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> Anatomy > Body Part > Submandibular Gland

Submandibular Gland

The Submandibular Gland is a salivary gland located beneath the floor of the mouth, just below the jaw.
It secretes saliva that helps with swallowing, digestion, and oral hygiene.
Reseaching the Submandibular Gland can provide insights into its role in oral and dental health, as well as potential medical conditions affecting this important structure.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can help streamline your Submandibular Gland research by quickly identifying the best protocols and approaches from the literature, preprints, and patents.
Expereince the power of AI-driven analysis to optimize your scientific discoveries related to this key anatomical feature.

Most cited protocols related to «Submandibular Gland»

1
Radiochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Lu-PSMA
PSMA was obtained from ABX GmbH (Radeberg, Germany). To begin, 1 mg DOTA-PSMA was dissolved in 1 ml 0.05 M HCl. Then, 88.50 ± 9.21 μg DOTA-PSMA per 10 μg Lu was added to 1 ml 0.05 M HCl solution containing 42 mg gentisinic acid and 210 mg sodium ascorbate. This mixture was added to carrier-added 177LuCl3, obtained from IDB Holland, and heated for 30 min at 95 °C. Quality control was performed by spotting 1 μl aliquots on TLC (SilicaGel 60, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with 0.1 M citric buffer or ITLC-SG plates (ITLC-SG, Varian, Lake Forest, CA, USA) and with 1 M NH4OAc/MeOH (1:1) as solvent. Analysis was performed using a flat-bed scanner (Rita Star, Raytest-Isotopenmessgeräte GmbH, Straubenhardt, Germany). Radiochemical purity was determined by radio HPLC, which was performed using a gradient system. The gradient elution system utilised mobile phase A (deionised H2O containing 0.1 % TFA) and mobile phase B (100 % acetonitrile) and a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Starting with 100 % A/0 % B, the gradient was increased to 100 % B over 30 min and then returned to the initial gradient conditions within 5 min. The retention time of free 177Lu was Rt = 2.5 min, whereas for Lu-PSMA it was 13.3 min.
The labelling yield always exceeded 95 % (98.85 ± 1.29 %); therefore, no purification was performed. The radiochemical purity was higher than 98 %. The specific activity of Lu-PSMA was 89.73 ± 13.61 MBq/μg.
The therapy solution was administered by slow intravenous injection over 1 min followed by 1000 ml of NaCl or Ringer. In order to reduce therapy-induced damage to the salivary glands, the patients received ice packs over the parotid and submandibular glands from 30 min prior to and up to 4 h after administration of the Lu-PSMA. All patients were discharged 48 h after therapy according to the rules of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection in Germany (BfS).
Ahmadzadehfar H., Rahbar K., Kürpig S., Bögemann M., Claesener M., Eppard E., Gärtner F., Rogenhofer S., Schäfers M, & Essler M. (2015). Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study. EJNMMI Research, 5, 36.
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Publication 2015
acetonitrile Acids Aftercare Buffers Citric Acid Forests High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Lutetium-177 Parotid Gland Patients Radiation Protection Radiopharmaceuticals Retention (Psychology) Salivary Glands Sodium Ascorbate Sodium Chloride Solvents Submandibular Gland tetraxetan Therapeutics Training Programs
2
Quantitative Analysis of PSMA PET/CT Imaging
PET images were analyzed using XD3 Software (Mirada Medical, Oxford, UK). PET, CT, and hybrid PET/CT imaging overlays were assessed in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes in all 50 patients. Lesions were identified as abnormal foci of radiotracer uptake above background and in expected patterns for PCa spread [18 (link)–19 (link)]. Lesions were selected by a single reader experienced in the interpretation of PSMA-targeted PET (MSJ) and verified by a second experienced reader (SPR).
The normal biodistribution of [18F]DCFPyL, includes uptake in the lacrimal glands, parotid glands, and submandibular glands, as well as in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bowel (predominantly proximal small bowel) [18 (link)–19 (link)]. For the lacrimal glands, major salivary glands, liver, spleen, and kidneys, volume of interests (VOIs) were manually set covering the entire organ volume using the best visual approximation of the organ edge on the PET images using previously described methodology [20 (link)]. Moreover, as described in [12 ], the entire volume of all [18F]DCFPyL-avid tumor lesions (i.e., tumor burden) was manually segmented using the same procedure. The CT images were not used as a primary guide for the segmentation of the VOIs but were available as a reference to improve VOI placement in regions of complex anatomy or high background radiotracer uptake, as necessary [20 (link)].
For normal organs, the following parameters were recorded: mean standardized uptake value corrected to lean body mass (SULmean) and mean standardized uptake value corrected to body weight (SUVmean) [17 (link), 20 (link)]. For the entire tumor burden, the following parameters were assessed: SULmean, the maximum standardized uptake value corrected to lean body mass (SULmax), SUVmean, tumor volume (TV) and the fractional tumor activity (FTA) in the VOI. The latter parameter is well-established in the literature and has also been referred to as tumor lesion (TL)-PSMA [21 (link)–22 (link)]. FTA was calculated as follows: [TV x SUVmean]. An isocontour threshold of 50% of the SUVmax were determined between the background and the maximal pixel value of the VOI.
Werner R.A., Bundschuh R.A., Bundschuh L., Lapa C., Yin Y., Javadi M.S., Buck A.K., Higuchi T., Pienta K.J., Pomper M.G., Lodge M.A., Gorin M.A, & Rowe S.P. (2020). Semiquantitative Parameters in PSMA-Targeted PET Imaging with [18F]DCFPyL: Impact of Tumor Burden on Normal Organ Uptake. Molecular imaging and biology, 22(1), 190-197.
Publication 2020
Body Weight Human Body Intestines Intestines, Small Kidney Lacrimal Gland Liver Neoplasms Organ Volume Parotid Gland Patients Salivary Glands Scan, CT PET Spleen Submandibular Gland Tumor Burden
3
Quantification of Glandular Inflammation
Exorbital lacrimal and submandibular salivary glands were harvested and fixed in buffered formalin, processed, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Five micrometer sections of paired glands were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and analyzed by standard light microscopy. Inflammation was quantified using standard focus scoring57 (link). Focus scores (number of inflammatory foci per 4 mm2) were calculated by a blinded observer by counting the total number of foci (composed of ≥ 50 mononuclear cells) by standard light microscopy using a 10× objective, scanning slides to obtain digital images using PathScan Enabler IV (Meyer Instruments), and measuring surface area of sections using ImageJ software58 (link). Samples with diffuse inflammation resulting in coalescence of individual foci were assigned focus score values greater than the highest calculable value for that set of comparisons. Representative images were captured on a Leitz DM-RB research microscope with a Leica DCF700T digital camera using Leica Application Suite X software (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
Barr J.Y., Wang X., Meyerholz D.K, & Lieberman S.M. (2017). CD8 T cells contribute to lacrimal gland pathology in the nonobese diabetic mouse model of Sjögren syndrome. Immunology and cell biology, 95(8), 684-694.
Publication 2017
Cells Eosin Fingers Formalin Inflammation Light Microscopy Microscopy Paraffin Embedding Submandibular Gland
4
Delineating Head and Neck OARs on CT
The study population was composed of 6 head and neck cancer patients. These patients underwent a planning CT scan (CTplan) which was acquired prior to radiation, and a repeat CT scan (CTrep) which was acquired during the course of radiation. CTrep scans were performed 11 to 35 days (range) after the start of radiotherapy. The CT images were made with the patient in supine position on a multidetector-row spiral CT scanner (Somatom Sensation Open, 24 slice configuration; Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). The acquisition parameters were: gantry un-angled, spiral mode, rotation time 0.5 s, 24 detector rows at 1.2 mm intervals, table speed 18.7 mm/rotation, reconstruction interval 2 mm at Kernel B30 and 120 kVp/195 mA. The matrix size was 512 × 512, with a pixel spacing of 0.97 × 0.97 × 2.0 mm in the x, y and z directions, respectively.
Five specialized head and neck radiation oncologists (R.S., A.N., H.B., O.C. and F.B.), all treating more than 50 head and neck patients per year, delineated five OARs on axial CT slices in all CT images. The radiation oncologist did not have clinical patient information additional to the CT scan. The OAR set included the spinal cord, the parotid and submandibular glands, the thyroid cartilage, and the glottic larynx. For one patient, the right parotid gland contained tumour infiltration and therefore the patient was excluded from analysis for this particular OAR beforehand. The total number of delineated structures was 410.
CTplan and CTrep were delineated under slightly different circumstances, since CTplan was made with contrast-enhancement (iodine containing contrast medium, intravenously applied) while CTrep was acquired without contrast enhancement. Furthermore, the CTplan scan was delineated from scratch and the CTrep scan was delineated using a template obtained from the delineated contours of the CTplan, which were propagated to CTrep after a rigid registration of CTrep to CTplan in each individual patient.
Brouwer C.L., Steenbakkers R.J., van den Heuvel E., Duppen J.C., Navran A., Bijl H.P., Chouvalova O., Burlage F.R., Meertens H., Langendijk J.A, & van 't Veld A.A. (2012). 3D Variation in delineation of head and neck organs at risk. Radiation Oncology (London, England), 7, 32.
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Publication 2012
Cancer of Head and Neck CAT SCANNERS X RAY Glottis Head Iodine Muscle Rigidity Neck Neoplasms Parotid Gland Patients Radiation Oncologists Radionuclide Imaging Radiotherapy Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Spinal Cord Submandibular Gland Thyroid Cartilage Tomography, Spiral Computed X-Ray Computed Tomography
5
Neurite Stimulation by Sclerotium Extract and NGF
Cells were cultured for 2 to 3 days until 60–70% confluent prior to assay. They were plated into 12-well plates at cell density of 5 × 104 cells per well in complete F-12K medium with concentrations 1 to 500 μg/mL (w/v) of sclerotium aqueous extract. Concentrations of NGF-7S from murine submaxillary gland (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) ranging from 10 ng/mL (w/v) to 100 ng/mL (w/v) were tested to examine the optimum concentration for neurite stimulation activity. The optimum concentration was used as positive control for the following assays. Cells in complete F-12K medium without treatment served as negative control. Freeze-dried aqueous extracts were diluted to various concentration with sterilized distilled water. After the preliminary test, optimum concentration of the sclerotium aqueous extract in combination with NGF ranging from 10 ng/mL (w/v) to 50 ng/mL (w/v) was tested to evaluate synergistic interaction, if any, between sclerotium aqueous extract and NGF. Assay plates were incubated at 37 ± 2°C in a 5% CO2-humidified incubator. Differentiation activity of cells in terms of neurite outgrowth and branching was observed after 48 hr of incubation at 37 ± 2°C in 5% CO2-humidified incubator.
Eik L.F., Naidu M., David P., Wong K.H., Tan Y.S, & Sabaratnam V. (2011). Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden: A Medicinal Mushroom That Stimulates Neurite Outgrowth in PC-12 Cells. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2012, 320308.
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Publication 2011
Biological Assay Cells Differentiations, Cell Freezing Mus Neurites Neuronal Outgrowth Submandibular Gland

Most recents protocols related to «Submandibular Gland»

1
Purification of Murine β-NGF from Mouse Glands
Murine β-NGF from adult male mouse submaxillary glands was purified in our laboratory as already described (Bocchini and Angeletti, 1969 (link)), with minor revisions. Male Crl:CD1(ICR) mice aged 6–8 months were obtained from Charles River Italia (Calco, Varese, Italy) and sacrificed by cervical translocation. The anti-NGF antibody was raised in goat and purified following an established procedure (Stoeckel and Thoenen, 1975 (link); Stoeckel et al., 1976 (link)).
Baldassarro V.A., Cescatti M., Rocco M.L., Aloe L., Lorenzini L., Giardino L, & Calzà L. (2023). Nerve growth factor promotes differentiation and protects the oligodendrocyte precursor cells from in vitro hypoxia/ischemia. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1111170.
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Publication 2023
Adult Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Goat Males Mice, House Mice, Inbred ICR Mus Neck Rivers Submandibular Gland Translocation, Chromosomal
2
Whole Brain and Spinal Cord Radiotherapy Simulation
All patients were simulated in a head-first, supine position, immobilised with five-clamp thermoplastic covering the brain to chest level. If the patient was non-cooperative and no sedition was used, an additional two-clamp thermoplastic was used to immobilise the abdomen pelvis region7 (link). Anesthesia was used if needed. All patients were simulated in a Brilliance Big Bore CT scanner (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) with 3-mm uniform slice thickness from brain to mid-thigh, with the first marker in the brain and second marker at the abdomen level to keep the patient straight during the simulation. CT Images were transferred to the SomaVision (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) contouring station and co-registered with three-dimensional (3D) T1-contrast, T2-flair magnetic resonance images (MRI).
The gross tumour volumes (GTV) of the brain and the spine were delineated as follows: the cranial contouring included the whole brain and up to the junction of the cervical vertebrae C5 and C6. The superior end of the spinal cord starts from the end of brain GTV and goes up to the inferior end of the thecal sac, as seen on the sagittal view of the MRI. The planning target volume (PTV) for the brain was generated by applying a 3 mm margin on the GTV. For the spinal cord, the PTV was generated using a 7 mm margin over GTV7 (link). The brain and spinal PTVs were summed to generate a single PTV for the plan optimisation. To standardise the contouring of organs at risk for all patients, a predefined structure template consisting of bladder, bowel, brain stem, chiasm, cochlea (bilateral), duodenum, esophagus, eyes (bilateral), thyroid gland, heart, humerus head (bilateral), kidneys (bilateral), lacrimal gland (bilateral), larynx, lens (bilateral), lung (bilateral), mandible, optic nerve (bilateral), oral cavity, ovary (bilateral for female patients), parotid (bilateral), pituitary gland, rectum, stomach, and submandibular glands (bilateral) was used.
Sarkar B., Biswal S.S., Shahid T., Ghosh T., Bhattacharya J., De A., Mukherjee M., Ganesh T, & Cozzi L. (2023). Comparative dosimetric analysis of volumetric modulated arc therapy based craniospinal irradiation plans between Halcyon ring gantry and TrueBeam C-arm linear accelerator. Scientific Reports, 13, 3430.
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Publication 2023
Abdomen Anesthesia Brain Brain Neoplasms Brain Stem CAT SCANNERS X RAY Cervical Vertebrae Chest Cochlea Cranium Duodenum Esophagus Eye Head Heart Humerus Head Immobilization Intestines Kidney Lacrimal Gland Larynx Lens, Crystalline Lung Mandible Optic Chiasms Optic Nerve Oral Cavity Ovary Parotid Gland Patients Pelvis Pituitary Gland Rectum Spinal Cord Stomach Submandibular Gland Thigh Thyroid Gland Urinary Bladder Vertebral Column Vision Woman
3
In Vitro Tooth and Salivary Gland Development
The experimental animal protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kyushu University Animal Experiment Center (protocol number; A20-281-1). All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Kyushu University, and the study was performed in accordance with ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo experiments) guidelines. Pregnant mice were euthanized by medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol intraperitoneal administration and the embryos were dissected immediately. Tooth germs of mandibular molars were dissected from E14.5 mice embryos and placed on cell culture inserts (BD Falcon, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), and grown using an air–liquid interface culture technique in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F-12, supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Waltham, MS, USA), 180 g/mL ascorbic acid, 2 mM l-glutamine, and 50 units/mL penicillin/streptomycin at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, as described previously31 (link)–34 (link). Submandibular glands were dissected from E13.5 mice embryos, placed on cell culture inserts, and grown in the same condition as tooth germs. To record the development of the cultured samples, images were captured daily under the microscope IX71 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) during the culture period. The development processes of cultured tooth germs were classified into five scores for evaluation: score 0, no noticeable change from the starting point; score 1, epithelium thickening; score 2, epithelial invagination into the mesenchyme; score 3, multiple cusp formation; score 4, final morphogenesis; score 5, differentiation. E13.5 submandibular glands were cultured for 2 days, and the size was determined using ImageJ software (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA).
Yuta T., Tian T., Chiba Y., Miyazaki K., Funada K., Mizuta K., Fu Y., Kawahara J., Iwamoto T., Takahashi I., Fukumoto S, & Yoshizaki K. (2023). Development of a novel ex vivo organ culture system to improve preservation methods of regenerative tissues. Scientific Reports, 13, 3354.
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Publication 2023
Animal Ethics Committees Animals, Laboratory Ascorbic Acid Atmosphere Butorphanol Cell Culture Techniques Culture Media Culture Techniques Eagle Embryo Epithelium Fetal Bovine Serum Glutamine Injections, Intraperitoneal Mandible Medetomidine Mesenchyma Microscopy Midazolam Molar Morphogenesis Mus Odontogenesis Penicillins Streptomycin Submandibular Gland Tooth Germ TP63 protein, human
4
Low-Temperature Culture of Tooth and Submandibular Germ
In the low-temperature culture, the temperature was set at 25 and 4 °C, respectively. Tooth germs were cultured in an incubator at 25 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% or 0.03% CO2 for 7–28 days. Tooth germs were also cultured in a refrigerator at 4 °C with the same CO2 concentration (0.03%) as in the atmosphere. After low-temperature culture, tooth germs were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 10 days. Submandibular glands were cultured at 25 or 4 °C for 7 days under the same conditions as the tooth germs and then cultured at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 2 days. We changed to a fresh medium every 3 days and captured the images with the microscope IX71 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) daily for record-keeping.
Yuta T., Tian T., Chiba Y., Miyazaki K., Funada K., Mizuta K., Fu Y., Kawahara J., Iwamoto T., Takahashi I., Fukumoto S, & Yoshizaki K. (2023). Development of a novel ex vivo organ culture system to improve preservation methods of regenerative tissues. Scientific Reports, 13, 3354.
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Publication 2023
Atmosphere Cold Temperature Microscopy Submandibular Gland Tooth Diseases Tooth Germ
5
Culturing and Maintaining Sympathetic Neurons
Sympathetic neurons were harvested from P0 to P1 Sprague Dawley rats or P0 to P4 TrkAR685A or TrkAWT mice, enzymatically dissociated, and grown in mass cultures or compartmentalized cultures as described previously (17 (link), 36 (link)). Cells were maintained in culture with high-glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (1 U/mL), and NGF purified from mouse submaxillary glands (100 ng/mL) (37 (link)). For NGF deprivation, neurons were placed in high-glucose DMEM containing 1.0% FBS with anti-NGF (1:1,000) and BAF (50 μM) for 36 h. For adenoviral infections, neuronal cultures were infected with high-titer CsCl-purified or VivaPure AdenoPack20-purified pAdenoX-Tet3G adenoviruses for 36 h as previously described (9 (link)). Adenovirus-mediated protein expression was induced by adding doxycycline (Sigma, 100 ng/mL) to culture media.
Connor B., Moya-Alvarado G., Yamashita N, & Kuruvilla R. (2023). Transcytosis-mediated anterograde transport of TrkA receptors is necessary for sympathetic neuron development and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(6), e2205426120.
Publication 2023
Adenoviruses Adenovirus Infections Cells cesium chloride Culture Media Doxycycline Eagle Fetal Bovine Serum Glucose Mus Neurons Penicillins Proteins Rats, Sprague-Dawley Streptomycin Submandibular Gland

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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.

More about "Submandibular Gland"

The Submandibular Gland, also known as the Submaxillary Gland, is a key salivary gland located beneath the floor of the mouth, just below the jawline.
It plays a crucial role in oral and dental health by secreting saliva that aids in swallowing, digestion, and maintaining good oral hygiene.
Researching the Submandibular Gland can provide valuable insights into its function and potential medical conditions affecting this important anatomical structure.
Saliva produced by the Submandibular Gland contains various enzymes, proteins, and electrolytes that support various oral and digestive processes.
These include amylase, which helps break down carbohydrates, and lysozyme, which has antimicrobial properties to combat harmful bacteria in the mouth.
Potential medical conditions associated with the Submandibular Gland include sialolithiasis (salivary stones), Sjogren's syndrome, and chronic sialadenitis (inflammation of the gland).
Understanding the Submandibular Gland's role in oral health can also shed light on its involvement in conditions like xerostomia (dry mouth) and halitosis (bad breath).
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can streamline your Submandibular Gland research by quickly identifying the best protocols and approaches from the literature, preprints, and patents.
This includes techniques such as FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) for cell culture, Penicillin/Streptomycin for preventing bacterial contamination, TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, PathScan Enabler IV for protein analysis, and the use of Pilocarpine, Streptomycin, and Bovine Serum Albumin in various experimental setttings.
Expereince the power of AI-driven analysis to optimize your scientific discoveries related to this key anatomical feature and gain valuable insights into the Submandibular Gland's role in oral and dental health.