Log In Sign up
The largest database of trusted experimental protocols
> Anatomy > Body Part > Sternum

Sternum

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a flat, elongated bone located in the center of the chest.
It acts as the anterior attachment point for the ribs and plays a crucial role in the structure and function of the thoracic cavity.
The sternum consists of three main parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
It provides attachment sites for important muscles involved in respiration, such as the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
The sternum protects vital organs like the heart and lungs, and its position makes it an importnat landmark for various medical procedures.
Thorough understanding of the sternum's anatomy and its relatonships with surrounding structures is essential for clinicians performing surgeries, diagnostic imaging, and other interventions in the chest region.

Most cited protocols related to «Sternum»

1
Standardizing Pulse Wave Velocity Measurements
Cited 40 times
Pulse wave velocity values depend on both the algorithm used for detecting the so-called ‘foot of the wave’ at the measurement sites and path length measurement. An overview of the different techniques was recently published,20 and the list of techniques and devices applied in the different centres is provided in Appendix. We had to standardize the calculation of PWV.
Transit times are assessed as the time difference between two characteristic points on carotid and femoral waveforms. The characteristic points chosen are dependent on the type of waveform (flow, pressure, or diameter distension) and the algorithm used for its detection. The two most popular algorithms are (i) the intersecting tangent algorithm (Sphygmocor® system and for manual identification) and (ii) the point of maximal upstroke during systole (as used in the Complior® system). Different algorithms applied on the same waveforms can lead to differences in measured PWV values of 5–15%.13 (link) Since the point of maximal upstroke has been shown to underestimate PWV, especially when the rise time of the waveform is low,13 (link) we chose to standardize transit time on the intersecting tangent algorithm. To convert maximal upstroke transit times into the intersecting tangent algorithm, we used the relationship previously found by Millasseau et al.:13 (link)
Pulse wave velocity values are also markedly dependent on the carotid–femoral pathway measurement. This pathway can either be the direct distance measured between the carotid and femoral measurement sites, or the distance obtained by subtracting the carotid measurement site to sternal notch distance from the sternal notch to femoral measurement site distance. Differences in path length alone can lead to differences in PWV values of up to 30%.21 (link),22 (link) Equations to convert between these path length definitions with good precision were recently published:23 (link)

Because participating centres used different methods to measure PWV (see Table A1), path length values had to be standardized. The bulk of the data in the reference value database consists of PWV calculated using the direct path length. Subtracted path lengths were therefore standardized into direct path lengths using Eq. (2). However, as the use of direct distance (i.e. measured over the body surface) leads to overestimation of real PWV [using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or invasive measurements], we used a scaling factor of 0.8 derived from Sugawara et al.24 (link) and Weber et al.15 (link) to convert PWV obtained using direct distances to ‘real’ PWV.

In what follows, PWV is calculated using the intersecting tangent algorithm and the direct carotid to femoral path length, and then rescaled to real PWV using Eq. (4). Tables using PWV values based on the intersecting tangent algorithm and direct or subtracted distances are supplied as Supplementary material online.
Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: ‘establishing normal and reference values’. (2010). European Heart Journal, 31(19), 2338-2350.
Publication 2010
A-factor (Streptomyces) Carotid Arteries Dietary Fiber factor A Femur Foot Medical Devices Pressure Sternum Systole
2
Camel Health Survey in Southern Morocco
Cited 17 times
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken between December 2013 and April 2015 with camel herds were purposefully selected based on owner willingness to participate in the study. Sampling was conducted across 37 sites in six regions of southern Morocco including areas where the outbreak of undiagnosed disease was reported (Fig. 1). 106 camels were sampled in total. At the herd level, a sub-sample of camels was randomly tested. Four of the camels sampled showed signs of dependant oedema at the time of sampling (Fig. 2). Whole blood was collected from the jugular vein using EDTA vacutainers® and was subsequently aliquoted and stored at −20 °C until further analysis. Ticks were collected from camels and were identified using standard keys [29 ].

Map of Moroccan regions sampled

Dependent oedema in the region of the sternum and xiphoid in a 6 years old female camel

Ait Lbacha H., Zouagui Z., Alali S., Rhalem A., Petit E., Ducrotoy M.J., Boulouis H.J, & Maillard R. (2017). “Candidatus anaplasma camelii” in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Morocco: a novel and emerging anaplasma species?. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2017
BLOOD Camels Disease Outbreaks Edema Edetic Acid Jugular Vein Sternum Ticks Woman
3
Gastrointestinal Symptom Evaluation Questionnaire
Cited 13 times
The RDQ is a self-administered questionnaire in which subjects are asked to report the frequency and severity of their upper gastrointestinal symptoms. There are three subscales that evaluate regurgitation, heartburn, and dyspepsia [3 (link)]. The heartburn and regurgitation subscales can be combined into a GERD dimension. In the published survey, the time referent is symptoms that have occurred over the last four weeks. In this study, the time referent was the last four weeks at baseline, but one week at the post-treatment visit (visit 2, after two weeks of treatment). Item content includes the following: 1) four items on the frequency and severity of acid taste in the mouth and movement of materials upwards from the stomach (Regurgitation scale); 2) four items measuring the frequency and severity of pain or burning behind the breastbone (Heartburn scale); and 3) four items on the frequency and severity of pain or burning in the upper stomach (Dyspepsia scale). Response options were scaled as Likert-type with scores ranging from 0 to 5 for frequency (not present to daily) and severity (not present to severe). Each subject's score was calculated as the mean of item responses with higher scores indicating more severe or frequent symptoms. The psychometric properties of the RDQ are described in more detail by Shaw and colleagues [3 (link)].
Shaw M., Dent J., Beebe T., Junghard O., Wiklund I., Lind T, & Johnsson F. (2008). The Reflux Disease Questionnaire: a measure for assessment of treatment response in clinical trials. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 6, 31.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2008
Acids Dyspepsia Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Heartburn Movement Oral Cavity Psychometrics Severity, Pain Sternum Stomach Taste Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
4
Longitudinal Blood Pressure Variability
Cited 10 times

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2021
Forearm Medical Devices Mercury Sphygmomanometers Sternum
5
Physiological Measurement of Hot Flashes
Cited 10 times
Skin conductance, the main physiologic index of hot flashes, was recorded from the sternum, upper trapezius, and lateral deltoid of the left arm with a 0.5 V constant voltage circuit sampling from two silver/silver chloride electrodes (Vermed Inc, Bellows Falls, VT) at each site filled with 0.05 M KCL Unibase/glycol paste (Dormire & Carpenter, 2002 (link)). Skin temperature and heart rate were also recoded. Skin temperature was recorded with Yellow Springs 400 series thermistor probes (YSI, Yellow Springs, OH) taped to the pad and dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of the third finger (de Bakker & Everaerd, 1996 (link); Freedman, 1989 (link); Germaine & Freedman, 1984 (link); Tataryn, et al., 1981 (link)). Heart rate was measured by ECG via three silver/silver chloride electrodes (Kendall; Syracuse, NY) in a standard 3-lead configuration. Skin conductance, skin temperature, and heart rate signals were recorded via Grass polygraph (model 7D, skin conductance adaptor SCA1, temperature probe adaptor TPA, Grass Technologies, Astro-Med Inc., West Warwick, RI) and digitized at 1 KHz by an analogue to digital converter.
Height and weight were measured via a fixed staidometer and a calibrated balance beam scale, respectively. Waist circumference was measured via tape measure at the level of the natural waist or the narrowest part of the torso from the anterior aspect; if a waist narrowing was difficult to identify, the measure was taken at the smallest horizontal circumference between the ribs and iliac crest. Menstrual history, parity, education, marital status, alcohol use, and smoking status were assessed by standard demographic and medical history questionnaires. Depressive symptoms were assessed via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Survey (Radloff, 1977 ), state and trait anxiety via the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983 ), and perceived stress via the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983 (link)). In addition, somatization was assessed via the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90 (Derogatis, 1983 ), symptom sensitivity via the symptom sensitivity scale (Barsky, Goodson, Lane, & Cleary, 1988 (link)), and physical activity via the Paffenbarger scale (Paffenbarger, Wing, & Hyde, 1978 (link)).
Thurston R.C., Matthews K.A., Hernandez J, & De la Torre F. (2009). Improving the performance of physiologic hot flash measures with support vector machines. Psychophysiology, 46(2), 285-292.
Publication 2009
Bones of Fingers Depressive Symptoms Glycols Hot Flashes Hypersensitivity Iliac Crest Menstruation Muscles, Deltoid Natural Springs Neuroses, Anxiety Pastes physiology Poaceae Rate, Heart Ribs silver chloride Skin Skin Temperature Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 Sternum Thumb Torso Trapezius Muscle Waist Circumference

Most recents protocols related to «Sternum»

1
Burial 49: Taphonomic Analysis of Fragmented Remains

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2023
Acetabulum Acromion Alarmins Arm Bones Autopsy Clavicle Clay Coxa Cranium Femur Fibula Humerus Leg Mandible Maxilla Nasal Bone Occipital Bone Parietal Bone Patients Pinus Radius Ribs Sacrum Scapula Skeletal Remains Skeleton Sternum Temporal Bone Tibia Tooth Ulna Vertebra
2
Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Incision Techniques
After generally anesthetized under tracheal incubation, the patient was placed in a supine position on a pad positioner, with the neck gently extended using a mildly sloping pillow under the shoulder and neck. Place the operated side body close to the edge of the surgical bed (Figure 1A), and the arm was naturally abducted at about 90 degrees at the arm board (Figure 1B), which could be adjusted if the clavicle is higher than the thyroid isthmus. The monitor was placed contralateral, and the surgeon and assistant were seated on either side of the patient's arm (Figure 1C).
For the classical design (5 (link)), the main oblique incision (about 3.5–4.5 cm in length) was made along the armpit's first or second natural skin fold. It should not exceed the anterior axillary line, whereby the endoscope and surgical instrument were placed. In addition, we made a 0.5 cm small incision at the intersection of the axillary front line and the upper edge of the breast; the location was 3.0–4.0 cm underneath the main incision, whereby a 5 mm trocar, and the cannula was then inserted (Figures 2A,B). For the zero-line design, an oblique incision (about 3.5–4.5 cm in length) parallel to the armpit stripes was made about 2 cm from the axillary top. The front end should not exceed the anterior axillary line. Define the line connecting the intersection of the incision with the lateral border of the pectoralis major and the highest point of the clavicle as the zero-line. After that, define the intersection of the reverse extension line of zero-line and the anterior midline of the chest (midline of the sternum) as the apex point, then draw a straight line along a 30-degree counterclockwise angle. A 0.5 cm trocar incision is then made at the intersection of this line and the lateral border of the pectoralis major; the 30-degree angle could be slightly different due to right-handed habit. When choosing the site of the trocar incision for a female patient, the breast should be retracted inferiorly, and kept the chest skin flattened (Figures 2D,E).
Wang H., Liu R., Zhang C., Fang Q., Zeng Z., Wang W., You S., Fang M, & Dingtian J. (2023). Modification and application of “zero-line” incision design in total endoscopic gasless unilateral axillary approach thyroidectomy: A preliminary report. Frontiers in Surgery, 10, 1121292.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Axilla Breast Cannula Chest Clavicle Endoscopes Human Body Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Pectoralis Major Muscle Shoulder Skin Sternum Surgeons Surgical Instruments Thyroid Gland Trachea Trocar Woman
3
Measurement of Wild Pig Morphometrics
Pigs were captured using various traps baited with corn. Once wild pigs were captured, they were then euthanized (IACUC Protocol No. 14–100 for Mississippi samples). Measurements collected by USDA personnel were done conducted by following several USDA IACUC‐approved studies (Sanders et al., 2020 ; Snow et al., 2019 (link); Snow et al., 2022 ; Snow, Halseth, et al., 2021 (link); Snow & VerCauteren, 2019 ; Snow, Wishart, et al., 2021 (link)). Body mass and other morphometric data were gathered postmortem. Body mass was measured to the nearest kg. In Mississippi, we recorded morphometric measures for: body length, chest girth, ear length, eye to snout length, hindfoot length, shoulder length, and tail length (see Table 1 for measurement collection details). Body mass, body length, and chest girth were recorded in every area outside Mississippi, while eye to snout length was recorded only in Alabama, Hawaii, and South Texas. Body mass, body length, and eye to snout length were recorded as in Mississippi. Chest girth was recorded by measuring the widest length from the center of sternum behind the scapula to the spine and multiplying this value by 2. Although we expect our measured individuals to have mild body asymmetries, bilateral symmetry is a fundamental characteristic of vertebrate body plans, so we did not expect this chest girth measurement to affect our inference. Hindfoot length and tail length were not measured outside Mississippi. Because shoulder length was measured as the shorter distance between the spine to the bottom of the hoof outside Mississippi (i.e., vs. from the tip of the scapula to the hoof), we decided not to use this measure for individuals outside Mississippi.
Baruzzi C., Snow N.P., Vercauteren K.C., Strickland B.K., Arnoult J.S., Fischer J.W., Glow M.P., Lavelle M.J., Smith B.A., Steakley D, & Lashley M.A. (2023). Estimating body mass of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) using body morphometrics. Ecology and Evolution, 13(3), e9853.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Autopsy Chest Corns Hoof Human Body Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Scapula Shoulder Snow Sternum Sus scrofa Tail Vertebral Column Vertebrates
4
Singing vs. Speaking: Machine Learning Analysis
Sixteen singers, ranging in age from 20 to 61 y, wore an MA device adhered to the sternum, just below the sternal notch. The participants sang six different vocal exercises through their full vocal range (hums, glides, legato scales, arpeggios, staccato scales, and monotones with varied dynamics) followed by a song of their choice for 4 min. The participants then read from the first chapter of the book Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance for 10 min (20 ). These samples served as the training set for the development of machine learning algorithms, capable of distinguishing singing from speaking with 91% accuracy.
Jeong H., Yoo J.Y., Ouyang W., Greane A.L., Wiebe A.J., Huang I., Lee Y.J., Lee J.Y., Kim J., Ni X., Kim S., Huynh H.L., Zhong I., Chin Y.X., Gu J., Johnson A.M., Brancaccio T, & Rogers J.A. (2023). Closed-loop network of skin-interfaced wireless devices for quantifying vocal fatigue and providing user feedback. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(9), e2219394120.
Publication 2023
Medical Devices Singer Sternum
5
Radiographic Analysis of Clavicular Aging
The radiographs of the clavicular sample were processed using Adobe Photoshop 2019 (version 19.1.6, Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). The region of interest was selected at the medial end of each clavicle using a template size 3×3 cm2 (261×261 pixels) with a reference point being at the sternal border of the clavicle (Fig. 1). Images containing artifacts such as remnant of clay were excluded. The number of total samples used was 625 and 363 for male and female respectively, allowing them to be distributed in 8 age groups (Table 1).
Kengkard P., Choovuthayakorn J., Mahakkanukrauh C., Chitapanarux N., Intasuwan P., Malatong Y., Sinthubua A., Palee P., Lampang S.N, & Mahakkanukrauh P. (2023). Convolutional neural network of age-related trends digital radiographs of medial clavicle in a Thai population: a preliminary study. Anatomy & Cell Biology, 56(1), 86-93.
Publication 2023
Age Groups Clavicle Clay Females Males Radiography Sternum

Top products related to «Sternum»

1
Sphygmocor by AtCor Medical
Sourced in Australia, United States
The SphygmoCor is a non-invasive medical device developed by AtCor Medical. Its core function is to measure and analyze the arterial pulse wave, providing insights into the cardiovascular system's health and function.
2
Sphygmocor system by AtCor Medical
Sourced in Australia, United States
The SphygmoCor system is a non-invasive diagnostic device used to measure arterial stiffness and central blood pressure. It utilizes applanation tonometry to capture pressure waveforms from the radial artery, which are then analyzed to derive various parameters related to cardiovascular function.
3
Vasera vs 1000 by Fukuda Denshi
Sourced in Japan
The VaSera VS-1000 is a diagnostic device designed for vascular function assessment. It is capable of measuring various cardiovascular parameters, including ankle-brachial index and pulse wave velocity.
4
Vevo 2100 by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada, United States, Japan
The Vevo 2100 is a high-resolution, real-time in vivo imaging system designed for preclinical research. It utilizes advanced ultrasound technology to capture detailed images and data of small animal subjects.
5
Signa cv i by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United Kingdom, United States
The Signa CV/i is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system designed and manufactured by GE Healthcare. It is a core MRI system that provides high-quality imaging capabilities for a variety of clinical applications.
6
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Italy, France, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Belgium, India, Spain, Israel, Austria, Poland, Ireland, Sweden, Macao, Netherlands, Denmark, Cameroon, Singapore, Portugal, Argentina, Holy See (Vatican City State), Morocco, Uruguay, Mexico, Thailand, Sao Tome and Principe, Hungary, Panama, Hong Kong, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Czechia, Russian Federation, Chile, Moldova, Republic of, Gabon, Palestine, State of, Saudi Arabia, Senegal
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
7
Sphygmocor device by AtCor Medical
Sourced in Australia
The SphygmoCor device is a non-invasive diagnostic tool designed to measure central blood pressure and arterial stiffness. It utilizes applanation tonometry technology to assess the mechanical properties of the cardiovascular system.
8
Matlab by MathWorks
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Japan, Sweden, Austria, Morocco, Switzerland, Australia, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, China, France, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Malaysia, Israel, Finland, Spain
MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.
9
Bx41 microscope by Olympus
Sourced in Japan, United States, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom, Spain, Australia, Belgium, Hungary, Switzerland, Denmark, France, China
The BX41 is an upright microscope designed for routine laboratory applications. It features a high-intensity LED illumination system and a sturdy, ergonomic design.
10
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

More about "Sternum"

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a crucial component of the human skeletal system.
This flat, elongated bone is located in the center of the chest and plays a vital role in the structure and function of the thoracic cavity.
The sternum consists of three main parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process, each with its own anatomical significance.
The sternum serves as the anterior attachment point for the ribs, providing stability and support to the thoracic region.
It is also an important landmark for various medical procedures, such as those involving the heart and lungs.
Clinicians must have a thorough understanding of the sternum's anatomy and its relationships with surrounding structures, including the SphygmoCor system, VaSera VS-1000, Vevo 2100, Signa CV/i, FBS, and SphygmoCor device, to ensure accurate diagnoses and effective interventions.
In addition to its structural role, the sternum is also crucial for respiratory function.
It provides attachment sites for important muscles involved in respiration, such as the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
This connection between the sternum and respiratory mechanics is an area of ongoing research, with tools like MATLAB and the BX41 microscope being utilized to study the intricate biomechanics of the thoracic region.
Penicillin/streptomycin, a commonly used antibiotic combination, may also play a role in the management of conditions affecting the sternum, such as infections or injuries.
The sternum's central position and its proximity to vital organs make it an important consideration in various medical specialties, from cardiology to orthopedics.
By understanding the comprehensive nature of the sternum's anatomy, function, and clinical relevance, clinicians and researchers can enhance their ability to provide effective and personalized care to patients, ultimately improving outcomes and advancing the field of healthcare.