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> Anatomy > Body Part > Plantaris Muscle

Plantaris Muscle

The plantaris muscle is a small muscle located in the posterior compartment of the leg.
It originates from the posterior aspect of the femur and inserts onto the calcaneus bone.
The plantaris muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle joint and may assist in flexion of the knee.
It is often considered a vestigial muscle in humans, but can still be present and functional in some individuals.
Studying the plantaris muscle can provide insights into musculoskeletal anatomy and biomechanics of the lower extremity.

Most cited protocols related to «Plantaris Muscle»

1
Immunofluorescent Labeling of Muscle Tissues
Cited 9 times
The gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus were removed intact from mice, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen–cooled isopentane, and cryosectioned (7 μm). Before labeling, sections were fixed with 0.5% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100/PBS/0.2 M NH4Cl, and blocked with PBS containing 2% fish gelatin/0.08% BSA. Sections were incubated with primary antibodies (30 nM). After several PBS washes, sections were incubated with a cocktail containing either goat anti–rabbit IgG or anti–mouse IgM conjugated to Texas red (Jackson Immunoresearch; 1:200) mixed with either donkey anti–mouse IgG conjugated FITC or α-bungarotoxin (Tx) conjugated to BODIPY-fluorescence (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR; 1:300). Washed sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and mounted in glycerol containing n-propyl gallate to reduce photobleaching (20 (link)). Antibody specificity was tested by preincubating antibodies with their antigenic peptide (100 μM) for 30 min before labeling. Adjacent sections were stained with Mayers haematoxylin-eosin (30 ). Sections were viewed on a fluorescence microscope (model Axioskop; Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, NY) and photographed (TMax 400 film; Kodak, Rochester, NY).
Peters M.F., Adams M.E, & Froehner S.C. (1997). Differential Association of Syntrophin Pairs with the Dystrophin Complex. The Journal of Cell Biology, 138(1), 81-93.
Publication 1997
alpha-Bungarotoxin anti-IgG anti-IgM Antibodies Antibody Specificity Antigens BODIPY Eosin Equus asinus Fishes Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescence Freezing Gelatins Glycerin Goat isopentane Microscopy, Fluorescence Molecular Probes Mus Muscle, Gastrocnemius Nitrogen paraform Peptides Plantaris Muscle Propyl Gallate Rabbits Soleus Muscle Triton X-100
2
Anatomical Study of Plantaris Tendon
Cited 8 times
Fifty randomized and isolated (23 left and 27 right) lower limbs were obtained from adult cadavers (24 female and 26 male) and fixed in a 10 % formalin solution before examination. The cadavers were the property of the Normal and Clinical Anatomy Department, Medical University of Lodz, Poland. Lower limbs with visible, macroscopically detectable, anomalies were excluded from the study. The study procedure was approved by the Medical University of Lodz Bioethical Commission (agreement no. RNN/182/15/KE).
A classical anatomical preparation comprising the crural and foot area was carried out. Upon dissection, the morphology of the plantaris tendon was assessed, together with the location and area of its insertion to the calcaneal tuberosity.
The next stage included the anthropometric measurements of the tendon. The distance between the calcaneal tuberosity and the point of fan-shaped insertion of the tendon was measured. In addition, the width and thickness of the tendon were measured at the extension point (Tables 1, 2, 3). An electronic digital caliper was used for all measurements (Mitutoyo Corporation, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan). Each measurement was carried out twice with an accuracy of up to 0.1 mm.

Plantaris tendon width at the extension point

TypeThe maximum PT width at the extension point (mm)The minimum PT width at the extension point (mm)The mean PT width at the extension point (mm)Standard deviation (mm)
14.11.32.851.1
22.01.11.70.3
32.82.12.40.3
43.652.83.20.6
56.12.654.31.3

PT plantaris tendon

Plantaris tendon thickness at the extension point

TypeThe maximum PT thickness at the extension point (mm)The minimum PT thickness at the extension point (mm)The mean PT thickness at the extension point (mm)Standard deviation (mm)
11.20.91.00.1
21.60.41.00.3
31.71.21.40.2
41.00.91.00.1
51.30.60.90.2

PT plantaris tendon

Distance between the calcaneal tuberosity and the plantaris tendon extension point

TypeThe maximum distance between the CT and the PT extension point (mm)The minimum PT distance between the CT and the PT extension point (mm)The mean distance between the CT and the PT extension point (mm)Standard deviation (mm)
165.234.349.412.9
261.539.246.97.8
353.441.449.15.4
473.161.567.38.2
56.12.654.31.3

PT plantaris tendon, CT calcaneal tuberosity

Basic descriptive statistics were calculated for the collected dimensions.
Olewnik Ł., Wysiadecki G., Polguj M, & Topol M. (2016). Anatomic study suggests that the morphology of the plantaris tendon may be related to Achilles tendonitis. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 39(1), 69-75.
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Publication 2016
Adult Cadaver Calcaneus Dissection Females Foot Formalin Limb Deformities, Congenital Lower Extremity Males Plantaris Muscle Scan, CT PET Tendons
3
Achilles Tendon Injury and Repair in Rats
Cited 8 times
Male Sprague Dawley rats at approximately 16-weeks of age (N=100) (Charles River Laboratories; Malvern, PA) received two weeks of treadmill training (up to 60 minutes at 10m/min (approximately 13% of the speed that rats begin to gallop21 (link)) in this IACUC approved study (Figure 1). Animals were housed in a conventional facility with 12 hour light/dark cycles and were fed standard chow and provided water ad libitum. All animals underwent surgery using sterile techniques, consisting of anesthesia (Isoflurane), blunt transection of the right Achilles tendon midsubstance with resection of the central plantaris longus tendon, and subsequent randomization into repaired (n=50) and non-repaired (n=50) groups. Prior to surgery, animals were given a single dose of buprenorphine (0.08 ml, 0.3mg/ml), which was repeated at 12-hour intervals through the third day post-surgery. Repairs were performed with the Urbaniak variant of the Kessler repair (Figure 1A),22 (link) using 4-0 Tevdek suture (braided polyester with a PTFE coating) (Teleflex; Gurnee, IL). Following surgery, animal groups were randomized into two groups euthanized (10 minutes in CO2 chamber) 3-weeks post injury (n=25 each): animals that returned to activity after 1-week post injury (RTA1; 1 week of immobilization, followed by 1 week cage of activity, and 1 week of exercise) or animals that returned to activity 3-weeks post injury (RTA3; 3 weeks immobilization). Immobilization consisted of casting the leg from below the knee to the toes in a fully plantarflexed position. Casts were constructed with silk tape stirrups (3M; St. Paul, MN), webril padding (Hanna Pharmaceutical; Wilmington, DE), a custom-designed 3-D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) splint (0.1cm × 1cm × 2cm) (MakerBot Industries, LLC; Brooklyn, NY), CoFlex (Andover Healthcare; Salisbury, MA), and poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) (Patterson Dental; St. Paul, MN) (Figure-S1). Briefly, under general isoflurane anesthesia, stirrups were applied on either side of the limb. Next, a layer of webril cast padding was wrapped from the base of the toes to the mid-tibia. The splint was then positioned posterior to the heel, and secured with a layer of CoFlex. Stirrup tails were then placed over the CoFlex to secure the cast to the limb, followed by a second layer of CoFlex and a thin coating of PMMA to prevent chewing. Throughout immobilization periods, animals were checked daily to confirm casts remained in place and that limb circulation was visually maintained. Casts were replaced weekly while animals were under general anesthesia or as needed between regular changes, using an oscillating cast saw (HEBU Medical; Germany) for removal.
Freedman B., Gordon J., Bhatt P., Pardes A., Thomas S., Sarver J., Riggin C., Tucker J., Williams A., Zanes R., Hast M., Farber D., Silbernagel K, & Soslowsky L. (2016). Nonsurgical treatment and early return to activity leads to improved Achilles tendon fatigue mechanics and functional outcomes during early healing in an animal model. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 34(12), 2172-2180.
Publication 2016
1,3-butadiene Acrylonitrile Anesthesia Animals Buprenorphine CAGE1 protein, human CD3EAP protein, human Dental Health Services General Anesthesia Heel Immobilization Injuries Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Knee Males Operative Surgical Procedures Pharmaceutical Preparations Plantaris Muscle Polyesters Polymethyl Methacrylate Polytetrafluoroethylene Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Rivers Silk Splints Stapes Sterility, Reproductive Styrene Sutures Tail Tendon, Achilles Tendons Tenotomy TEVDEK Tibia Toes Wound Healing
4
Muscle Fiber Typing with Immunofluorescence
Cited 7 times
Serial sections from soleus and plantaris samples were cut at 10 μm using a cryotome (HM 525 Cryostat; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Sections were dried at room temperature for 30 min and incubated in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution containing 0.5% Triton X-100. Sections were rinsed in PBS and subsequently exposed to primary antibodies specific to dystrophin protein (rabbit host, # RB9024R7; Lab Vision Corporation, Fremont, CA), myosin heavy chain Type I (mouse host, immunoglobulin M [IgM] isotype, # A4.840; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Iowa City, IA), and myosin heavy chain Type IIa (mouse host, immunoglobulin G [IgG] isotype, # SC71; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank) in a dark humid chamber at room temperature for 1 h. Sections were subsequently rinsed three times in PBS and exposed to rhodamine red anti-rabbit secondary antibody (R6394; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), Alexa Fluor 350 goat anti-mouse IgM isotype-specific secondary antibody (# A31552; Molecular Probes), and Alexa Fluro 488 goat anti-mouse IgG isotype-specific secondary antibody (A11011; Molecular Probes) diluted in PBS containing 0.5% Pierce Super Blocker (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in a dark humid chamber at room temperature for 1 h. Sections were washed in PBS and viewed via a fluorescence microscope (Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY). Fiber typing utilizing this method allows for the individual visualization of the myofiber membrane protein dystrophin using the rhodamine filter set (red), Type I myosin using the DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) filter set (blue), Type IIa myosin using the FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) filter set (green), and Type IIb/IIx fibers (nonstained/black) myofibers. Images were obtained at a 10× magnification, were merged using NIS-Elements software (Nikon Instruments), and myofibers were analyzed for percent of each MHC by a blinded investigator.
Hyatt H.W., Toedebusch R.G., Ruegsegger G., Mobley C.B., Fox C.D., McGinnis G.R., Quindry J.C., Booth F.W., Roberts M.D, & Kavazis A.N. (2015). Comparative adaptations in oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers in a low voluntary wheel running rat model performing three levels of physical activity. Physiological Reports, 3(11), e12619.
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Publication 2015
Alexa 350 Antibodies Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic DAPI Dystrophin Fibrosis Fluorescein Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Goat Hybridomas Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin Isotypes Immunoglobulin M Isothiocyanates Membrane Proteins Microscopy, Fluorescence Molecular Probes Mus Myosin ATPase Myosin Heavy Chains Myosin Type I Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIA Phosphates Plantaris Muscle Proteins Rabbits Rhodamine Saline Solution Soleus Muscle Triton X-100 Vision
5
Muscle Sampling Technique for Biology Research
Cited 7 times
Muscles were removed according to the scheme outlined by Armstrong and Phelps [11] (link). Muscles were chosen because of their common use in muscle biology and exercise physiology research. Whole soleus (Sol), plantaris (Pla), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were removed and a portion of the entire circumference around the mid-belly was used. The tibialis anterior was separated into red (RTA) and white (WTA) portions, the gastrocnemius was separated into red (RG), white (WG), and mixed (MG) portions, whereas the vastus intermedius (VI) and the white vastus lateralis (WVL) were isolated from the quadriceps. This resulted in a total of ten rat and mouse muscles/muscle portions. Muscles were embedded in O.C.T. compound (Tissue-Tek), frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane, stored at −80°C, and cut into 10 µm thick cryosections with a cryostat (Thermo Electronic) maintained at −20°C. Human vastus lateralis (VL) muscle samples from recreationally active males (n = 7; age: 20.6±0.6 years; height: 183.4±0.6 cm; weight: 72.6±3.3 kg) from a recent report [17] (link) were also utilized. Human procedures were approved by the University of Guelph Research Ethics Board (REB# 06MR027).
Bloemberg D, & Quadrilatero J. (2012). Rapid Determination of Myosin Heavy Chain Expression in Rat, Mouse, and Human Skeletal Muscle Using Multicolor Immunofluorescence Analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e35273.
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Publication 2012
Cryoultramicrotomy Freezing Homo sapiens isopentane Males Mice, House Muscle, Gastrocnemius Muscle Tissue Nitrogen physiology Plantaris Muscle Quadriceps Femoris Soleus Muscle Tibial Muscle, Anterior Tissues Vastus Intermedius Vastus Lateralis

Most recents protocols related to «Plantaris Muscle»

1
Transcriptomic analysis of MYTHO in muscle
Gene Ontology analysis was performed on all significantly up- and downregulated genes upon MYTHO knockdown (161 and 53 genes, respectively), using Metascape (http://metascape.org). The gene-level signal intensities after SST-RMA normalization were used to generated heatmaps and hierarchical clustering using webtool Clustvis73 (link). FunRich software 3.1.474 (link) was used to generate a Venn diagram of upregulated genes obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO): GSE48363 (GAS/plantaris muscle/cancer)75 (link), GSE63032 (GAS muscle/cancer cachexia)76 (link) and GSE20103 (TA muscle /24 h STV)77 (link). For microarray data set, GEOexplorer (https://geoexplorer.rosalind.kcl.ac.uk)78 (link), was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (adj p < 0.05 and fold change >1.25) across experimental conditions. We also analyzed Mytho (aka D230025D16Rik) mRNA levels (FDR < 0.05 and fold change >1.25) in GAS muscle of 8 and 28 months old wild-type mice (GSE145480) using SarcoAtlas (https://sarcoatlas.scicore.unibas.ch/)79 (link).
The RNA-seq data of TA muscles from healthy and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1, aka Steinert disease) individuals were acquired from the Myotonic Dystrophy Deep Sequencing Data Repository (http://www.dmseq.org/) and GEO (GSE86356) repositories, respectively. DM1 patients were classified as mild, moderate, or severe80 (link). Mytho (aka C16ORF70) mRNA levels (transcripts per million, TPM) were analyzed in tibialis anterior muscle biopsies from control or DM1 patients using one-way ANOVA followed by two-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli (p < 0.05 and q < 0.1 was considered statistically significant).
Leduc-Gaudet J.P., Franco-Romero A., Cefis M., Moamer A., Broering F.E., Milan G., Sartori R., Chaffer T.J., Dulac M., Marcangeli V., Mayaki D., Huck L., Shams A., Morais J.A., Duchesne E., Lochmuller H., Sandri M., Hussain S.N, & Gouspillou G. (2023). MYTHO is a novel regulator of skeletal muscle autophagy and integrity. Nature Communications, 14, 1199.
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Publication 2023
Biopsy Cachexia Cancer of Muscle Gene Expression Gene Knockdown Techniques Genes Genes, vif Malignant Neoplasms Mice, Laboratory Microarray Analysis Muscle Tissue Myotonic Dystrophy neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Patients Plantaris Muscle RNA, Messenger RNA-Seq Tibial Muscle, Anterior Training Programs
2
Plantar Incision Model in Mice
Mice (≥8 weeks) were briefly (5–10 s) anesthetized with 1.5 % isoflurane in 100 % O2 at a flow rate of 1.0 L/min (SurgiVet Isotech 4). Anesthetized mice were placed on bite bar in a rebreathing anesthetic circuit with nose cone (Vetamac, Rossville, IN). Artificial tears ointment (Dechra, UK) was applied after induction of anesthesia and a feedback controlled heating pad (FHC) was used to maintain body temperature at 37 °C. The plantar surface of the left hind paw was aseptically prepared by using three skin preparation protocols: povidone iodine (7.5 %, Purdue Products LP) and 70 % isopropyl alcohol wipes (Curity). We implemented the plantar Incision model (PIM) adapted from previously described methods (Pogatzki and Raja, 2003 (link), Cowie and Stucky, 2019 ). After aseptic preparation, a 5 mm longitudinal Incision was made using a No.11 scalpel blade through the skin and fascia on the plantar surface of the left hind paw, starting 2 mm from the proximal end of the heel and extending toward the toes. The underlying plantaris muscle was elevated using pointed tips tweezers, leaving the muscle intact. A 5 mm longitudinal Incision was made along the center of the exposed plantaris muscle. The skin Incision was closed with two horizontal simple interrupted sutures of 5–0 nylon (McKesson) on the proximal and distal end of the Incision covered with triple antibiotic ointment (Actvis Pharma, Inc). Mice were allowed to recover from anesthesia in their home cages with wet feed and on a heating pad (FHC) before being returned to the vivarium. Sham mice underwent anesthesia, antiseptic preparation and topical triple antibiotic ointment application, but without Incisions on the skin, fascia, or the muscles. Mice were checked every day, and any mouse with evidence of infection or dehiscence, or lose of sutures were excluded from the study. For pain recovery studies, nylon sutures were removed when mice were anesthetized after postoperative day 1 (POD1) behavior measurement.
Zhou S., Yin Y, & Sheets P.L. (2023). Mouse models of surgical and neuropathic pain produce distinct functional alterations to prodynorphin expressing neurons in the prelimbic cortex. Neurobiology of Pain, 13, 100121.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Anesthetics Anti-Infective Agents, Local Antibiotics Asepsis Body Temperature Dental Occlusion Fascia Heel Infection Isoflurane Isopropyl Alcohol Lubricant Eye Drops Mice, House Muscle Tissue Nose Nylons Ointments Pain Plantaris Muscle Povidone Iodine Raja Retinal Cone Skin Sutures Toes
3
Hindlimb Muscle Dissection and Freezing
At times indicated in the Figure legends, while under isoflurane anesthesia induction and maintained as above, muscles (gastrocnemius (Gas), soleus (Sol), plantaris (Pl), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) from the left hindlimb were removed by careful dissection, weighed and frozen by submersion in ice-cold isopentane (Sigma, 78-78-4) cooled with liquid nitrogen. Animals were euthanized by exsanguination.
Aslan A., Harlow L., Liu X.H., De Gasperi R., Bauman W.A., Brotto M, & Cardozo C.P. (2023). Denervation Atrophy of Skeletal Muscle is Not Influenced by Numb Levels in Mice. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(3), 376-384.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Animals Cold Temperature Dissection Exsanguination Freezing Hindlimb Isoflurane isopentane Muscle, Gastrocnemius Muscle Tissue Nitrogen Plantaris Muscle Soleus Muscle Submersion
4
Deep Hind Paw Incision Surgery in Rodents
The deep hind paw incision was performed, as described previously,18 (link) with several modifications. The animal was placed in a prone position under sevoflurane anesthesia (4 volume% in 1 L/min oxygen) delivered via a nose cone. Sevoflurane inhalation was used, as it is safe, non-invasive, rapid, and easy to control. Adequate anesthetic depth was ascertained by loss of response to tail clamp. A drape was placed after disinfection with 10% povidone–iodine solution (popiyodon solution 10%; Yoshida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan). A 5-mm longitudinal incision was made through the skin using a scalpel blade, starting 2 mm from the proximal edge of the heel and extending toward the toe. The underlying fascia and plantaris muscle were incised and elevated for 5 min. After hemostasis, the wound was closed using a 6–0 nylon suture and covered with bacitracin ointment (baramycin ointment; TOYO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; catalog number: 672639) to prevent wound infection. Then, the animal was placed in a recovery cage. Once the animal was fully recovered as it regained the righting reflex and ability to stand, it was returned to its home cage. Respiratory patterns and reactions to surgical stimulation were continuously monitored during the entire surgical procedure.
The sham surgery comprised anesthesia, antiseptic preparation, and application of topical antibiotics without skin and muscle incision and elevation (protocol: http://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.j8nlkw9k5l5r/v1).
Lu F., Kato J., Toramaru T., Zhang M, & Morisaki H. (2023). Pharmacological Ischemic Conditioning with Roxadustat Does Not Affect Pain-Like Behaviors but Mitigates Sudomotor Impairment in a Murine Model of Deep Hind Paw Incision. Journal of Pain Research, 16, 573-587.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Anesthetics Animals Anti-Infective Agents, Local Antibiotics Bacitracin Disinfection Fascia Heel Hemostasis Inhalation Myotomy Nose Nylons Ointments Operative Surgical Procedures Oxygen Pharmaceutical Preparations Plantaris Muscle Povidone Iodine Reflex, Righting Respiratory Rate Retinal Cone Sevoflurane Skin Sutures Tail Wound Infection Wounds
5
Incisional Pain Model in Rats
All surgical procedures were carried out under sterile conditions by single investigator who was uninformed of the group assignment. The rats were placed under general anesthesia with 6% isoflurane in 100% oxygen inside a sealed clear plastic chamber until they became motionless. Subsequently, the rats were kept on a nonrebreathing anesthetic circuit mask using 1–2% isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Before the incisions, Cefazolin (20 mg/kg; Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea) was injected subcutaneously. Each rat’s plantar surface of the left hind paw was aseptically prepared for surgery. This study’s incisional pain model has been reported previously [10 (link)]. In brief, a blade was used to make a 1 cm longitudinal skin incision extending toward the digits on the plantar surface of the left hind paw, approximately 0.5 cm distal to the tibiotarsal joint. The plantaris muscle was separated, lifted slightly, and incised longitudinally. Two interrupted horizontal mattress sutures of 5-0 nylon were used to seal the wound.
Choi G.J., Kang H., Lee O.H, & Kwon J.W. (2023). Effect of Immature Rubus occidentalis on Postoperative Pain in a Rat Model. Medicina, 59(2), 264.
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Publication 2023
Anesthetics Cefazolin General Anesthesia Isoflurane Joints Nylons Operative Surgical Procedures Oxygen Pain Pharmaceutical Preparations Phocidae Plantaris Muscle Skin Sterility, Reproductive Sutures Thumb Wounds

Top products related to «Plantaris Muscle»

1
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3
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More about "Plantaris Muscle"

The plantaris muscle, also known as the musculus plantaris, is a small and often vestigial muscle located in the posterior compartment of the human leg.
Originating from the posterior aspect of the femur and inserting onto the calcaneus or Achilles tendon, this muscle is responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle joint and may assist in flexion of the knee.
While considered a remnant or vestigial muscle in many individuals, the plantaris can still be present and functional in some people.
Studying the anatomy, biomechanics, and potential variations of the plantaris muscle can provide valuable insights into the musculoskeletal system of the lower extremity.
When conducting research on the plantaris muscle, researchers may utilize various tools and techniques, such as the TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, the NanoDrop 2000 for nucleic acid quantification, Isoflurane for anesthesia, the Bullet Blender for tissue homogenization, Isopentane for flash freezing, PhosSTOP for phosphatase inhibition, Tissue-Tek for tissue embedding, the RNeasy Mini Kit for RNA purification, and protease inhibitor cocktails to preserve protein integrity.
By leveraging these specialized tools and techniques, researchers can optimize their plantaris muscle studies, ensuring accurate and reproducible results.
PubCompare.ai can be a valuable resource in this process, enabling researchers to locate the best protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and compare them side-by-side to identify the most effective approaches for their plantaris muscle research.