Adolescents completed the five PDS questions about physical development, scored from 1 (no) to 4 (development seems complete) (Petersen et al., 1988 ). Reliability of the PDS was high (α=0.77 for boys, α=.81 for girls). Few (3%) adolescents had missing PDS scores. We developed a coding system to convert the PDS to a 5-point scale in order to parallel the physical exam Tanner stages (available upon request). Although inter-related, puberty is not a single event. Therefore, our coding system differentially captured gonadal and adrenal hormonal signals of physical development. In girls, growth spurt, breast development, and menarche are associated with gonadal hormonal signals. In boys, growth spurt, deepening of voice and facial hair growth are associated with gonadal hormones. For both sexes, pubic/body hair and skin changes are associated with adrenal hormones.
Pubic Bone
The pubic bone is a crucial component of the pelvic girdle, providing structural support and attachment points for important muscles and ligaments.
Researchers studying the pubic bone must navigate a wealth of scientific literature to identify the most accurate and reproducible experimental protocols.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform simplifies this process, effortlessly locating the best protocols from publications, preprints, and patents to enhance the quality and credibility of pubic bone research.
Leveraging cutting-edge AI comparisons, scientists can confidently select the optimal protocols and products to advance their studies in this critical area of anatomy.
Experiecne the future of research with PubCompare.ai.
Researchers studying the pubic bone must navigate a wealth of scientific literature to identify the most accurate and reproducible experimental protocols.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven platform simplifies this process, effortlessly locating the best protocols from publications, preprints, and patents to enhance the quality and credibility of pubic bone research.
Leveraging cutting-edge AI comparisons, scientists can confidently select the optimal protocols and products to advance their studies in this critical area of anatomy.
Experiecne the future of research with PubCompare.ai.
Most cited protocols related to «Pubic Bone»
Adolescent
Boys
Breast
Face
Gonadal Hormones
Gonads
Hair
Hormones
Human Body
Menarche
Physical Examination
Puberty
Pubic Bone
Skin
Woman
Breast
Hair
Physical Examination
Puberty
Pubic Bone
Woman
Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 6 dosing sequences and completed three 6-week dosing periods of 2, 4 and 7 doses per week, with a break of at least 3 weeks between periods (Figures 1 2
At enrollment and end-point visits, approximately 150–200 strands of scalp hair were collected; additionally, a similar number pubic hair strands were collected on an opt-in basis. After 4 weeks of dosing during the 7 doses/week period (at steady state for plasma TFV), participants were admitted to the UCSF Clinical Research Center for intensive 24-hour plasma PK evaluations to calculate individual PK parameters (plasma AUC for oral clearance and Cmax). The participant's usual diet was ascertained prior to the PK visit, and simulation of the usual diet was undertaken during PK sampling. An initial blood level was drawn (called the “0” timepoint) prior to an observed dose of TFV, followed by blood collection at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hours post-dose for measurement of TFV plasma concentration. Concentrations could not be measured for one participant at the 0.5 hour time and another participant at the 1.5 hour time; these were interpolated by fitting quadratic functions to the log-concentrations using the two previous and two subsequent times.
At enrollment and end-point visits, approximately 150–200 strands of scalp hair were collected; additionally, a similar number pubic hair strands were collected on an opt-in basis. After 4 weeks of dosing during the 7 doses/week period (at steady state for plasma TFV), participants were admitted to the UCSF Clinical Research Center for intensive 24-hour plasma PK evaluations to calculate individual PK parameters (plasma AUC for oral clearance and Cmax). The participant's usual diet was ascertained prior to the PK visit, and simulation of the usual diet was undertaken during PK sampling. An initial blood level was drawn (called the “0” timepoint) prior to an observed dose of TFV, followed by blood collection at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hours post-dose for measurement of TFV plasma concentration. Concentrations could not be measured for one participant at the 0.5 hour time and another participant at the 1.5 hour time; these were interpolated by fitting quadratic functions to the log-concentrations using the two previous and two subsequent times.
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BLOOD
Diet
Females
Hair
Males
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Physical Examination
Plasma
Pubic Bone
Safety
Scalp
Bones
Cancellous Bone
Cartilage
Cartilage Diseases
Compact Bone
Dietary Fiber
Homo sapiens
Hypersensitivity
Joints
Mechanics
Muscle Rigidity
Pubic Bone
INTERGROWTH-21st was a multicentre, multiethnic, population based project, conducted between 2009 and 2014 in eight countries.35 (link) The project’s primary aim was to study growth, health, nutrition, and neurodevelopment from less than 14 weeks’ gestation to 2 years of age, using the same conceptual framework as the World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study.36
The details of population selection have been described elsewhere.35 (link)
37 (link) In brief, all institutions providing obstetric care in eight urban areas in Brazil, China, India, Italy, Kenya, Oman, UK, and USA, with no or low levels of major, known, non-microbiological contamination, were chosen as study sites. From these populations, healthy women with a naturally conceived singleton pregnancy, and who met the individual inclusion criteria, were prospectively recruited into the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study, one of the main components of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.
Gestational age was estimated on the basis of the last menstrual period provided that the date was certain, the woman had a regular 24-32 day menstrual cycle, she was not using hormonal contraception or breastfeeding in the preceding two months, and the estimated gestational age (based on the last menstrual period) agreed (within seven days) with a standardised measurement of fetal crown rump length at 9+0 to 13+6 weeks’ gestation.30 (link)
38 (link)
39 (link) Follow-up visits occurred every five weeks (within one week either side)—that is, possible ranges were 14-18, 19-23, 24-28, 29-33, 34-38, and 39-42 weeks’ gestation.
At each visit, dedicated research staff who had undergone rigorous training and standardisation used the same protocols at all sites. Staff measured SFH first before taking fetal ultrasound measurements. With the woman in the supine position, having emptied her bladder, SFH was measured with a non-elastic metric tape (Chasmors) provided to all sites. After the start of the tape was positioned with one hand over the upper border of the symphysis pubis bone, the tape was placed in a straight line over the uterus until loss of resistance was felt when reaching the fundus. With the cubital edge of the hand used to sustain the tape in place at the point of the fundus, the tape was turned so that the numbers were visible to record the value to the nearest complete half centimetre.35 (link)
The process was then repeated to obtain a second measurement. Although it was not possible to blind the research staff to the gestational age at each visit, all SFH measurements were taken in a blinded fashion to reduce expected value bias by turning the tape measure so that no numbers were visible during the examination.
According to prespecified criteria, we excluded pregnancies complicated by fetal death or congenital abnormality, catastrophic or severe medical conditions (such as cancer or HIV); those with severe unanticipated conditions related to pregnancy that needed admission to hospital (such as eclampsia or severe pre-eclampsia); and those identified during the study who no longer fulfilled the entry criteria (such as women who started smoking during pregnancy or had an episode of malaria).
The details of population selection have been described elsewhere.35 (link)
37 (link) In brief, all institutions providing obstetric care in eight urban areas in Brazil, China, India, Italy, Kenya, Oman, UK, and USA, with no or low levels of major, known, non-microbiological contamination, were chosen as study sites. From these populations, healthy women with a naturally conceived singleton pregnancy, and who met the individual inclusion criteria, were prospectively recruited into the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study, one of the main components of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.
Gestational age was estimated on the basis of the last menstrual period provided that the date was certain, the woman had a regular 24-32 day menstrual cycle, she was not using hormonal contraception or breastfeeding in the preceding two months, and the estimated gestational age (based on the last menstrual period) agreed (within seven days) with a standardised measurement of fetal crown rump length at 9+0 to 13+6 weeks’ gestation.30 (link)
38 (link)
39 (link) Follow-up visits occurred every five weeks (within one week either side)—that is, possible ranges were 14-18, 19-23, 24-28, 29-33, 34-38, and 39-42 weeks’ gestation.
At each visit, dedicated research staff who had undergone rigorous training and standardisation used the same protocols at all sites. Staff measured SFH first before taking fetal ultrasound measurements. With the woman in the supine position, having emptied her bladder, SFH was measured with a non-elastic metric tape (Chasmors) provided to all sites. After the start of the tape was positioned with one hand over the upper border of the symphysis pubis bone, the tape was placed in a straight line over the uterus until loss of resistance was felt when reaching the fundus. With the cubital edge of the hand used to sustain the tape in place at the point of the fundus, the tape was turned so that the numbers were visible to record the value to the nearest complete half centimetre.35 (link)
The process was then repeated to obtain a second measurement. Although it was not possible to blind the research staff to the gestational age at each visit, all SFH measurements were taken in a blinded fashion to reduce expected value bias by turning the tape measure so that no numbers were visible during the examination.
According to prespecified criteria, we excluded pregnancies complicated by fetal death or congenital abnormality, catastrophic or severe medical conditions (such as cancer or HIV); those with severe unanticipated conditions related to pregnancy that needed admission to hospital (such as eclampsia or severe pre-eclampsia); and those identified during the study who no longer fulfilled the entry criteria (such as women who started smoking during pregnancy or had an episode of malaria).
Full text: Click here
Blindness
Care, Prenatal
Congenital Abnormality
Eclampsia
Elbow
Feelings
Fetal Death
Fetal Growth
Fetal Ultrasonography
Gestational Age
Hormonal Contraception
Malaria
Malignant Neoplasms
Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation
Muscle Rigidity
Population Group
Pre-Eclampsia
Pregnancy
Pubic Bone
Urinary Bladder
Uterus
Woman
Most recents protocols related to «Pubic Bone»
The good state of preservation and the representativeness of the excavated skeletons allowed a biological identification of the two individuals buried at Huaca Grande. The estimation of the age at death of these two adult individuals is based on the study of their dentition [37 ] and the analysis of the sacroiliac surface which allows to refine the age class by chronological intervals with reliability [38 (link)]. This probabilistic method is based on the scoring of four morphological characters of the iliac auricular surface: the presence or absence of undulations and striations on the transverse organization (SSPIA), the modification of the articular surface with the progressive appearance of granulation and porosities (SSPIB), the modification of the apical surface with a thin or blunt edge (SSPIC), and the modification of the iliac tuberosity with a smooth or reshaped surface (SSPID).
Regarding sexual diagnosis, the good preservation of the coxal bone of both adult individuals allows the use of two reliable methods based on a world reference sample. The first method is morphoscopic with a minimum reliability of 95% [39 (link)]. It consists of assessing five characters distributed over three morpho-functional segments of the bony pelvis: the pre-auricular region, the shape of the greater ischial incisure, the sexual shape of the compound arch, the shape of the inferior border and the relative length of the pubis and ischium. The second method is morphometric based on metric variability with a reliability varying between 98.7% and 100% [40 ]. It is based on the principle of discriminant analysis from four to ten variables to determine the probability of belonging to a male or female group.
Regarding sexual diagnosis, the good preservation of the coxal bone of both adult individuals allows the use of two reliable methods based on a world reference sample. The first method is morphoscopic with a minimum reliability of 95% [39 (link)]. It consists of assessing five characters distributed over three morpho-functional segments of the bony pelvis: the pre-auricular region, the shape of the greater ischial incisure, the sexual shape of the compound arch, the shape of the inferior border and the relative length of the pubis and ischium. The second method is morphometric based on metric variability with a reliability varying between 98.7% and 100% [40 ]. It is based on the principle of discriminant analysis from four to ten variables to determine the probability of belonging to a male or female group.
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Adult
Biologic Preservation
Biopharmaceuticals
Character
Diagnosis
External Ear
Females
Hip Bone
Ilium
Ischium
Joints
Males
Pelvic Bones
Pubic Bone
Skeleton
Tooth
This study analysed 72 inhumations and cremations (38 tombs from the Misericordia necropolis and 34 tombs from the Mossa necropolis). This research was accomplished following the relevant regulations for the treatment of ancient human remains. Permits for osteological and isotopic analyses were granted by the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio delle Marche and the Polo Museale delle Marche (Prot. 0000370 of 2017, Prot. 0000369 of 2017, Prot. 3556 of 2018, Prot. 3226 of 2018).
The osteological analysis focused on (a) the estimation of the minimum number of individuals (MNI); and (b) the determination of the demographic profile (sex and age-at-death) of the skeletal sample for each grave. The sex estimation of inhumed adult individuals was based on (a) dimorphic traits of the skull (e.g. nuchal crest, mastoid process, supraorbital margin, glabella and mental eminence) and pelvis (e.g. greater sciatic notch, preauricular sulcus, ischiopubic ramus); and (b) general observation of the relative robusticity/gracility of the skeleton among the skeletal series39 ,40 . The sex estimation for cremated individuals was based on morphological traits and sexual metric dimorphism following Cavazzuti et al.41 (link).
Age-at-death of subadults in both cremations and inhumations was based on (a) dental formation and the eruption of deciduous and permanent dentitions42 (link); (b) long bone length43 ; and (c) epiphyseal closure of skeletal elements44 . The age-at-death of adult individuals was estimated on (a) tooth-wear patterns in the permanent dentition45 (link); and (b) degenerative changes of the sternal rib epiphysis46 (link),47 (link), (c) of the symphyseal surface of the pubic symphysis48 (link), and (d) of the auricular surface of the ilium49 (link).
The osteological analysis focused on (a) the estimation of the minimum number of individuals (MNI); and (b) the determination of the demographic profile (sex and age-at-death) of the skeletal sample for each grave. The sex estimation of inhumed adult individuals was based on (a) dimorphic traits of the skull (e.g. nuchal crest, mastoid process, supraorbital margin, glabella and mental eminence) and pelvis (e.g. greater sciatic notch, preauricular sulcus, ischiopubic ramus); and (b) general observation of the relative robusticity/gracility of the skeleton among the skeletal series39 ,40 . The sex estimation for cremated individuals was based on morphological traits and sexual metric dimorphism following Cavazzuti et al.41 (link).
Age-at-death of subadults in both cremations and inhumations was based on (a) dental formation and the eruption of deciduous and permanent dentitions42 (link); (b) long bone length43 ; and (c) epiphyseal closure of skeletal elements44 . The age-at-death of adult individuals was estimated on (a) tooth-wear patterns in the permanent dentition45 (link); and (b) degenerative changes of the sternal rib epiphysis46 (link),47 (link), (c) of the symphyseal surface of the pubic symphysis48 (link), and (d) of the auricular surface of the ilium49 (link).
Full text: Click here
Adult
Bones
Cranium
Crista Ampullaris
Dental Health Services
Epiphyses
Exanthema
Gender
Homo sapiens
Isotopes
Pelvis
Process, Mastoid
Pubic Bone
Sex Characteristics
Skeleton
Sternum
Tooth Wear
We used EPI-Data Version 3.1 for data entry. All analyses were performed using R
v.4.2.1 (RStudio 2022.07.2+576). Descriptive statistics for continuous variables
were described using central tendency (mean) and dispersion (standard
deviation). A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the
means of anthropometric measurements among children of each age group. A Pearson
product-moment correlation was run to determine the relationship between age,
weight, height, waist circumference, xipho-pubic distance, BSA, abdominal
volume, and sonographic measurements of the right and left kidneys. Height and
BSA-related kidney length and volume curves and tables were generated after
lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) quantile regression with a Box-Cox Transformation to
Normality was fitted using the vector generalized additive model (VGAM) and
generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) method (R,
VGAM, and GAMLSS package).
v.4.2.1 (RStudio 2022.07.2+576). Descriptive statistics for continuous variables
were described using central tendency (mean) and dispersion (standard
deviation). A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the
means of anthropometric measurements among children of each age group. A Pearson
product-moment correlation was run to determine the relationship between age,
weight, height, waist circumference, xipho-pubic distance, BSA, abdominal
volume, and sonographic measurements of the right and left kidneys. Height and
BSA-related kidney length and volume curves and tables were generated after
lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) quantile regression with a Box-Cox Transformation to
Normality was fitted using the vector generalized additive model (VGAM) and
generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) method (R,
VGAM, and GAMLSS package).
Age Groups
Child
Cloning Vectors
Kidney
Pubic Bone
Ultrasonography
Waist Circumference
The sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants were collected
using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric
measurements of the participants, height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference
(cm), body mass index (BMI), xipho-pubic distance (cm), and abdominal volume
were rigorously evaluated. Height was measured by a stadiometer and weight with
a standard beam balance scale (digital). Waist circumference was got at the
midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest using a tape meter. We
calculated BMI as body weight (kilograms) divided by body height (meters)
squared. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated according to the Mosteller
formula: BSA (m2) = square root of ([Height (cm) × Weight (kg)] /
3600).16 (link) The abdominal volume was computed according to the
standard formula: (waist Circumference / 6.28)2 × xipho-pubic
distance × 3.14.17 All anthropometric measurements were taken by 3 trained
data collectors.
Sonographic evaluation: Kidney measurements were performed in a lateral decubitus
position using a curvilinear probe. All measurements of kidneys were made during
quiet breathing in younger children and in older children, measurements were
made while they were holding their breath. The kidney was identified as having a
brightly echogenic renal capsule with a central (sinus) echogenicity. The
superior and inferior poles were identified and marked in the longitudinal scan
of the kidney; the renal length was taken as the longest distance between the
poles using an electronic caliper. The thickness was measured on the
longitudinal scan, and the maximum distance between the anterior and posterior
walls at the mid-third of the kidney was taken as thickness. The renal width (W)
was measured on the transverse scan, and the maximum transverse diameter was
taken at the hilum as the renal width. Scanning was conducted 3 times, and the
average dimension was taken by the same professionals. Intra-rater reliability
was assessed for the longitudinal dimension and volume of both kidneys.
Accordingly, intra-rater reliability of the length of the right kidney was
0.921, 0.901, and 0.93; and for the volume of the right kidney was 0.911, 0.90,
and 0.901 in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Finote Selam
general hospital, and Bichena primary hospitals, respectively. Intra-rater
reliability of volume of the right kidney was 0.923, 0.922, and 0.900; and for
the left kidney was 0.901, 0.913, 0.933 in Debre Markos comprehensive
specialized hospital, Finote Selam general hospital, and Bichena primary
hospitals, respectively. Due to the lack of radiography professionals, repeated
measurements were conducted by the same professional although it would have been
better if measurements were recorded by different professionals. The volume of
the kidney was calculated using the prolated ellipsoid formula (Length × Width ×
Thickness × 0.523).18
using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric
measurements of the participants, height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference
(cm), body mass index (BMI), xipho-pubic distance (cm), and abdominal volume
were rigorously evaluated. Height was measured by a stadiometer and weight with
a standard beam balance scale (digital). Waist circumference was got at the
midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest using a tape meter. We
calculated BMI as body weight (kilograms) divided by body height (meters)
squared. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated according to the Mosteller
formula: BSA (m2) = square root of ([Height (cm) × Weight (kg)] /
3600).16 (link) The abdominal volume was computed according to the
standard formula: (waist Circumference / 6.28)2 × xipho-pubic
distance × 3.14.17 All anthropometric measurements were taken by 3 trained
data collectors.
Sonographic evaluation: Kidney measurements were performed in a lateral decubitus
position using a curvilinear probe. All measurements of kidneys were made during
quiet breathing in younger children and in older children, measurements were
made while they were holding their breath. The kidney was identified as having a
brightly echogenic renal capsule with a central (sinus) echogenicity. The
superior and inferior poles were identified and marked in the longitudinal scan
of the kidney; the renal length was taken as the longest distance between the
poles using an electronic caliper. The thickness was measured on the
longitudinal scan, and the maximum distance between the anterior and posterior
walls at the mid-third of the kidney was taken as thickness. The renal width (W)
was measured on the transverse scan, and the maximum transverse diameter was
taken at the hilum as the renal width. Scanning was conducted 3 times, and the
average dimension was taken by the same professionals. Intra-rater reliability
was assessed for the longitudinal dimension and volume of both kidneys.
Accordingly, intra-rater reliability of the length of the right kidney was
0.921, 0.901, and 0.93; and for the volume of the right kidney was 0.911, 0.90,
and 0.901 in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Finote Selam
general hospital, and Bichena primary hospitals, respectively. Intra-rater
reliability of volume of the right kidney was 0.923, 0.922, and 0.900; and for
the left kidney was 0.901, 0.913, 0.933 in Debre Markos comprehensive
specialized hospital, Finote Selam general hospital, and Bichena primary
hospitals, respectively. Due to the lack of radiography professionals, repeated
measurements were conducted by the same professional although it would have been
better if measurements were recorded by different professionals. The volume of
the kidney was calculated using the prolated ellipsoid formula (Length × Width ×
Thickness × 0.523).18
Abdomen
Body Height
Body Surface Area
Capsule
Child
Fingers
Iliac Crest
Index, Body Mass
Interviewers
Kidney
Pubic Bone
Radiography
Sinuses, Nasal
Tooth Root
Ultrasonography
Waist Circumference
Youth
All procedures described below were approved by The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Emory University. As described previously (Srivastava, Elemans, and Sober 2015 (link); Zia et al. 2020 (link); Zia et al. 2018 ), adult male Bengalese finches (>90 d old) were anesthetized using intramuscular injections of 40 mg/kg ketamine and 3 mg/kg midazolam injected and anesthesia was maintained using 1–5% isoflurane in oxygen gas. To record from the expiratory (respiratory) muscles, an incision was made dorsal to the leg attachment and rostral to the pubic bone and the electrode array was placed on the muscle surface using the “epimysial” approach described above. To record from syringeal (vocal) muscles, the vocal organ was accessed for electrode implantation via a midline incision into the intraclavicular air sac as described previously (Srivastava, Elemans, and Sober 2015 (link)) to provide access to the ventral syringeal (VS) muscle located on the ventral portion of the syrinx near the midline.
Full text: Click here
Adult
Air Sacs
Anesthesia
Exhaling
Finches
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Intercostal Muscle
Intramuscular Injection
Isoflurane
Ketamine
Males
Midazolam
Muscle Tissue
Ovum Implantation
Oxygen
Pubic Bone
Syringomyelia
Vocal Muscle
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