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Stapes

Stapes: The middle ear bone that connects the incus to the oval window of the inner ear.
The stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the inner ear, allowing for the transduction of sound into nerve impulses.
This small, stirrup-shaped bone plays a crucial role in the hearing process.
Proper stapes function is essential for normal auditory perception and can be affected by various pathological conditions, such as otosclerosis or congenital abnormalities.
Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the stapes is key for clinicians diagnosing and treating hearing disorders.

Most cited protocols related to «Stapes»

1
Improving 16S rRNA Gene Classification
Partial 16S rRNA genes from some bacterial species are too similar to be readily distinguished from one another. Therefore, in the STIRRUPS method, reference sequences are clustered into species-level taxa that can be readily differentiated to improve classification accuracy. We describe the method as applied to the Vaginal 16S rDNA Reference Database.
Vaginal 16S rDNA Reference Database sequences that aligned at ≥ 97% identity in the V1-V3 region using the USEARCH v4.0 global alignment algorithm [23 (link)] were assigned to the same species-level taxon. The Vaginal Human Microbiome Project protocol uses a forward sequencing orientation of V1-V3 16S rDNA reads. Reference sequences may differ in some regions (e.g., the V3 region), but may be very similar in others (e.g., the V1-V2 regions), thus complicating species-level distinctions of short reads. Therefore, we generated subsequences of the V1-V3 region of each reference sequence by trimming from the 3' end in one nucleotide increments to a minimum length of 200 bases, the minimum length of sequences that we process, and we subsequently aligned each subsequence to the reference library of the V1-V3 region of the selected sequences. Additionally, reference sequences with subsequences that aligned with 97% identity or greater were assigned to the same species-level taxon. More formally, in a graph G where vertices are reference sequences and edges connect reference sequences assigned to the same species-level taxon based on sequence identity, each connected component was named as a species-level cluster. For STIRRUPS Classifier analysis (see below), we specified the V1-V3-trimmed version of the 16S rDNA database with species-level taxon assignments and a 97% identity threshold.
Fettweis J.M., Serrano M.G., Sheth N.U., Mayer C.M., Glascock A.L., Brooks J.P., Jefferson K.K, & Buck G.A. (2012). Species-level classification of the vaginal microbiome. BMC Genomics, 13(Suppl 8), S17.
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Publication 2012
Base Sequence DNA, Ribosomal DNA Library Genes, Bacterial Human Microbiome Nucleotides RNA, Ribosomal, 16S Stapes Vagina
2
Laser Doppler Vibrometry of Tympanic Membrane

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Publication 2009
Bones Cartilage Chinchilla External Auditory Canals Felidae Head Homo sapiens Light Middle Ear Powder Pulp Canals Saline Solution Sound Speculum Stapes Temporal Bone Transmission, Communicable Disease Tympanic Membrane Ultrasonography Vibration
3
Achilles Tendon Injury and Repair in Rats
Male Sprague Dawley rats at approximately 16-weeks of age (N=100) (Charles River Laboratories; Malvern, PA) received two weeks of treadmill training (up to 60 minutes at 10m/min (approximately 13% of the speed that rats begin to gallop21 (link)) in this IACUC approved study (Figure 1). Animals were housed in a conventional facility with 12 hour light/dark cycles and were fed standard chow and provided water ad libitum. All animals underwent surgery using sterile techniques, consisting of anesthesia (Isoflurane), blunt transection of the right Achilles tendon midsubstance with resection of the central plantaris longus tendon, and subsequent randomization into repaired (n=50) and non-repaired (n=50) groups. Prior to surgery, animals were given a single dose of buprenorphine (0.08 ml, 0.3mg/ml), which was repeated at 12-hour intervals through the third day post-surgery. Repairs were performed with the Urbaniak variant of the Kessler repair (Figure 1A),22 (link) using 4-0 Tevdek suture (braided polyester with a PTFE coating) (Teleflex; Gurnee, IL). Following surgery, animal groups were randomized into two groups euthanized (10 minutes in CO2 chamber) 3-weeks post injury (n=25 each): animals that returned to activity after 1-week post injury (RTA1; 1 week of immobilization, followed by 1 week cage of activity, and 1 week of exercise) or animals that returned to activity 3-weeks post injury (RTA3; 3 weeks immobilization). Immobilization consisted of casting the leg from below the knee to the toes in a fully plantarflexed position. Casts were constructed with silk tape stirrups (3M; St. Paul, MN), webril padding (Hanna Pharmaceutical; Wilmington, DE), a custom-designed 3-D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) splint (0.1cm × 1cm × 2cm) (MakerBot Industries, LLC; Brooklyn, NY), CoFlex (Andover Healthcare; Salisbury, MA), and poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) (Patterson Dental; St. Paul, MN) (Figure-S1). Briefly, under general isoflurane anesthesia, stirrups were applied on either side of the limb. Next, a layer of webril cast padding was wrapped from the base of the toes to the mid-tibia. The splint was then positioned posterior to the heel, and secured with a layer of CoFlex. Stirrup tails were then placed over the CoFlex to secure the cast to the limb, followed by a second layer of CoFlex and a thin coating of PMMA to prevent chewing. Throughout immobilization periods, animals were checked daily to confirm casts remained in place and that limb circulation was visually maintained. Casts were replaced weekly while animals were under general anesthesia or as needed between regular changes, using an oscillating cast saw (HEBU Medical; Germany) for removal.
Freedman B., Gordon J., Bhatt P., Pardes A., Thomas S., Sarver J., Riggin C., Tucker J., Williams A., Zanes R., Hast M., Farber D., Silbernagel K, & Soslowsky L. (2016). Nonsurgical treatment and early return to activity leads to improved Achilles tendon fatigue mechanics and functional outcomes during early healing in an animal model. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 34(12), 2172-2180.
Publication 2016
1,3-butadiene Acrylonitrile Anesthesia Animals Buprenorphine CAGE1 protein, human CD3EAP protein, human Dental Health Services General Anesthesia Heel Immobilization Injuries Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isoflurane Knee Males Operative Surgical Procedures Pharmaceutical Preparations Plantaris Muscle Polyesters Polymethyl Methacrylate Polytetrafluoroethylene Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Rivers Silk Splints Stapes Sterility, Reproductive Styrene Sutures Tail Tendon, Achilles Tendons Tenotomy TEVDEK Tibia Toes Wound Healing
4
Vaginal Microbiome Sequencing Protocol
DNA in each sample was amplified with barcoded primers targeting the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA and validated for vaginal taxa essentially as previously reported7 (link),26 . The samples were randomized at the PCR stage and again at the sequencing stage. Samples from the VaHMP study were amplified and sequenced on the 454 Titanium Sequencer (Roche) and analyzed as previously described4 (link). Samples from the MOMS-PI study were multiplexed (384 samples per run) and sequenced using 2 × 300 base (b) PE technology on our Illumina MiSeq sequencer to generate a depth of coverage of at least 50,000 reads per sample5 (link). Briefly, the raw paired-end sequence data were demultiplexed into sample-specific paired-end fastq files based on unique barcode sequences using custom python scripts. The merging of overlapping pairs and quality filtering was performed using the MeFiT57 pipeline, with a maximum expected error cutoff of 1.0 (Supplementary Table 5). Each high-quality amplicon sequence was taxonomically classified to the species level using STIRRUPS26 , by alignment to a custom reference database of vaginally relevant species. Samples were filtered based on the sequencing depth—samples having fewer than 1,000 high-quality amplicons were removed from further analysis. Taxa assigned below-threshold by STIRRUPS and less than 0.01% in abundance were also filtered out, and relative proportions were re-computed.
Serrano M.G., Parikh H.I., Brooks J.P., Edwards D.J., Arodz T.J., Edupuganti L., Huang B., Girerd P.H., Bokhari Y.A., Bradley S.P., Brooks J.L., Dickinson M.R., Drake J.I., Duckworth RA I.I.I., Fong S.S., Glascock A.L., Jean S., Jimenez N.R., Khoury J., Koparde V.N., Lara A.M., Lee V., Matveyev A.V., Milton S.H., Mistry S.D., Rozycki S.K., Sheth N.U., Smirnova E., Vivadelli S.C., Wijesooriya N.R., Xu J., Xu P., Chaffin D.O., Sexton A.L., Gravett M.G., Rubens C.E., Hendricks-Muñoz K.D., Jefferson K.K., Strauss JF I.I.I., Fettweis J.M, & Buck G.A. (2019). Racioethnic diversity in the dynamics of the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy. Nature medicine, 25(6), 1001-1011.
Publication 2019
Base Sequence Oligonucleotide Primers Python RNA, Ribosomal, 16S Stapes Titanium Vagina
5
Temporal Bone Preparation for Cochlear Implant Studies
Temporal bone preparation and experimental procedures were similar to methods described previously by our laboratory (29 (link)–31 (link)), as well as other authors (23 (link)), modified accommodate for the preparation and experimental time required for using whole head specimens. Preparation and experimentation were typically completed on separate days, thus in order to minimize degradation to the tissue, the following schedule was followed for hemi-cephalic/whole head specimens. First, specimens were thawed and temporal bones were prepared in one or both ears and refrozen within approximately 12 or 24 hours. Second, specimens were rethawed; one ear was tested within approximately 12 hours in hemicephalic, and both ears were tested during the course of two consecutive days (~48 h) in whole heads. The total duration that each specimen was left at room temperature was < ~24 hours for hemi-cephalic, and < 72 hours in whole head specimens.
Temporal bones were prepared using the following procedure: specimens were thawed in warm water, and the external ear canal and tympanic membrane were inspected for damage. A canal-wall-up mastoidectomy and extended facial recess approach was performed to visualize the incus, stapes, and round window (30 (link)). The cochlear promontory near the oval and round windows was thinned with a small diamond burr in preparation for pressure sensor insertion into the scala vestibuli (SV) and scala tympani (ST).
Cochleostomies into the ST and SV were created under a droplet of water using a fine pick. Pressure sensors (FOP-M260-ENCAP, FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), were inserted into the SV and ST using rigidly mounted micromanipulators (David Kopf Instruments, Trujunga, CA). Pressure sensor diameter is approximately 310 μm (comprised of a 260 μm glass tube covered in polyimide tubing with ~25 μm wall thickness), and are inserted into the cochleostomy until the sensor tip is just within the bony wall of the cochlea (~100 μm). Cochleostomies were made as small as possible, such that the pressure probes fit snuggly within, but inserted completely into the opening. Pressure sensor sensitivity is rated at ± 1 psi (6895 Pa). The signal is initially processed by a signal conditioner (Veloce 50; FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), which specifies the precision and resolution of at 0.3% and 0.1% of full scale, or ~20.7 Pa and 6.9 Pa respectively. Sensors were sealed within the cochleostomies with alginate dental impression material (Jeltrate; Dentsply International Inc., York, PA). Location of the cochlostomies with respect to the basilar membrane were verified visually after each experiment by removing the bone between the two cochleostomies.
Out-of-plane velocity of VStap was measured with a single-axis LDV (OFV-534 & OFV-5000; Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) mounted to a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Microscopic retro-reflective glass beads (Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) were placed on the neck and posterior crus of the stapes to ensure a strong LDV signal since the stapes footplate was typically obscured by the presence of the stapes tendon. In all LDV measurements, the position of the laser was held as constant as possible between experimental conditions (32 (link),33 (link)).
CI electrodes used in these experiments were: Nucleus Hybrid L24 (HL24; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), Nucleus CI422 Slim Straight inserted at 20 and 25 mm (SS20 & SS25; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), Nucleus CI24RE Contour Advance (NCA; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), HiFocus Mid-Scala (MS; Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland), and HiFocus 1j (1J; Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland). Electrode dimensions are provided in Table 1. Electrodes were inserted sequentially, under water, into the ST via a RW approach. Electrodes were typically inserted in order of smallest to largest (i.e. the order listed above) in an attempt to minimize the effects of damage caused by insertion on subsequent recordings. Potential effects of insertion order are expected to be minimal, owing to the similarity in responses across conditions (see Results), and the lack of any observable effect in one experiment in which the electrode insertion order was shuffled. The cochleostomy was sealed following each electrode insertion with alginate dental impression material, and excess water was removed via suction from the middle ear cavity.
Greene N.T., Mattingly J.K., Jenkins H.A., Tollin D.J., Easter J.R, & Cass S.P. (2015). Cochlear Implant Electrode Effect on Sound Energy Transfer within the Cochlea during Acoustic Stimulation. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 36(9), 1554-1561.
Publication 2015
Alginate ARID1A protein, human Basilar Membrane Bones Cell Nucleus Cochlea Dental Caries Dentsply Diamond Ear Epistropheus External Auditory Canals Face Fenestra Cochleae Head Hybrids Hypersensitivity Incus Jeltrate Labyrinths, Bony Leg Mastoidectomy Material, Dental Impression Microscopy Middle Ear Neck Pressure Pulp Canals Scala Tympani Stapes Suction Drainage Temporal Bone Tendons Tissues Tympanic Membrane Vestibuli, Scala

Most recents protocols related to «Stapes»

1
Isolation and Analysis of Cochlear Tissues
At the end of 3 cycles of cisplatin administration, the deeply anesthetized mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after ABR detection and then decapitated, and the cochlea were collected. The temporal bones were washed with fresh ice-cold 4% PBS and then placed into a 30 mm diameter Petri dish containing fresh ice-cold 4% PBS. Under a dissection microscope, fine forceps were used to remove the stapes and tissue. The volute was scanned from the oval window parallel to the spiral of the basilar membrane using Venus scissors, and then a fracture line was cut from the bottom to the apical turn along with the spiral plane at the edge of the volute. The volute was gently removed with a fine forceps and needle, and the basilar membrane tissue was immediately placed into a centrifuge tube, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C for subsequent RNA or protein extraction. On the other hand, the cochlea was removed from the skull, the stapes was removed, a small hole was made in the apical turn of the cochlea, the round window was pierced, and 4% paraformaldehyde was perfused. Then, the cochlea was immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C and decalcified in 10% sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 48 h at room temperature on a shaker. The basilar membrane was dissected under a microscope for immunofluorescence staining.
Wang H., Lin H., Kang W., Huang L., Gong S., Zhang T., Huang X., He F., Ye Y., Tang Y., Jia H, & Yang H. (2023). miR-34a/DRP-1-mediated mitophagy participated in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity via increasing oxidative stress. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 24, 16.
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Publication 2023
Basilar Membrane Cisplatin Cochlea Cold Temperature Cranium Dissection Edetic Acid Fenestra Cochleae Forceps Fracture, Bone Freezing Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Immunofluorescence Joint Dislocations Mice, House Microscopy Neck Needles Nitrogen paraform Proteins Sodium Stapes Temporal Bone Tissue, Membrane Tissues
2
Laparoscopic Colectomy with Autologous Blood Localization
All patients will receive localization and surgery within 1 week after randomization. Endoscopic tattooing with autologous blood and intraoperative colonoscopy will be performed by two experienced endoscopists who has more than thousands of cases colonoscopies and more than 200 cases of endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection.
For patients who will enroll in autologous blood group, the tattooing will be performed at 24–48 hours before the surgery. When the lesion is identified by endoscopy, the patient’s peripheral venous blood will be collected using a 10 ml simple syringe without heparin preparation. Immediately after blood sampling, 2–3 ml of autologous blood will be injected submucosally at the distal side and proximal side of the lesion (about 2 cm below and above the border of the lesion) using a conventional endoscopic needle without submucosal injection of normal saline. The tattooing with autologous blood will consider to be invisible if both distal and proximal spots was not identified. For those receiving autologous blood localization, the case will be applied intraoperative colonoscopy if the autologous blood tattoo will not be identified or inaccurate in the laparoscopic colectomy.
For patients who will enroll in intraoperative colonoscopy group, the patient will be placed in the modified lithotomy position under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. The legs will be opened and positioned in padded stirrups to facilitate the insertion and manipulation of the colonoscope during the operation. After routine laparoscopic exploration, CO2-insufflated intraoperative colonoscopy will be performed using a flexible videocolonoscope. Upstream small bowel clamping will be applied before intraoperative colonoscopy. During intraoperative colonoscopy, CO2 pneumoperitoneum will be maintained by the insufflator so that the laparoscope could guide the colonoscope effectively.
After lesion will be identified, a standard laparoscopic colectomy will be performed by two experienced surgeons who has more than 20 years of experience in colorectal surgery with more than 200 cases per year for all enrolled patients. All abdominal operation of laparoscopy will be videotaped. Anastomosis will be performed using the instrumental method. The specimen will be pulled out through a small median incision under the xiphoid (about 3–8 cm).
For those receiving laparoscopic colectomy, the case will be required to be converted to open surgery if one of the following happens: severe or life-threatening intraoperative complications such as intra-abdominal massive haemorrhage, severe organ damage, or other technical or instrumental factors that require a conversion to open surgery.
Zhang K.H., Li J.Z., Zhang H.B., Hu R.H., Cui X.M., Du T., Zheng L., Zhang S., Song C., Xu M.D, & Jiang X.H. (2023). Assessment of Autologous Blood marker localIzation and intraoperative coLonoscopy localIzation in laparoscopic colorecTal cancer surgery (ABILITY): a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer, 23, 204.
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Publication 2023
Abdomen Abdominal Cavity BLOOD Colectomy Colonoscopes Colonoscopy Conversion to Open Surgery Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Endoscopy Exanthema General Anesthesia Hemorrhage Heparin Intestines, Small Intraoperative Complications Intubation, Intratracheal Laparoscopes Laparoscopy Leg Needles Normal Saline Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pneumoperitoneum Resection, Endoscopic Mucosal Stapes Surgeons Surgical Anastomoses Surgical Blood Losses Surgical Procedures, Laparoscopic Syringes Veins
3
Spatial Relationship of Tympanic Nerve
The senior neuro-otologist (DÜT) of the study team carried out all dissections using a micromotor (Bien Air Surgery SA, le Noirmont, Switzerland, handpiece length: 70, 95, and 125 mm, burr diameter: minimum 0.6 mm). With the help of an endoscope (Karl Storz Gmbh & Co., Tüttlingen, Germany, length: 18 cm, degree: 0°, 30°, and 70°, diameter: 2.7 and 4 mm) and microscope (Carl Zeiss f170, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany), the dissections from the external auditory canal to the cochlear promontory were performed to determine the spatial relationship of TN with RWN and OW. The steps were summarized for each ear as follows: (a) the head was positioned according to otologic surgery, (b) the skin near the external auditory canal was cut with a circumferential incision, (c) the auricle was retracted anteriorly, (d) the skin of external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, chorda tympani, malleus, and incus were removed, (e) a wide canalplasty was done, (f) after cutting the stapedial tendon, the stapes pulled carefully out using a surgical hook, (g) finally, TN, RWN, and OW were exposed, and (h) from the same position and distance, the cochlear promontory was photographed with a millimeter scale using the microscope camera (Nikon d3300 digital camera, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
Beger O., Güven O., Doğu S., Vayisoğlu Y, & Ümit Talas D. (2023). Location of the Tympanic Nerve Relative to the Round and Oval Windows. The Journal of International Advanced Otology, 19(1), 45-49.
Publication 2023
Cochlea Dissection Endoscopes External Auditory Canals External Ear Fingers Head Incus Malleus Microscopy Operative Surgical Procedures Otologic Surgical Procedures Otologists Skin Stapes Surgical Hooks Tendons Tympanic Membrane Tympani Nerves, Chorda
4
Assessing Cancer Screening Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in Women with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
We collect the following data from each MHMC participant at baseline and follow-up: (1) breast cancer screening knowledge, self-efficacy, and screening expectations (female participants only) and (2) cervical cancer screening knowledge, self-efficacy, and screening expectations (female participants only). Mammography knowledge is measured using the Mammography Preparedness Measure developed by Wang et al [52 (link)] to measure the understanding of mammography’s purpose and the procedure itself among women with IDD. Verbally administered, the instrument asks the participant to role-play, providing advice to the interviewer, who will be getting a mammogram. Questions are asked using plain language about the body parts checked by a mammogram, why it is used, how it is done, and how often it should happen. Parallel questions to assess cervical cancer screening or Papanicolaou testing knowledge along with scripts for both knowledge assessments were created by the authors of this study and are presented in Tables 2 and 3. We further adapted this instrument by including images of a mammography machine and an exam table with stirrups, as visual supports can assist individuals with IDD in processing information [53 (link),54 ].
Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s perception of their capacity to perform certain tasks in their life [35 (link)]. To assess self-efficacy in breast and cervical cancer screening, we modified the colorectal cancer self-efficacy instrument [55 (link)] that has been used in a Native American population [56 (link)], as shown in Table 3. Participants view an image of a ladder and read a script that is loosely based on the self-anchoring striving scale by Cantril. [57 ]. The bottom of the ladder corresponds with a score of zero, or not sure at all and the top of the ladder corresponds with a score of 10 for very sure. Participants are asked the following question, “Imagine that this ladder is a way of picturing your confidence, or how sure you are that you can do something. The top of the ladder indicates that you are very sure, and the bottom indicates that you are not sure at all. For these next questions, what place on the ladder (or number between 0 and 10) matches how sure you feel?” Native American women with IDD and their female caregivers are then asked 4 questions regarding their ability to decide and to get a cancer screening (Tables 4 and 5). Both male and female caregivers are asked parallel self-efficacy questions regarding their confidence in supporting a woman with a disability that they care for through the cancer screening process.
Armin J.S., Williamson H.J., Rothers J., Lee M.S, & Baldwin J.A. (2023). An Adapted Cancer Screening Education Program for Native American Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Their Caregivers: Protocol for Feasibility and Acceptability Testing. JMIR Research Protocols, 12, e37801.
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Publication 2023
American Indian or Alaska Native Breast Cervical Cancer Colorectal Carcinoma Disabled Persons Feelings Interviewers Males Malignant Neoplasm of Breast Mammography Neck Stapes Woman
5
Simulating Otosclerosis and Stapes Surgeries
The Young’s modulus of the normal SAL has been considered to be around 0.7 MPa (Kim et al., 2014 (link)). However, to implement the otosclerosis condition in this simulation, the Young’s modulus of the SAL was increased to that of the cortical bone, meaning that otosclerosis indicates a fully ossified SAL in this study. In general, the SAL of otosclerosis patients is neither completely ossified especially in earlier stages nor uniformly ossified along the perimeter. However, in the current study, it was assumed that the SAL is completely and uniformly ossified to focus on the effect of the closing material on the hearing threshold. This can also reduce the complexity in analysis caused by various contributing factors. To study the effects of the closing materials used in stapes surgeries on CHL, the geometries of the stapes and stapes footplate were modified corresponding to each surgical method. In the simulation, the stapedectomy was implemented by removal of the entire stapes. The closing material was then inserted into the space from which the stapes footplate was removed. Furthermore, a prosthesis (φ = 0.6 mm) connecting the end of the incus to the center of the closing material was added. To implement the stapedotomy conditions in the FE model, the stapes head, anterior crus, and posterior crus were removed while retaining the stapes footplate. A hole (φ = 0.6 mm) was then placed at the center of the footplate to insert the prosthesis (φ = 0.4 mm) connecting the end of the incus to the hole. The closing material was then used to fill the small gap between the hole and prosthesis completely. The stapedectomy and stapedotomy performed in the simulations are described in Figures 2A, B, respectively. It should be noted that the cochlear fluid in the scala vestibuli is in contact with the closing material only near the stapes footplate in the stapedectomy, whereas the cochlear fluid near the stapes footplate in the stapedotomy is in contact with the stapes footplate and prosthesis as well as the closing material. Figures 2C, D show the detailed contact conditions of the cochlear fluid near the stapes footplate. In general, since the surgical sites of the stapedectomy and stapedotomy are closed or filled with fascia or fat, the properties of the closing materials in the simulations were determined as those of fascia or fat. According to previous studies, the Young’s modulus of the fascia was reported to be in the range of 1–24 MPa (Trindade et al., 2012 (link); Zwirner et al., 2020 (link)) whereas that of fat was reported to be about 1 kPa (Comley and Fleck, 2010a (link),b (link)). In Figures 2B, D, the center of the prosthesis and footplate could be not perfectly aligned according to the calculation method to find the center of the asymmetric-oval shape. However, it was confirmed that a slight change in the position of the hole did not significantly affect the hearing level. Therefore, the simulations were conducted with shown geometry in Figure 2.
Lim J., Goo W., Kang D.W., Oh S.H, & Kim N. (2023). Effect of closing material on hearing rehabilitation in stapedectomy and stapedotomy: A finite element analysis. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1064890.
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Publication 2023
Cochlea Cochlear Diseases Compact Bone Fascia Flecks Head Incus Leg Limb Prosthesis Operative Surgical Procedures Otosclerosis Patients Perimetry Stapedectomy Stapes Stapes Surgery Vestibuli, Scala

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More about "Stapes"

The stapes, also known as the stirrup bone, is a vital component of the middle ear that plays a crucial role in the hearing process.
This small, stirrup-shaped ossicle is responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window of the inner ear, allowing for the transduction of sound into nerve impulses.
The proper function of the stapes is essential for normal auditory perception, and any pathological conditions affecting this bone can lead to various hearing disorders.
Conditions such as otosclerosis, a progressive stiffening of the stapes, or congenital abnormalities can impair the stapes' ability to function effectively.
To diagnose and treat these hearing-related issues, clinicians often rely on a range of tools and techniques.
The Grass Model 7 polygraph, for instance, can be used to measure and record the electrical activity of the auditory system, while the Rompun, HLV 1000, and Zoletil 50 anesthetics may be employed during surgical procedures involving the stapes.
Additionally, the Tissue-Tek and HLVMM2 tools can be utilized in the preparation and analysis of tissue samples related to the stapes and middle ear structures.
The PP-83 and Leica MZ8 stereo microscope can aid in the detailed examination and documentation of the stapes and its surrounding anatomy.
In some cases, the Vectastain ABC kit may be employed to label and visualize specific proteins or molecules within the stapes and related tissues, providing valuable insights for researchers and clinicians.
By understanding the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the stapes, healthcare professionals can develop effective strategies for diagnosing, treating, and managing a wide range of hearing disorders, ultimately improving the quality of life for those affected.