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Temporal Bone

The Temporal Bone is a complex anatomical structure located at the side of the head, comprising several parts that play crucial roles in hearing, balance, and facial expression.
It is composed of the petrous, squamous, and tympanic parts, each with distinct features and functions.
The Temporal Bone houses the middle and inner ear, providing protection for the sensitive structures within.
It also serves as an attachment point for various muscles involved in chewing and facial movements.
Understanding the anatomy and pathology of the Temporal Bone is essential for healthcare professionals, particularly in fields such as otology, neurotology, and craniofacial surgery.
Accurate assessment and analysis of the Temporal Bone are crucial for diagnosing and treating conditions affecting this region, such as conductive hearing loss, facial nerve disorders, and temporal bone fractures.
Reserchers leveraging PubCompare.ai can optimize their Temporal Bone studies by locating relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and utilizing AI-driven comparisons to identify the best approaches for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Temporal Bone»

Cortical Thickness and Brain Volumetry Measurement

All MRI scans were processed using the FreeSurfer software package, freely available at http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu. Multiple MPRAGE MRI acquisitions for each participant were motion corrected, averaged and normalized for intensity inhomogeneities to create a single image volume with relatively high contrast to noise (Dale et al., 1999 (link)). This averaged volume was used to locate the grey/white matter boundary (white matter surface) and this, in turn, was then used to locate the grey/CSF boundary (grey matter surface) (Fischl et al., 1999a (link); 2000 (link)). Cortical thickness measurements were then obtained by calculating the distance between the grey and the white matter surfaces at each point (per hemisphere) across the entire cortical mantle (Fischl et al., 2000 (link)). This cortical thickness measurement technique has been validated via histological (Rosas et al., 2002 (link)) as well as manual measurements (Salat et al., 2004 (link); Dickerson et al., 2009 (link)). The reliability of the cortical thickness measures as well as the other image analysis procedures presented here has been demonstrated across different manufacturer types, scanner upgrades, varying contrast-to-noise ratio, and the number of MPRAGE MRI acquisitions used (Han et al., 2006 (link); Fennema-Notestine et al., 2007 (link); Jovicich et al., 2009 (link)).
The neocortex of the brain on the MRI scans was then automatically subdivided into 32 gyral-based ROIs (in each hemisphere). To accomplish this, a registration procedure was used that aligns the cortical folding patterns (Fischl et al., 1999b ) and probabilistically assigns every point on the cortical surface to one of the 32 ROIs (Desikan et al., 2006 (link)). In addition, two non-neocortical regions of the brain, namely the amygdala and the hippocampus, were automatically delineated using an algorithm that examines variations in voxel intensities and spatial relationships to classify non-neocortical regions on MRI scans (Fischl et al., 2002 (link)).
The anatomic accuracy of the grey and white matter surfaces as well as each of the individual ROIs was carefully reviewed by a trained neuroanatomist (RSD), with particular attention to the medial temporal lobe where non-brain tissue, such as dura mater and temporal bone, often needs to be excluded. All of the MRI scans were processed on a Linux cluster machine with 230 nodes, each with a 2 GHz AMD Opteron CPU (Advanced Micro Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and 4 GB RAM. Processing time for each MRI scan was ∼25–40 h. The cluster machine allows for the processing of 230 MRI scans simultaneously.
In total, 34 neocortical and non-necortical ROIs were used in this study. For all of the analyses performed here, the mean thickness (only neocortical regions) and the volume (both neocortical and non-neocortical regions) of the right and the left hemispheres, for each ROI, were added together. In order to account for differences in head size, the total volume for each ROI was corrected using a previously validated estimate of the total intracranial volume (eTIV) (Buckner et al., 2004 (link)). Figure 1 shows all of the ROIs used in this study.
Figure 1

Three-dimensional representations of all 34 ROIs examined in the current study (only one hemisphere is shown). All of the neocortical ROIs visible in (A) lateral and (B) medial views of the grey matter surface and (C) the two non-neocortical regions (i.e. the hippocampus and amygdala) visible in the coronal view of a T₁-weighted MRI image.

Desikan R.S., Cabral H.J., Hess C.P., Dillon W.P., Glastonbury C.M., Weiner M.W., Schmansky N.J., Greve D.N., Salat D.H., Buckner R.L, & Fischl B. (2009). Automated MRI measures identify individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 132(8), 2048-2057.

Publication 2009

actinomycin D2 Amygdaloid Body Attention Brain Cortex, Cerebral Dura Mater Gray Matter Head Medical Devices MRI Scans Neocortex Rosa Seahorses Temporal Bone Temporal Lobe Tissues White Matter

Treating Skeletal Metastases: A Retrospective Study

Between January 2005 and January 2008, a total of 958 patients were prospectively registered at the time of detection of symptomatic bone metastasis. Among them, we excluded those who had already undergone treatment at other institutes, or had not been treated at our institution. Consequently, our study group comprised 808 consecutive patients who had undergone surgical and/or nonsurgical treatment, or palliative care for skeletal metastases at our institute. The patients were prospectively followed and the last follow-up evaluation was performed in January 2012. There were 441 male and 367 female patients with a median age of 64 (range, 8–94) years.
Of the 808 patients, 779 (96%) were followed up for a minimum of 24 months, unless death supervened, during which time 29 were lost to follow-up. These 29 patients were treated as “censored observations.” Two deaths from causes other than malignancy were also treated as censored observations. The median follow-up periods were 6.4 (range, 0.25–77) months for patients dying from malignant disease, and 53.9 (range, 1–82) months for survivors. Multiple myeloma requiring orthopedic care or radiotherapy was treated as a skeletal metastasis 3 (link),5 (link),8 (link),12 .
Lung carcinoma was the most common primary lesion (26%) in the patient population. Other lesions were carcinoma of the breast (17%), colon and rectum (9%), stomach (6%), prostate (5%), and liver (5%). The primary lesion was not found in 16 patients despite thorough investigation (Table 1).

Katagiri H., Okada R., Takagi T., Takahashi M., Murata H., Harada H., Nishimura T., Asakura H, & Ogawa H. (2014). New prognostic factors and scoring system for patients with skeletal metastasis. Cancer Medicine, 3(5), 1359-1367.

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Publication 2014

Breast Carcinoma Colon Liver Lung Cancer Males Malignant Neoplasms Multiple Myeloma Neoplasm Metastasis Operative Surgical Procedures Palliative Care Patients Prostate Radiotherapy Rectum Skeleton Stomach Survivors Temporal Bone Woman

Automated Temporal Bone Structure Identification

The process used to automatically identify the labyrinth, ossicles, and external auditory canal relies on atlas-based registration, a common technique in the field of medical imaging. The principle of atlas-based registration is that an image of a known subject can be transformed automatically such that the anatomical structures of the known subject are made to overlap with the corresponding structures in the image of an unknown subject. Given a perfect registration, transformed labels from the known atlas exactly identify the location of the structures in the unknown image. Figure 1 shows an example of atlas-based registration as is typically used in neurosurgical applications. The underlying assumption of this method is that the images of different subjects are topologically similar such that a one-to-one mapping between all corresponding anatomical structures can be established via a smooth transformation. For patients with normal anatomy, this assumption is valid in the anatomical regions surrounding the labyrinth, ossicles, and external auditory canal. Using atlas-based registration methods described previously [6 ,7 ,8 ] and an atlas constructed with a CT of a “normal” subject, we created a registration approach to allow labeling of these structures on temporal bone CT’s.
For the anatomical region surrounding the facial nerve and chorda tympani, topological similarity between images cannot be assumed due to the highly variable pneumatized bone. Therefore, the facial nerve and chorda tympani are identified using another approach, the navigated optimal medial axis and deformable-model algorithm (NOMAD) [8 ]. NOMAD is a general framework for localizing tubular structures. Statistical a-priori intensity and shape information about the structure is stored in a model. Atlas-based registration is used to roughly align this model information to an unknown CT. Using the model information, the optimal axis of the structure is identified. The full structure is then identified by expanding this centerline using deformable-model (ballooning) techniques.
To validate our process, we quantified automated identification error as follows: (1) The temporal bone structures were manually identified in all CT scans by a student rater then verified and corrected by an experienced surgeon. (2) Binary volumes were generated from the manual delineations, with a value of 1 indicating an internal voxel and 0 being an external voxel. (3) Surface voxels were identified in both the automatic and manually generated volumes. (4) For each voxel on the automatic surface, the distance to the closest manual surface voxel was computed. We call this the false positive error distance (FP). Similarly, for each voxel on the manual surface, the distance to the closest automatic surface voxel was computed, which we call the false negative error distance (FN) (See Figure 2). We compute both FP and FN errors because, as shown in Figure 2, the FP and FN errors are not necessarily the same for a given point. In fact, to properly characterize identification errors, computing both distances is necessary.

Noble J.H., Dawant B.M., Warren F.M, & Labadie R.F. (2009). Automatic Identification and 3-D Rendering of Temporal Bone Anatomy. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 30(4), 436-442.

Publication 2009

Body Regions Bones Epistropheus External Auditory Canals Facial Nerves Labyrinth Patients Student Surgeons Temporal Bone Tympani Nerves, Chorda X-Ray Computed Tomography

Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer

Peripheral blood samples were collected within 30 days of treatment initiation and plasma aliquots stored at −80 °C. ddPCR assays were carried out as described in detail in supplementary Appendix S2, available at Annals of Oncology online. For each individual sample AR CN was estimated using each of the reference genes NSUN3, ElF2C1, and AP3B1 and using ZXDB at Xp11.21 as a control gene to determine X chromosome CN. AR mutation detection assays were carried out for the AR mutations 2105T>A (p.L702H), 2632A>G (p.T878A), and 2629T>C (p.F877L) with a limit of detection of 1%–2% using an input of 2–4 ng of DNA. For NGS on plasma and patient-matched germline DNA, we used a customized AmpliSeq targeted gene panel including AR, sequenced on an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine or Proton as described previously [7 , 8 ]. Computational analysis estimating the plasma DNA tumor content, AR CN quantitation and point mutation detection (with a sensitivity of 98%–99% depending on position and coverage) was carried out as previously [8 ].
Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was assessed within 1 week of starting treatment and monthly thereafter. Radiographic disease was evaluated with the use of computed tomography and bone scan at the time of screening and every 12 weeks on treatment. In the primary cohort, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also measured within 1 week of starting treatment. In PREMIERE, CTCs were evaluated pre-treatment using the AdnaTest for Prostate Cancer (Qiagen GmbH, Germany) as described previously [21 ].

Conteduca V., Wetterskog D., Sharabiani M.T., Grande E., Fernandez-Perez M.P., Jayaram A., Salvi S., Castellano D., Romanel A., Lolli C., Casadio V., Gurioli G., Amadori D., Font A., Vazquez-Estevez S., González del Alba A., Mellado B., Fernandez-Calvo O., Méndez-Vidal M.J., Climent M.A., Duran I., Gallardo E., Rodriguez A., Santander C., Sáez M.I., Puente J., Gasi Tandefelt D., Wingate A., Dearnaley D., Demichelis F., De Giorgi U., Gonzalez-Billalabeitia E, & Attard G. (2017). Androgen receptor gene status in plasma DNA associates with worse outcome on enzalutamide or abiraterone for castration-resistant prostate cancer: a multi-institution correlative biomarker study. Annals of Oncology, 28(7), 1508-1516.

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Publication 2017

Alkaline Phosphatase Biological Assay BLOOD Genes Genome Germ Line Hypersensitivity Lactate Dehydrogenase Mutation Neoplasms Patients Plasma Point Mutation Prostate-Specific Antigen Prostate Cancer Protons Radionuclide Imaging Serum Temporal Bone X-Ray Computed Tomography X-Rays, Diagnostic X Chromosome

Comprehensive Histological Analysis of Murine Cochlear and Vestibular Structures

After completing the ABR measurements at 1, 3, 6, and 9 month of age at The Jackson Laboratory the inner ears were dissected out, immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde and shipped to the University at Buffalo for analyses of the cochlea and vestibular system. Our procedures for preparing cochleograms showing the percentage of missing inner hair cells (IHC) and outer hair cells (OHC) as a function of percent distance from the apex have been described in detail previously [14 (link), 15 (link), 122 ]. Mice evaluated by ABR at the Jackson Lab were euthanized by CO₂ asphyxiation and decapitated. The temporal bones were removed, immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and shipped to the University at Buffalo for analysis. Cochleae were stained with Ehrlich's hematoxylin solution, the organ of Corti dissected out as a flat surface preparation, mounted in glycerin on glass slides and coverslipped. A person, blind to the results, dissected the cochleae and prepared the surface preparation. A second person blind to the experimental conditions counted the hair cells using a light microscope (Zeiss Standard, 400X magnification). By raising and lowering the focal plane, the investigator can determine if the hair cell nucleus, cuticular plate and stereocilia bundle were present. A hair cell was counted as present if both the cuticular plated and nucleus were clearly visible and considered missing if either were absent. OHC and IHC were counted along successive 0.12-0.24 mm intervals from the apex to the base. Using lab norms and custom software, the percentage of missing IHC and OHC were determined for each animal and a cochleogram was constructed showing the percentage of missing OHC and IHC as a function of percent distance from the apex of the cochlea. Position in the cochlea was related to frequency using a mouse tonotopic map [33 (link)]. In some cases, the cochlear surface preparations were photographed with a digital camera (SPOT Insight, Diagnostic Instruments Inc.) attached to a Zeiss Axioskop microscope, processed with imaging software (SPOT Software, version 4.6) and Adobe Photoshop 5.5.
To evaluate the condition of the cochlea and vestibular sensory epithelium in more detail, some inner ears were embedded in plastic using procedures described in our earlier publications [32 (link), 122 , 123 (link)]. Following fixation, inner ears were decalcified (Decal, Baxter Scientific Products), rinsed in phosphate buffered saline, dehydrated through a graded series of EtOH and then embedded in Epon 812 (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Sections were cut parallel to the modiolus of the cochlea at a thickness of three μm on an ultramicrotome, stained with 0.5% toluidine blue, mounted on glass slides, examined with a Zeiss microscope (Axioskop) and photographed with a digital camera as above. Sections (3 μm) were also taken from the utricle, saccule and crista ampullaris following similar procedures.

Ding D., Jiang H., Chen G.D., Longo-Guess C., Muthaiah V.P., Tian C., Sheppard A., Salvi R, & Johnson K.R. (2016). N-acetyl-cysteine prevents age-related hearing loss and the progressive loss of inner hair cells in γ-glutamyl transferase 1 deficient mice. Aging (Albany NY), 8(4), 730-750.

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Publication 2016

Animals Asphyxia Auditory Hair Cell Buffaloes Cell Nucleus Cochlea Cochlear Diseases Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Crista Ampullaris Diagnosis Electron Microscopy Epithelium Epon 812 Ethanol Fingers Glycerin Hair Inner Auditory Hair Cells Labyrinth Light Microscopy Microscopy Mus Organ of Corti paraform Phosphates Saccule Saline Solution Stereocilia Temporal Bone Tolonium Chloride Training Programs Ultramicrotomy Utricle Vestibular Labyrinth Vestibular System Visually Impaired Persons

Most recents protocols related to «Temporal Bone»

Burial 49: Taphonomic Analysis of Fragmented Remains

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Publication 2023

Acetabulum Acromion Alarmins Arm Bones Autopsy Clavicle Clay Coxa Cranium Femur Fibula Humerus Leg Mandible Maxilla Nasal Bone Occipital Bone Parietal Bone Patients Pinus Radius Ribs Sacrum Scapula Skeletal Remains Skeleton Sternum Temporal Bone Tibia Tooth Ulna Vertebra

Isolation and Analysis of Cochlear Tissues

At the end of 3 cycles of cisplatin administration, the deeply anesthetized mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after ABR detection and then decapitated, and the cochlea were collected. The temporal bones were washed with fresh ice-cold 4% PBS and then placed into a 30 mm diameter Petri dish containing fresh ice-cold 4% PBS. Under a dissection microscope, fine forceps were used to remove the stapes and tissue. The volute was scanned from the oval window parallel to the spiral of the basilar membrane using Venus scissors, and then a fracture line was cut from the bottom to the apical turn along with the spiral plane at the edge of the volute. The volute was gently removed with a fine forceps and needle, and the basilar membrane tissue was immediately placed into a centrifuge tube, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C for subsequent RNA or protein extraction. On the other hand, the cochlea was removed from the skull, the stapes was removed, a small hole was made in the apical turn of the cochlea, the round window was pierced, and 4% paraformaldehyde was perfused. Then, the cochlea was immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C and decalcified in 10% sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 48 h at room temperature on a shaker. The basilar membrane was dissected under a microscope for immunofluorescence staining.

Wang H., Lin H., Kang W., Huang L., Gong S., Zhang T., Huang X., He F., Ye Y., Tang Y., Jia H, & Yang H. (2023). miR-34a/DRP-1-mediated mitophagy participated in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity via increasing oxidative stress. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 24, 16.

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Publication 2023

Basilar Membrane Cisplatin Cochlea Cold Temperature Cranium Dissection Edetic Acid Fenestra Cochleae Forceps Fracture, Bone Freezing Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Immunofluorescence Joint Dislocations Mice, House Microscopy Neck Needles Nitrogen paraform Proteins Sodium Stapes Temporal Bone Tissue, Membrane Tissues

High-Resolution Imaging of Temporal Bone

All patients underwent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone in our hospital using a Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) in a closed resting position. The imaging parameters were as follows: voltage, 120 kV; current, 200 mA; matrix, 512 × 512; and source image section thickness, 0.625 mm. Using a bone algorithm, the images were reconstructed in 1 mm slices in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. The window width was 4000 Hounsfield units (HU), and the window center was 700 HU. Two radiologists evaluated the external auditory canal (EAC), TMJ, and important middle and inner ear structures on HRCT images. An experienced otologist reviewed the cases, made a final diagnosis, and calculated the Jahrsdoerfer scores.

Yang L., Chen P., Liu Y., Yang J, & Zhao S. (2023). Clinical manifestations and treatment strategies for congenital aural atresia with temporomandibular joint retroposition: a retrospective study of 30 patients. Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, 52, 24.

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Publication 2023

Bones CAT SCANNERS X RAY Diagnosis External Auditory Canals Labyrinth Otologists Patients Radiologist Temporal Bone X-Ray Computed Tomography

Ankle Fusion: Outcomes and Complications

The primary outcomes of this study were complications, percentage of patients achieving bony fusion, and time to bony fusion. Complications were divided into major and minor complications. Major complications consisted of symptomatic nonunion, asymptomatic nonunion, tibiotalar pseudoarthrosis, intraoperative fracture, and deep wound infection. Minor complications consisted of discomfort of the osteosynthesis, exostosis, screw loosening, nonclinical subtalar pseudoarthrosis, and superficial surgical site infection. Bony fusion was defined as time to achieve bony union as described by each article, respectively, or fusion of both the tibiotalar and subtalar joint.

Lameire D.L., Abdel Khalik H., Del Balso C., Daniels T, & Halai M. (2023). Transportal Tibiotalocalcaneal Nail Ankle Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review of Initial Series. Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics, 8(1), 24730114231156422.

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Publication 2023

Bones Exostoses Fracture, Bone Fracture Fixation, Internal Patients Pseudarthrosis Subtalar Joint Surgical Wound Infection Temporal Bone Wound Infection

Congenital Facial Nerve Palsy: Associated Symptoms

First, a literature search was performed on Pubmed to identify associated symptoms of congenital FNP. The search was limited to English literature that also provided an abstract. The following keywords were used: “congenital facial nerve palsy”, “asymmetric crying facies”, “Goldenhar syndrome and facial palsy”, “hemifacial macrosomia and facial palsy” and “CHARGE syndrome and facial palsy”. With these keywords, 840 publications were found on 03/03/2022. After reading the title, a first selection could already be excluded for our purpose. After reading the abstract and searching through footnotes, 57 articles were withheld for further reading (Figure 1). After thorough reading, not all articles had additional information on associated symptoms. In the end, 40 articles were identified that describe associated symptoms of congenital FNP.
Hereafter, we conducted a retrospective, single center study with approval of the medical ethical committee of UZ Brussel (B.U.N. 143201627518). The electronic medical records of all children with congenital FNP presenting at ENT-department of University Hospital Brussel (UZ Brussel) between 1992 and 2022 were screened. Moreover, an e-Health platform allowed even to consult electronic medical files from other hospitals in Belgium when parents gave informed consent. The e-Health platform is a nationwide network for hospitals in Belgium, where all actors of healthcare can exchange medical information, with permission and respect for the patient's privacy (21 ). In Belgium, patients have a free choice which doctor or specialist they consult. Accessing e-Health allowed collecting information on comorbidities that might have been treated outside our hospital.
The identified characteristics of congenital FNP from our literature were enumerated and analyzed with attention to all comorbidities in our population. Demographic data were studied. All available audiological tests and diagnostic imaging studies (MRI and/or CT) were also assessed. Specific CT-scans of the temporal bone were studied for anomalies using dedicated planning software (OTOPLAN®, CAScination AG, Bern, Switzerland) allowing to estimate cochlear duct lengths and even facial nerve anomalies. Although surgical treatment is beyond the scope of our study, also this information was gathered for our series and reported.

Baelen H., Esschendal A.M., De Brucker Y., Foulon I., Topsakal V, & Gordts F. (2023). Congenital facial nerve palsy: Single center study. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1077238.

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Publication 2023

Asymmetric crying facies Attention CHARGE Syndrome Child Duct, Cochlear Facial Nerves Goldenhar Syndrome Operative Surgical Procedures Paralysis, Facial Parent Patients Physicians Temporal Bone Tests, Diagnostic X-Ray Computed Tomography

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More about "Temporal Bone"

The Temporal Bone: Unlocking the Secrets of Hearing, Balance, and Facial Expression The temporal bone is a complex and fascinating anatomical structure located at the side of the head.
Comprising the petrous, squamous, and tympanic parts, this intricate bone plays a crucial role in hearing, balance, and facial expression.
Healthcare professionals, particularly in fields like otology, neurotology, and craniofacial surgery, rely on a deep understanding of the temporal bone's anatomy and pathology.
Accurate assessment and analysis of this region are essential for diagnosing and treating conditions such as conductive hearing loss, facial nerve disorders, and temporal bone fractures.
Researchers delving into the secrets of the temporal bone can leverage cutting-edge tools like PubCompare.ai to optimize their studies.
This AI-driven platform allows them to locate relevant protocols from literature, preprints, and patents, and to identify the best approaches for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
Key components of temporal bone research may include the use of decalcifying solutions, cell culture media like DMEM/F12, fixatives like paraformaldehyde, and additives such as fetal bovine serum (FBS).
Specialized imaging techniques, such as those utilizing the LSM 700 confocal microscope, can provide valuable insights into the intricate structures within the temporal bone.
Whether you're a healthcare professional seeking to deepen your understanding of this complex anatomical region or a researcher exploring new frontiers in temporal bone studies, the resources and insights available can help you unlock the secrets of this fascinating structure and drive meaningful advancements in your field.