Temporal Lobe

Authorizations for reporting these three cases were granted by the Eastern Ontario Regional Forensic Unit and the Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale du Québec.
The sampling followed a relatively standardized protocol for all TBI cases: samples were collected from the cortex and underlying white matter of the pre-frontal gyrus, superior and middle frontal gyri, temporal pole, parietal and occipital lobes, deep frontal white matter, hippocampus, anterior and posterior corpus callosum with the cingula, lenticular nucleus, thalamus with the posterior limb of the internal capsule, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus. In some cases, gross pathology (e.g. contusions) mandated further sampling along with the dura and spinal cord if available. The number of available sections for these three cases was 26 for case1, and 24 for cases 2 and 3.
For the detection of ballooned neurons, all HE or HPS sections, including contusions, were screened at 200×.
Representative sections were stained with either hematoxylin–eosin (HE) or hematoxylin-phloxin-saffron (HPS). The following histochemical stains were used: iron, Luxol-periodic acid Schiff (Luxol-PAS) and Bielschowsky. The following antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Leica, PA0026,ready to use), CD-68 (Leica, PA0073, ready to use), neurofilament 200 (NF200) (Leica, PA371, ready to use), beta-amyloid precursor-protein (β-APP) (Chemicon/Millipore, MAB348, 1/5000), αB-crystallin (EMD Millipore, MABN2552 1/1000), ubiquitin (Vector, 1/400), β-amyloid (Dako/Agilent, 1/100), tau protein (Thermo/Fisher, MN1020 1/2500), synaptophysin (Dako/Agilent, ready to use), TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) ((Protein Tech, 10,782-2AP, 1/50), fused in sarcoma binding protein (FUS) (Protein tech, 60,160–1-1 g, 1/100), and p62 (BD Transduc, 1/25). In our index cases, the following were used for the evaluation of TAI: β-APP, GFAP, CD68 and NF200; for the neurodegenerative changes: αB-crystallin, NF200, ubiquitin, tau protein, synaptophysin, TDP-43, FUS were used.
For the characterization of the ballooned neurons only, two cases of fronto-temporal lobar degeneration, FTLD-Tau, were used as controls. One was a female aged 72 who presented with speech difficulties followed by neurocognitive decline and eye movement abnormalities raising the possibility of Richardson’s disorder. The other was a male aged 67 who presented with a primary non-fluent aphasia progressing to fronto-temporal demαentia. In both cases, the morphological findings were characteristic of a corticobasal degeneration.

FRAP experiments were conducted with a FluoView 1200 CLSM (Olympus,
Tokyo, Japan) by recording the fluorescence intensity of SLBs doped
with ATTO 488-DPPE and bleached via a rapid laser pulse (λ_bleach = 488 nm, 20 mW). The fluorescence intensity was tracked
over time in a region of interest (Supporting Information, Figure S1A,B) and a frame time of 65 ms. The
diffusion coefficient and immobile fraction calculation were performed
according to Jönsson et al.^{67 (link)}

The Chl a concentration maps are extracted from the Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) Level-2 full resolution Near Real Time (NRT) product, obtained by the EUMETCast broadcast system. The OLCI sensors on board ESA Sentinel-3A and B satellites launched in February 2016 respectively April 2018, and have large swath widths (~1270 km) covering large regions with high temporal resolution (approximately 1.5-day global coverage with both sensors). The OC4ME algorithm which uses a polynomial approach of a maximum band ratio algorithm of 4 reflectances at 443, 490 and 510 nm over the 560 nm was extracted directly from OLCI Level 2 products and gives the Chl a pigment concentration in [mg/m3]. The cloud free chlorophyll orbit tiles are binned and averaged on a daily base to obtain one image per day. This leads to a very good resolution, coverage in reasonable timeframe and meets the requirements of monitoring water dynamics also on smaller spatial scales.
The analysis of satellite-derived ocean color was complemented using SeaWiFs (1997–2002, https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/SeaWiFS/) and MODIS (2003–2020, https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS-Aqua/) level 3 Chl a data processed with the default chlorophyll algorithm (chlor_a) which employs the standard OC3/OC4 (OCx) band ratio algorithm merged with the color index (CI) in 8-day and 9 km resolution.
First, the long-term analysis of the bloom presence (Fig. 2a) was performed from January 1997 to December 2020, covering the ocean-color satellite era. We defined the bloom presence when the 8-day mean satellite-derived Chl a, averaged over 4°–8° E and 67.8°–68.4° S, was larger than the 23-year long mean Chl a + 1 standard deviation over that area (i.e., 1.14 mg m⁻³, Fig. 2a).
In addition, the bloom duration in 2019 was calculated as the period between the first occurrence of the bloom during the Austral summer 2019 and its end, before the following Austral winter. The long-term median of the average Chl a concentration over the area 4°–8° E and 67.8°–68.4° S was used as a threshold to detect the bloom onset and end above which we considered a phytoplankton bloom present. Because of the presence of clouds and sea ice, satellite-derived ocean color did not detect any pixel with Chl-a data in the bloom area before January 9, 2019, and after March 14, 2019, which we, thus, defined as the bloom duration. It is possible, however, that the bloom started earlier and terminated later than our conservative estimate.
Daily sea ice concentration (1997–2020) were obtained from the NASA’s Nimbus‐7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)‐F13, ‐F17, and ‐F18 Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). Data with a spatial resolution of 25 km were provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Centre, University of Colorado in Boulder, CO (http://nsidc.org), with prior processing using the NASA team algorithms⁶² .
Daily east-west and north-south wind components at the sea surface were obtained for the study region from the ERA-Interim global atmospheric reanalysis⁶³ .