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> Anatomy > Body Part > Scala Tympani

Scala Tympani

Scala Tympani: The inferior of the three scala or compartments of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear.
It is the scala or passage that extends from the round window to the helicotrema, and is the one containing the basilar membrane and organ of Corti.
The scala tympani is filled with perilymph and is bounded by the bony wall of the labyrinth and the basal membrane.
It plays a crucial role in the transduction of sound waves into nerve impulses, enabling hearing.
Researchers can explore this structure and its functioons in depth using the intelligent comparison tools offered by PubCompare.ai to enhance the reproducbility and accuracy of their Scala Tympani studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Scala Tympani»

1
Comprehensive Cochlea Imaging Protocol
The data set we have used to build our model consists of image sets of six (one right and five left) cadaveric cochlea specimens received from the Vanderbilt School of Medicine’s Anatomical Gifts Program. For each specimen, we have acquired one μCT image volume with a Scanco μCT. The voxel dimensions in these images are 36 μm isotropic. For five of these specimens, we have also acquired one conventional CT image volume with a Xoran XCAT fpVCT scanner. In these volumes, voxels are 0.3 mm isotropic. In each of the μCT volumes, the scala vestibuli and scala tympani were manually segmented. Figure 2 shows an example of a conventional CT image and its corresponding μCT image.
Noble J.H., Labadie R.F., Majdani O, & Dawant B.M. (2011). Automatic Segmentation of Intra-Cochlear Anatomy in Conventional CT. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering, 58(9), 2625-2632.
Publication 2011
Cochlea Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Gifts Scala Tympani Vestibuli, Scala
2
Grading of Cochlear and Vestibular Hydrops
The degree of EH in the vestibule and cochlea was assessed by visual comparison of the relative areas of the non-enhanced endolymphatic space versus the contrast-enhanced perilymph space in the axial plane, separately for the cochlea and the vestibule. The degree of cochlear hydrops was categorized as none, grade I, or grade II according to the criteria previously described by Baráth et al. [8 (link)] (Fig. 1).

Cropped axial delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR images at midmodiolar area of the cochlea and correlating axial cryosections with hematoxylin and eosin staining (magnification, × 7) and color overlay. a Normal cochlea: In the normal cochlea, one can recognize the interscalar septum (arrow), the scala tympani, and scala vestibuli. The scala media is normally minimally visible. b Cochlear hydrops grade I: The scala media becomes indirect visible as a nodular black cut-out of the scala vestibuli (arrow). c Cochlear hydrops grade II: The scala vestibuli (arrow) is fully obliterated due to the distended cochlear duct

However, for the degree of the vestibular hydrops, we used a modified grading system, as in our experience there were patients with subtle abnormalities who were categorized as normal according to the three-stage grading system of Baráth. We added a lower grade I vestibular hydrops in which the saccule, normally the smallest of the two vestibular sacs, became equal or larger than the utricle but is not yet confluent with the utricle. In this modified four-stage grading system, the Baráth grade I became grade II, and the Baráth grade II became grade III (Fig. 2). The visual assessment of the saccule-to-utricle ratio was done on the lowest axial images at the inferior part of the vestibule as, according to histological studies, the saccule occupies the inferior, medial, and anterior part of the vestibule [9 (link)].

Cropped axial delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR images at the inferior part of the vestibulum and correlating axial cryosections with hematoxylin and eosin staining (magnification, × 7) and color overlay. a Normal vestibule: The saccule (small arrowhead) and utricle (large arrowhead) are visibly separately and take less than half of the surface of the vestibule. b Vestibular hydrops grade I: The saccule (small arrowhead), normally the smallest of the two vestibular sacs, has become equal or larger than the utricle (large arrowhead) but is not yet confluent with the utricle. c Vestibular hydrops grade II: There is a confluence of the saccule and utricle (arrowhead) with still a peripheral rim enhancement of the perilymphatic space (arrow). d Vestibular hydrops grade III: The perilymphatic enhancement is no longer visible (arrowhead). There is a full obliteration of the bony vestibule. Also notice in this case, the beginning utricular protrusion in the non-ampullated part of the LSCC (arrow)

The degree of PE was also evaluated semi-quantitatively in all ears by visually comparing the degree of enhancement of the concerning ear with the contralateral ear. The degrees of enhancement both for the vestibule and cochlea were classified separately into three groups: less, equal, or more (Fig. 3). In case of a grade 3 vestibular hydrops, the evaluation of the vestibular PE is considered as non-applicable since there is no visible perilymphatic space left to evaluate.

Axial delayed gadolinium-enhanced 3D FLAIR images at the level of the inner ear in a 77-year-old woman with unilateral left-sided definite MD and cochlear hydrops grade I (small arrowhead) and vestibular hydrops grade II according to the four-stage grading system (large arrowhead). Note increased vestibular (small arrow) and cochlear (large arrow) perilymphatic enhancement (PE) on the symptomatic side compared with the normal right labyrinth. This is the signature of BPB-impairment

Bernaerts A., Vanspauwen R., Blaivie C., van Dinther J., Zarowski A., Wuyts F.L., Vanden Bossche S., Offeciers E., Casselman J.W, & De Foer B. (2019). The value of four stage vestibular hydrops grading and asymmetric perilymphatic enhancement in the diagnosis of Menière’s disease on MRI. Neuroradiology, 61(4), 421-429.
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Publication 2019
Bones Cochlea Congenital Abnormality Cryoultramicrotomy Duct, Cochlear Edema Endolymph Endolymphatic Hydrops Eosin Gadolinium Hematoxylin Labyrinth Patients Perilymph Saccule Saccule and Utricle Scala Tympani Spastic ataxia Charlevoix-Saguenay type Utricle Vestibular Labyrinth Vestibuli, Scala Woman
3
Temporal Bone Preparation for Cochlear Implant Studies
Temporal bone preparation and experimental procedures were similar to methods described previously by our laboratory (29 (link)–31 (link)), as well as other authors (23 (link)), modified accommodate for the preparation and experimental time required for using whole head specimens. Preparation and experimentation were typically completed on separate days, thus in order to minimize degradation to the tissue, the following schedule was followed for hemi-cephalic/whole head specimens. First, specimens were thawed and temporal bones were prepared in one or both ears and refrozen within approximately 12 or 24 hours. Second, specimens were rethawed; one ear was tested within approximately 12 hours in hemicephalic, and both ears were tested during the course of two consecutive days (~48 h) in whole heads. The total duration that each specimen was left at room temperature was < ~24 hours for hemi-cephalic, and < 72 hours in whole head specimens.
Temporal bones were prepared using the following procedure: specimens were thawed in warm water, and the external ear canal and tympanic membrane were inspected for damage. A canal-wall-up mastoidectomy and extended facial recess approach was performed to visualize the incus, stapes, and round window (30 (link)). The cochlear promontory near the oval and round windows was thinned with a small diamond burr in preparation for pressure sensor insertion into the scala vestibuli (SV) and scala tympani (ST).
Cochleostomies into the ST and SV were created under a droplet of water using a fine pick. Pressure sensors (FOP-M260-ENCAP, FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), were inserted into the SV and ST using rigidly mounted micromanipulators (David Kopf Instruments, Trujunga, CA). Pressure sensor diameter is approximately 310 μm (comprised of a 260 μm glass tube covered in polyimide tubing with ~25 μm wall thickness), and are inserted into the cochleostomy until the sensor tip is just within the bony wall of the cochlea (~100 μm). Cochleostomies were made as small as possible, such that the pressure probes fit snuggly within, but inserted completely into the opening. Pressure sensor sensitivity is rated at ± 1 psi (6895 Pa). The signal is initially processed by a signal conditioner (Veloce 50; FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), which specifies the precision and resolution of at 0.3% and 0.1% of full scale, or ~20.7 Pa and 6.9 Pa respectively. Sensors were sealed within the cochleostomies with alginate dental impression material (Jeltrate; Dentsply International Inc., York, PA). Location of the cochlostomies with respect to the basilar membrane were verified visually after each experiment by removing the bone between the two cochleostomies.
Out-of-plane velocity of VStap was measured with a single-axis LDV (OFV-534 & OFV-5000; Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) mounted to a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Microscopic retro-reflective glass beads (Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) were placed on the neck and posterior crus of the stapes to ensure a strong LDV signal since the stapes footplate was typically obscured by the presence of the stapes tendon. In all LDV measurements, the position of the laser was held as constant as possible between experimental conditions (32 (link),33 (link)).
CI electrodes used in these experiments were: Nucleus Hybrid L24 (HL24; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), Nucleus CI422 Slim Straight inserted at 20 and 25 mm (SS20 & SS25; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), Nucleus CI24RE Contour Advance (NCA; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), HiFocus Mid-Scala (MS; Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland), and HiFocus 1j (1J; Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland). Electrode dimensions are provided in Table 1. Electrodes were inserted sequentially, under water, into the ST via a RW approach. Electrodes were typically inserted in order of smallest to largest (i.e. the order listed above) in an attempt to minimize the effects of damage caused by insertion on subsequent recordings. Potential effects of insertion order are expected to be minimal, owing to the similarity in responses across conditions (see Results), and the lack of any observable effect in one experiment in which the electrode insertion order was shuffled. The cochleostomy was sealed following each electrode insertion with alginate dental impression material, and excess water was removed via suction from the middle ear cavity.
Greene N.T., Mattingly J.K., Jenkins H.A., Tollin D.J., Easter J.R, & Cass S.P. (2015). Cochlear Implant Electrode Effect on Sound Energy Transfer within the Cochlea during Acoustic Stimulation. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 36(9), 1554-1561.
Publication 2015
Alginate ARID1A protein, human Basilar Membrane Bones Cell Nucleus Cochlea Dental Caries Dentsply Diamond Ear Epistropheus External Auditory Canals Face Fenestra Cochleae Head Hybrids Hypersensitivity Incus Jeltrate Labyrinths, Bony Leg Mastoidectomy Material, Dental Impression Microscopy Middle Ear Neck Pressure Pulp Canals Scala Tympani Stapes Suction Drainage Temporal Bone Tendons Tissues Tympanic Membrane Vestibuli, Scala
4
Temporal Bone Preparation and Measurement
Temporal bone preparation was similar to methods described previously by our laboratory [13 (link),14 (link)], as well as other authors [10 (link)]. The specimens were thawed in warm water, and inspected for any damage. A canal-wall-up mastoidectomy and extended facial recess approach was performed to visualize the incus, stapes, and RW [10 (link)]. The cochlear promontory near the oval and round windows was thinned with a small diamond burr in preparation of pressure sensor insertion into the scala vestibuli (SV) and scala tympani (ST). A BI300 4 mm titanium implant fixture (Cochlear Americas, Centennial, CO) was placed on temporal line approximately 55 mm from the external auditory canal (EAC).
The full cephalic specimens were fastened to a Mayfield Clamp (Integra Lifesciences Corp., Plainsboro, NJ) attached to a stainless steel baseplate. Cochleostomies into the ST and SV were created under a droplet of water using a fine pick. Pressure sensors (FOP-M260-ENCAP, FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), were inserted into the SV and ST using micromanipulators (David Kopf Instruments, Trujunga, CA) mounted on the Mayfield Clamp, and sealed to the cochlea with alginate dental impression material (Jeltrate; Dentsply International Inc., York, PA).
Out-of-plane velocity of the middle ear structures was measured with a single-axis LDV (OFV-534 & OFV-5000; Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) mounted to a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Microscopic retro-reflective glass beads (Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) were placed on the stapes, RW, and cochlear promontory to ensure a strong LDV signal. In all LDV measurements, the position of the laser was held as constant as possible between experimental conditions, though slight shifts were unavoidable when swapping implants [15 –16 (link)].
Mattingly J.K., Greene N.T., Jenkins H.A., Tollin D.J., Easter J.R, & Cass S.P. (2015). Effects of Skin Thickness on Cochlear Input Signal using Transcutaneous Bone Conduction Implants. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 36(8), 1403-1411.
Publication 2015
Alginate ARID1A protein, human Cochlea Dentsply Diamond Epistropheus External Auditory Canals Face Fenestra Cochleae Incus Jeltrate Mastoidectomy Material, Dental Impression Microscopy Middle Ear Pressure Pulp Canals Scala Tympani Stainless Steel Stapes Temporal Bone Titanium Vestibuli, Scala
5
Temporal Bone Preparation and Pressure Measurement
A detailed description of the temporal bone preparation has appeared previously (16 (link),20 (link)), and were similar to methods described previously by our laboratory (21 (link)–23 (link)), as well as other authors (24 (link)). Briefly, specimens were thawed in warm water, a canal-wall-up mastoidectomy and extended facial recess approach was performed, and the cochlear promontory was thinned near the oval and round windows. Figure 1 shows the facial recess exposure from one specimen (427L). Cochleostomies into the scala tympani (ST) and scala vestibuli (SV) were created, after blue-lining the cochlear promontory (Figure 1A), using a fine pick under a droplet of water (Fig. 1B). Commercially available, off-the-shelf fiber-optic pressure sensors (FOP-M260-ENCAP, FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), similar to those used in several recent studies in our lab and elsewhere (16 (link), 20 (link), 25 ), were inserted (Fig. 1C), and sealed with alginate dental impression material (Jeltrate; Dentsply International Inc., York, PA). Pressure probe placements and approximate location of the basilar membrane were verified after each experiment by dissecting out the cochlear promontory bone between the two cochleostomy sites (Fig. 1D). Note: it was not always possible to differentiate individual components of the cochlear partition, such as the basilar membrane or the spiral lamina; however, manipulation with a pick verified that it was soft tissue and not bony - hereafter we refer to this partition simply as the basilar membrane. Out-of-plane velocity of the stapes (VStap) was measured with a single-axis LDV (OFV-534 & OFV-5000; Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) mounted to a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Microscopic retro-reflective glass beads (P-RETRO 45–63 μm dia., Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) were placed on the neck and posterior crus of the stapes to ensure a strong LDV signal since the stapes footplate was typically obscured by the presence of the stapes tendon. Velocity measurements are not presented in this report.
Greene N.T., Mattingly J.K., Banakis Hartl R.M., Tollin D.J, & Cass S.P. (2016). Intracochlear pressure transients during cochlear implant electrode insertion. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 37(10), 1541-1548.
Publication 2016
Alginate Basilar Membrane Bones Cochlea Dentsply Epistropheus Face Fenestra Cochleae Jeltrate Labyrinths, Bony Leg Mastoidectomy Material, Dental Impression Microscopy Neck Pressure Pulp Canals Scala Tympani Spiral Lamina Stapes Temporal Bone Tendons Tissues Vestibuli, Scala

Most recents protocols related to «Scala Tympani»

1
Comparative Cochlear Implant Segmentation
Manual segmentation: An experienced otolaryngologist, highly specialized in segmentation of the temporal bone, performed the manual segmentation of the 20 CBCT datasets using 3D Slicer™ version 4.11 (http://www.slicer.org, accessed on 12 January 2022) (Surgical Planning Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA) [27 (link)]. The RWN was manually segmented slice wise using a threshold supported paint segmentation technique as described in detail in our previous study [15 (link)]. In short, four points were placed to define the cochlea and the RWN: one at the midmodiolar apex, one at the midmodiolar basal turn, one at any point of the RWN and the last was set on the bony tip of the RWN. Then the RWN volume was manually segmented in each slicing plane of the datasets [15 (link)].
Semi-automated segmentation: Two otolaryngologists, one experienced and one at the beginning of her residency, performed individually, after a brief explanation of the new software, the semi-automated segmentation as described above on each of the 20 CBCT scans.
Data analysis: Aiming to compare the segmentation methods, we focus on the volume of the RWN calculated by counting the voxels of the implant, before adding the handle and multiplying it with the voxel volume. We calculated the Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) and Jaccard indices (J). In order to better understand where the differences between the manual and semi-automated segmentation arise from, we remove voxels from the manual segmentations that would not be classified as implant by applying the steps 1–3 described in the text above:

Step (1) Removing voxels inside the RWN model.

Step (2) Removing voxels classified as bone.

Step (3) Removing voxels that are above the “spill-over” filling level.

In addition, we compared the area of the RWM calculated based on the number of voxels making up the contact surface between niche and scala tympani.
The results of the semi-automated segmentation were compared to the manual segmentation of the same 20 CBCT scans.
Matin-Mann F., Gao Z., Wei C., Repp F., Artukarslan E.N., John S., Alcacer Labrador D., Lenarz T, & Scheper V. (2023). Development and In-Silico and Ex-Vivo Validation of a Software for a Semi-Automated Segmentation of the Round Window Niche to Design a Patient Specific Implant to Treat Inner Ear Disorders. Journal of Imaging, 9(2), 51.
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Publication 2023
Bones Cochlea Operative Surgical Procedures Otolaryngologist Radionuclide Imaging Residency Scala Tympani Temporal Bone Woman
2
Numerical Model of Middle and Inner Ear
The material properties of the ossicular chain numerical model are shown in Table 1 [19 (link),20 ,21 ,22 ,23 (link),24 ], and the material properties of the soft tissue finite element model (FEM) are shown in Table 2 [24 ,25 (link)]. The Poisson’s ratio of each part of the middle ear structure is 0.3, the structural damping coefficient is 0.4, the viscosity of the fluid is 0.001 NS/m2, and the damping coefficient β of the fluid is 0.0001 s.
The material properties of the inner ear structure shown above were obtained from the relevant published references [26 (link),27 (link),28 ]. The material properties of each part of the inner ear in the numerical model in this paper are as follows: Oval window: the elastic modulus is E = 0.2 MPa, Poisson’s ratio is μ = 0.3, density is ρ = 1200 kg/m3, and the damping coefficient is β = 0.5 × 10−4 s. Round window: the elastic modulus is E = 0.35 MPa, Poisson’s ratio is μ = 0.3, and the damping coefficient is β = 0.5 × 10−4 s. Lymphatic fluid (scala vestibuli, scala tympani, scala media, 3 semicircular canals, and lymphatic fluid in the vestibuli): density is ρ = 1000 kg/m3, sound velocity is C = 1400 m/s, the damping coefficient is β = 1.0 × 10−4 s, and viscous damping is D = 0.001 NS/m. BM: As the length of the BM changes, the elastic modulus decreases linearly from 50 MPa at the base of the cochlea to 15 MPa at the middle and then decreases linearly to 3 MPa at the apex. The damping coefficient β varies linearly from 0.2 × 10−3 s at the base to 0.1 × 10−2 s at the apex, with a Poisson’s ratio of 0.3.
Liang J., Wang J., Yao W, & Wang M. (2023). Development of an Assessment Model for the Effect of the Replacement of Minimal Artificial Ossicles on Hearing in the Inner Ear. Micromachines, 14(2), 483.
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Publication 2023
Cochlea Duct, Cochlear Ear Fenestra Cochleae Labyrinth Middle Ear Ossicle, Auditory Scala Tympani Semicircular Canals Sound Tissues Vestibuli, Scala Viscosity
3
Atraumatic Cochlear Implant Surgery
All surgeries were performed with a slow, atraumatic approach through the round window or a cochleostomy with regard to the surgeon’s preference and/or the suggested method from the companies at the time of surgery. Before 2010, cochleostomy was the general method of choice at the unit regardless of electrode and implant company. In case of oozing after the opening of the scala tympani, the implantation was performed after the oozing had ceased. The implant was tested before wound closure and all children had a postoperative radiological exam.
Bonnard Å., Karltorp E, & Verrecchia L. (2023). Vestibular Loss in Children Affected by LVAS and IP2 Malformation and Operated with Cochlear Implant. Audiology Research, 13(1), 130-142.
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Publication 2023
Child Fenestra Cochleae Operative Surgical Procedures Ovum Implantation Scala Tympani Surgeons Wounds X-Rays, Diagnostic
4
Assessing Cochlear Implant Placement Using Multimodal Imaging
As part of the standard CI-candidacy workup, a CT scan and an MRI scan (if clinically indicated to exclude cochlear abnormalities) were performed for each patient. One week after surgery, a Cone Beam CT (CBCT) scan was performed to assess the surgical placement of the cochlear implant. Pre- and postoperative images (CT and CBCT, or MRI and CBCT when available) were fused (34 (link)) using 3D Slicer (35 (link)) and BRAINSFit software (36 (link)). 3D visualizations of the cochlear labyrinths were created using the volume rendering functionality in the 3D slicer. Intracochlear electrode positioning was assessed by placing markers at the center of each contact (32 (link)). Here, electrode 1 is defined as the most apical electrode (lowest tonotopic frequency) and 16 as the most basal contact (highest tonotopic frequency). The lateral wall (LW) was marked from start at the round window to the helicotrema at a height corresponding to the basilar membrane. Here, fiducials were placed manually using three reconstruction planes to follow the lateral wall closely. This resulted in a post-hoc calculated mean distance of 0.27 mm between individual markers. Since determining the full trajectory of the medial wall (MW) was not always possible due to insufficient image quality, fiducials were not placed along the full extent of the MW, but only at those locations that were closest to electrode contacts in order to identify the electrode–MW distances. The center of the modiolus was delineated by a line connecting the modiolus at the base and apex of the cochlea. Euclidean distances from electrodes to the LW, MW, and the modiolar axis were calculated. Insertion depth was calculated by first identifying the nearest points on the LW for each contact and then calculating the distance from the round window to these points across the interpolated LW. For each electrode, insertion depth was recorded as the absolute distance from the round window and as the fractional depth relative to the subject's cochlear length. Both insertion depth and cochlear morphology (height and length) were also described as angular parameters, where the 0° angle was defined as the axis from the round window to the modiolar axis. For cochlear morphology, the angle between successive measurements on the lateral wall for the same points and the middle of the modiolus was used to visualize how the cochlea was extending in size and height (vs. the round window). In addition, tonotopic electrode frequency was calculated by applying the original Greenwood function for an average human cochlea to the insertion depth relative to the subject's cochlear duct length (32 (link), 37 (link)). As such, this parameter reflects the frequency according to the tonotopic organization of the cochlea in line with the location of the electrode. Also, the occurrence of translocations of the electrode array from the scala tympani to the scala vestibuli was rated with visual inspection by an experienced observer.
Lambriks L., van Hoof M., Debruyne J., Janssen M., Hof J., Hellingman K., Devocht E, & George E. (2023). Toward neural health measurements for cochlear implantation: The relationship among electrode positioning, the electrically evoked action potential, impedances and behavioral stimulation levels. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1093265.
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Publication 2023
Basilar Membrane Cochlea Cochlear Implants Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Congenital Abnormality Duct, Cochlear Epistropheus Fenestra Cochleae Homo sapiens Labyrinth MRI Scans Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Radionuclide Imaging Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Scala Tympani Translocation, Chromosomal X-Ray Computed Tomography
5
Intracochlear Electrode Implantation Protocol
The animals were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor; Vetoquinol, Breda, Netherlands; 0.13 mg/kg) and ketamine (Narketan; Vetoquinol, Breda, Netherlands; 20 mg/kg). The animals were tracheostomized, and artificially ventilated with 1–2% isoflurane in O2 and N2O (1:2) throughout the experiment. Subsequently, needle electrodes were used for recordings of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), with the active electrode placed subcutaneously behind the right ear, and the reference electrode subcutaneously at the midline of the frontal skull. The skull and the neck muscles overlying the bony bulla were exposed with one surgical incision along a line from the anterior medial side of the skull to retro-auricular right-ear region. One transcranial screw was placed on the skull, 1 cm anterior from bregma (ECochG reference electrode). After pushing the neck muscles aside, a bullostomy was performed to expose the right basal turn of the cochlea (PRE). To perform ECochG, a gold-ball electrode was used which consisted an isolated stainless steel wire (diameter 0.175 mm; Advent, Halesworth, United Kingdom) with a 0.5 mm diameter gold-ball micro-welded to the tip (Unitek 80 F, Unitek Equipment, Monrovia, CA, United States). The steel wire was bent about 90° at 2–3 mm from the gold-ball tip, which then was positioned in the RW niche, and the steel wire was subsequently fixed with an electrode holder (Versnel et al., 2007 (link)). Subsequently, a cochleostomy was manually performed with a 0.5 mm hand drill, just below (∼0.5 mm) the round window (POST1). This method has been previously performed without causing noticeable threshold shifts and/or hair cell loss (Ramekers et al., 2015 (link), 2022 (link)). After the cochleostomy, a custom-made electrode array (Advanced Bionics; diameter 0.5 mm, length basal electrode to tip 3.5 mm, inter-electrode distance 1.0 mm) was inserted ∼4 mm into scala tympani (POST2) with all 4 electrodes of the array positioned intracochlearly. The diameter of the scala tympani at 5 mm from the round window is about 0.5 mm (Wysocki and Sharifi, 2005 (link)), which allows for the insertion depth of 4 mm. Lastly, the electrode array was removed (POST3). The intervals between the stages were approximately 1 to 2 h: between bullostomy and cochleostomy approximately 2 h, and both between cochleostomy and array insertion, and between array insertion and array removal approximately 1 h.
Jwair S., Ramekers D., Thomeer H.G, & Versnel H. (2023). Acute effects of cochleostomy and electrode-array insertion on compound action potentials in normal-hearing guinea pigs. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 978230.
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Publication 2023
Alopecia Animals Auditory Brainstem Responses Bones Cells Cochlea Cranium Decompression Sickness Dexmedetomidine Drill External Ear Fenestra Cochleae Gold Intramuscular Injection Isoflurane Ketamine Neck Muscles Needles Scala Tympani Stainless Steel Steel Surgical Wound

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Hartley guinea pigs are a common laboratory animal used in various research applications. They are a breed of domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) known for their white coats and calm temperament. Hartley guinea pigs are commonly used in studies involving pharmacology, toxicology, and other biomedical research areas.

More about "Scala Tympani"

The Scala Tympani is a crucial component of the inner ear, playing a vital role in the transduction of sound waves into nerve impulses, enabling the process of hearing.
This bony, fluid-filled passage is one of the three scala or compartments that make up the bony labyrinth, extending from the round window to the helicotrema.
The Scala Tympani contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti, where the crucial function of sound detection and conversion to neural signals occurs.
Researchers exploring the Scala Tympani can utilize a variety of tools and techniques to enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their studies.
PubCompare.ai, for example, offers intelligent comparison tools that allow researchers to discover protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and identify the optimal products and procedures for their experiments.
In addition to the Scala Tympani, other relevant terms and concepts that may be of interest include the Baytril antibiotic, the Axopatch 200B amplifier used in electrophysiological recordings, the Coated Vicryl 3–0 suture material, the Ouabain compound known to affect ion transport, the Temgesic analgesic, the Z6 APO Manual MacroFluo microscope, the PClamp 9 software for data acquisition and analysis, the Axio Imager M2 microscope, the Rompun sedative, and the Hartley guinea pigs commonly used as an animal model in inner ear research.
By incorporating these related terms and concepts, researchers can expand their understanding of the Scala Tympani and its role in hearing, while also streamlining their research workflow and enhancing the reproducibility and accuracy of their findings.
Remember, one typo can add a natureal feel to the text: 'PubCompare.ai' should be 'PubCompare.ai'.