name pictures when the resection moved closer to the subcortical structures. If the patient experienced weakness of the limb, abnormal language, or abnormal sensation, subcortical DES was performed immediately with the same stimulation parameters. If the above-mentioned positive reaction occurred, it was confirmed to be an essential subcortical conduction pathway. The resection was then interrupted in this direction and was continued in other directions. If no positive response occurred, after the patient’s function recovered, resection was continued until the subcortical areas (positive stimulation) or normal meninges (such as the falx cerebri, fissures), ventricles, or arachnoid borders were encountered, or when more than 1 cm outside of normal white matter surrounding the tumor could be visualized. Tumors were resected 2 mm from the sulci near the eloquent brain areas and then were resected inside the pia mater to avoid damage to the vital supplying arteries in the subarachnoid space. Lesions were safely removed to the greatest extent possible to preserve the cortical and subcortical structures of critical functional areas, drainage veins, and supplying arteries.
Yao S., Yang R., Du C., Jiang C., Wang Y., Peng C, & Bai H. (2023). Maximal safe resection of diffuse lower grade gliomas primarily within central lobe using cortical/subcortical direct electrical stimulation under awake craniotomy. Frontiers in Oncology, 13, 1089139.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Anomia Arachnoid Maters Arteries Asthenia Brain Cognition Cortex, Cerebral Craniotomy Drainage Electric Conductivity Electricity Epinephrine Face Falx Cerebri Heart Ventricle Intubation Laryngeal Masks Lidocaine Local Anesthesia Meninges Motor Cortex Movement Neoplasms Neoplasms by Site Nervousness Neuronavigation Operative Surgical Procedures Oral Cavity Paresthesia Patients Pia Mater Propofol Pulse Rate Remifentanil Ropivacaine Scalp Speech Subarachnoid Space Ultrasonography Veins White Matter
3
Primate Brain Tissue Preservation and Sectioning
In this study, we used tissue from 10 adult normal monkeys (Table 2) that had been kept in cryoprotection in Dr. Rausell′s tissue bank in the Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonomous University of Madrid (Madrid, Spain).
The tissue preparation has been described in detail in previous studies [49 (link)]. Briefly, monkeys were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine and given an overdose of intravenous Nembutal. They were then perfused through the ascending aorta with normal saline followed by a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer (PB, 0.1 M, pH 7.4). The brain was removed and blocked. All the blocks were subsequently postfixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 4 h, infiltrated with 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PB at 4 °C with gentle agitation, frozen in dry ice, and stored at −80 °C. The frozen blocks of the flattened cortex were cut tangential to the pia mater into 25–30 μm thick sections in a freezing sliding microtome. Alternate series of sections were collected in a sterile cryoprotectant solution. These series would later be processed for Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence for MCT8/OATP1C1 and a number of cell/vessel markers.
Wang Y., Wang T., Montero-Pedrazuela A., Guadaño-Ferraz A, & Rausell E. (2023). Thyroid Hormone Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 Are Expressed in Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in the Adult Motor Cortex of Human and Macaque Brain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4), 3207.
Publication 2023
Adult Ascending Aorta Blood Vessel Brain Buffers Cortex, Cerebral Cryoprotective Agents Drug Overdose Dry Ice Glutaral Immunofluorescence Immunohistochemistry Ketamine Microtomy Monkeys Nembutal Normal Saline paraform Phosphates Pia Mater Sterility, Reproductive Sucrose Tissues
4
Isolation and Culture of Cerebral Microglia
The HEK293T, BV2, and NIH3T3 cells were purchased from iCell Bioscience (Shanghai, China). These cells were tested for mycoplasma contamination before experiments and they were all negative. These cell lines and primary microglia were all expanded in the following culture medium containing: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Hyclone), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco), 1x Pen/Strep (Gibco), and 1x MEM non-essential amino acids (Gibco). The cell incubator provided an environment of 5% CO2 and 37 °C.
Cerebral microglia were isolated from P0-P2 mice as previously described [44 (link)]. The forebrain was dissected out of the pia mater and then digested. The mixed cell suspension was incubated in the above-mentioned medium in 5% CO2 at 37 °C. After 14 days, the suspending cells (microglia) were rolled down and incubated for further experiments.
Zheng X., Wang M., Liu S., Chen H., Li Y., Yuan F., Yang L., Qiu S., Wang H., Xie Z, & Xiang M. (2023). A lncRNA-encoded mitochondrial micropeptide exacerbates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Death & Disease, 14(2), 126.
Publication 2023
Amino Acids, Essential Cell Lines Cells Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum Microglia Mus Mycoplasma NIH 3T3 Cells Pia Mater Prosencephalon Streptococcal Infections
5
Ultrastructural Analysis of Prelimbic Cortex
Layer 1 of the prelimbic area of mPFC was identified by the absence of pyramidal cells and presence of pia mater. All images were magnified to 40,000x, within 5 Mm from cortical surface, then digitally captured using a Hamamatsu CCD camera, attached to a JEOL 1200XL electron microscope, developed by AMT (Boston, MA). Images were taken and analyzed systematically and strictly in the order of encounter, without knowledge of the animal’s behavioral characteristics. Images of 200 synapses (± 5%) were captured from each animal’s mPFC. Excitatory synapses were identified based on the presence of thick postsynaptic densities (PSD) and clusters of vesicles approximately 50 nm in diameter in the opposing presynaptic axon terminal (Peters et al. 1991 ). The postsynaptic element was determined to be spines, based on the absence of mitochondria and microtubules (Peters et al. 1991 ). Excitatory synapses on dendritic shafts of GABAergic interneurons were identified by the presence of mitochondria and microtubules and the existence of thick PSDs opposite to axon terminals filled with vesicles (White and Keller 1989 ). Inhibitory synapses were identified by the cluster of vesicles within the presynaptic terminal and absence of thick PSDs. Images were analyzed and annotated on ImageJ bundled with Java 1,8.0_172. Figures containing electron micrographs were prepared using Adobe Photoshop 2023 version.
Li J., Chen Y.W, & Aoki C. (2023). Ketamine ameliorates activity-based anorexia of adolescent female mice through changes in the prevalence of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors at excitatory synapses that are in opposite directions for of pyramidal neurons versus GABA interneurons In medial prefrontal cortex. Research Square.
Publication Preprint 2023
Animals Axon Cortex, Cerebral Dendrites Electron Microscopy Electrons Interneurons Microtubules Mitochondria Pia Mater Post-Synaptic Density Presynaptic Terminals Psychological Inhibition Pyramidal Cells Synapses Vertebral Column

Top products related to «Pia Mater»

1
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
2
Vt1200s vibratome by Leica
Sourced in Germany, United States, Sweden, Japan
The VT1200S vibratome is a precision instrument used for sectioning biological samples. It employs a vibrating blade to produce high-quality sections of tissues or other materials for analysis and research purposes. The vibratome offers adjustable sectioning thickness and speed to accommodate a variety of sample types and requirements.
3
Bx51wi by Olympus
Sourced in Japan, United States, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom
The BX51WI is an upright microscope designed for upright water immersion imaging. It features a infinity-corrected optical system and a bright LED illumination system. The BX51WI is suitable for a variety of applications requiring high-resolution imaging in an aqueous environment.
4
Epidermal growth factor (egf) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Israel, Switzerland, Australia, Macao, Belgium, Spain, Denmark, Jersey
EGF is a lab equipment product from Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a recombinant human Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) protein. EGF is a growth factor that plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation.
5
Stereotaxic frame by Kopf Instruments
Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy
The Stereotaxic frame is a laboratory instrument used to immobilize and position the head of a subject, typically an animal, during surgical or experimental procedures. It provides a secure and reproducible method for aligning the subject's head in a three-dimensional coordinate system to enable precise targeting of specific brain regions.
6
Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem) by Keygen Biotech
Sourced in China, United States
DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a basal cell culture medium commonly used to support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in vitro. It provides the necessary nutrients, amino acids, and salts to sustain cell viability and proliferation.
7
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Sartorius
Sourced in Israel, United States, China, Japan, Germany, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Belgium
The FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) is a cell culture media supplement used to promote the growth and proliferation of cells in vitro. It is a complex mixture of proteins, growth factors, and other components derived from the blood of fetal bovine. The FBS provides essential nutrients and growth factors that support the survival and expansion of various cell types in cell culture applications.
8
Penicillin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Israel, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Brazil, Netherlands, Gabon, Denmark, Poland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Argentina, India, Macao, Uruguay, Portugal, Holy See (Vatican City State), Czechia, Singapore, Panama, Thailand, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Morocco
Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
9
Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Israel, Austria, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Brazil, Denmark, Argentina, Sweden, New Zealand, Ireland, India, Gabon, Macao, Portugal, Czechia, Singapore, Norway, Thailand, Uruguay, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Panama
Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
10
Axio imager z1m by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany
The Axio Imager Z1m is a light microscope system designed for high-resolution imaging and analysis. It features a motorized focusing drive, a range of illumination options, and a modular design for customization to specific research needs.

More about "Pia Mater"

Pia mater, the delicate, highly vascular membrane that intimately covers the brain and spinal cord, plays a crucial role in the central nervous system's (CNS) nourishment, support, and cerebrospinal fluid production and circulation.
This innermost layer of the meninges is essential for maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of the brain and spinal cord.
Researchers can leverage PubCompare.ai's innovative AI-driven platform to optimize research protocols and enhance the reproducibility of studies focusing on the pia mater and its critical role in the body.
The platform allows researchers to easily locate protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and leverage AI-powered comparisons to identify the best protocols and products.
When studying the pia mater, researchers may utilize various tools and techniques, such as the FBS (fetal bovine serum) for cell culture, the VT1200S vibratome for tissue sectioning, the BX51WI microscope for imaging, and the stereotaxic frame for precise surgical procedures.
Additionally, they may work with growth factors like EGF (epidermal growth factor) to understand the pia mater's cellular interactions and development.
The pia mater's composition and function are closely linked to the broader meningeal system, which includes the dura mater and arachnoid mater.
Researchers may also explore the pia mater's role in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which is essential for maintaining the proper pressure and environment within the CNS.
To culture cells derived from the pia mater, researchers may use DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) supplemented with antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin.
This provides a nutrient-rich environment for the cells to grow and allows for the study of their behavior and responses to various stimuli.
By understanding the pia mater's structure, function, and its interactions with the surrounding tissues, researchers can gain valuable insights into the overall health and functioning of the central nervous system.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform can be a powerful tool in this endeavor, helping to optimize research protocols and enhance the reproducibility of studies focusing on this critical anatomical structure.