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> Anatomy > Body Part > Tympanic Membrane

Tympanic Membrane

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, circular membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
It plays a crucial role in the process of hearing by transmitting sound waves from the external auditory canal to the ossicles of the middle ear.
The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer epidermal layer, a middle fibrous layer, and an inner mucosal layer.
Its integrity and proper functioning are essential for maintaining normal auditory function.
Detailed analysis and understanding of the tympanic membrane can provide valuable insights into various ear-related conditions and diseases, making it an important area of medical research and clininical pactice.

Most cited protocols related to «Tympanic Membrane»

1
Auditory Brainstem Response Evaluation
Auditory thresholds, as well as amplitudes and latencies for all waves that comprise the ABR, were calculated for each of the frequencies evaluated. To determine the auditory threshold level, the background activity (measured before the stimulus onset) and the evoked responses were recorded in 5 dB steps descending from 80 dB sound pressure level (SPL). The auditory threshold was defined as the stimulus intensity that evoked waveforms with a peak-to-peak voltage greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) of the background activity (Cediel et al., 2006 (link); Garcia-Pino et al., 2010 (link); Alvarado et al., 2012 (link)). The wave amplitude was defined as the peak-to-peak amplitude from the positive peak to the subsequent negative trough of each wave (Popelar et al., 2008 (link); Church et al., 2010 (link); Alvarado et al., 2012 (link)). Two latencies were measured for each ABR wave: (1) the latency comprising the time between the stimulus onset and the positive peak, and (2) the latency comprising the time between the stimulus onset and the negative trough (Chiappa et al., 1979 (link); Chen and Chen, 1991 (link); Gourévitch et al., 2009 (link); Alvarado et al., 2012 (link)). In addition, using the positive and negative individual latencies of each wave, the interpeak latencies between I-II, II-IV, and I-IV waves were calculated. An acoustic transit time of 0.5 ms between the speaker's diaphragm and the rat's tympanic membrane was added to the latencies.
Alvarado J.C., Fuentes-Santamaría V., Gabaldón-Ull M.C., Blanco J.L, & Juiz J.M. (2014). Wistar rats: a forgotten model of age-related hearing loss. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 29.
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Publication 2014
Acoustics Pressure Sound Tympanic Membrane Vaginal Diaphragm
2
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Diagnostic Protocol
Patients were prospectively enrolled from the clinical practice of the senior author (v.k.a.). All subjects were outpatients who presented for otolaryngologic evaluation at a tertiary referral center between August 2010 and October 2010. All patients included in this study were at least 18 years old. Patients were diagnosed as having ETD if they had a retracted or poorly mobile tympanic membrane on pneumatic otoscopy, with a history of at least two of the following symptoms in one or both ears over the previous 1 month period: aural fullness or pressure, a sensation of clogged or muffled hearing, recurrent or persistent middle ear effusion (defined as an effusion present on examinations at least 1 month apart), or the inability to rapidly self-equilibrate middle ear pressure following changes in ambient atmospheric pressure. Abnormal impedance audiometry was used as a criterion standard to verify the diagnosis at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria included surgery of the head or neck within 3 months; a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck; sinonasal malignancy; evidence of acute upper respiratory infection, including sinusitis and acute otitis media; adenoid hypertrophy; nasal polyposis; cleft palate or history of cleft palate repair; craniofacial syndrome, including Down syndrome; cystic fibrosis; ciliary dysmotility syndrome; or other systemic immunodeficiency. A second group of patients who did not meet these inclusion criteria and who had presented with medical complaints not related to ETD were consecutively enrolled for use as a control group. Presenting complaints for these patients included voice disturbance, tonsil hypertrophy, and intraoral lesions. All of these patients had a normal examination of the tympanic membrane, middle ear, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx. Normal impedance audiometry was used as a criterion standard to verify the absence of ETD. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject, and approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board of Weill Cornell Medical College.
McCoul E.D., Anand V.K, & Christos P.J. (2012). Validating the Clinical Assessment of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction: The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7). The Laryngoscope, 122(5), 1137-1141.
Publication 2012
Adenoids Atmospheric Pressure Ciliary Motility Disorders Cleft Palate Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Down Syndrome Ear Ethics Committees, Research Head Hypertrophy Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Malignant Neoplasms Middle Ear Nasal Cavity Nasal Polyps Nasopharynx Neck NR1D1 protein, human Operative Surgical Procedures Otitis Media Otitis Media with Effusion Otoscopy Outpatients Palatine Tonsil Patients Physical Examination Pressure Radiotherapy Sinusitis Syndrome Tympanic Membrane Upper Respiratory Infections Voice Disorders
3
Estimating Incidental DPOAE Level Changes
The study was designed to produce DPOAE level changes when calibration method was unreliable in controlling stimulus level in the ear canal (i.e. when standing-wave minima were present at the emission probe). Unfortunately, DPOAEs are doubly affected by insertion depth. Even if input level is controlled at the eardrum and the response from the cochlea is the same, the measured response in the ear canal will depend on insertion depth because DPOAE level measured with the ER-10C probe some distance from the eardrum depends on the impedance of the volume of air in the ear canal, which acts as an acoustic load for the emitted sound. Increasing the volume by moving the probe to a more shallow insertion decreases ear-canal impedance. Assuming that the volume velocity of the eardrum (due to the DPOAE traveling out of the cochlea) remains constant for an ideally calibrated stimulus, a shallower insertion will cause pressure of the DPOAE to decrease at the emission probe. Consequently, a cochlear response (DPOAE level) measured with a deep probe placement will be larger than a response of the same size measured with a shallow probe placement. This level difference (i.e., incidental change) will occur in conjunction with any changes in emission level caused by calibration errors. Since the study design introduced the additional, incidental change in DPOAE level unrelated to stimulus level, it was important to try to eliminate this variable prior to analysis. Isolating the effects of calibration errors on DPOAE level allows a more accurate comparison among calibration methods. It is acknowledged that predicting the incidental effect of ear-canal impedance on measured emission level is more complicated than addressed in our estimate (described below), which reflects the gross effects on emission level and is more accurate for low frequencies1.
Because ear-canal impedance is similar to the impedance of a tube, the incidental change in DPOAE level can be estimated using the relationship between length and impedance in Eq. 1. When kL is small, cot(kL) ≈ 1/kL . Wavenumber ( k ) is small at low frequencies because k ≈ ω/c (Beranek, 1954 ). Accordingly, low-frequency impedance approximates inverse proportionality to length of the ear canal between the probe and the eardrum: Zc≈−iZ0kL.
Impedance of the ear canal was calculated from 4 to 15996 Hz (in 4-Hz increments) during each in-situ SIL and FPL calibrations. For each subject, four of the calibrations were used to assess changes in probe-insertion depth during data collection: two representing deep probe placement and two representing shallow placement. Each of the four representative load estimates was reduced to a single value by averaging impedance magnitude across 250 to 500 Hz2. This frequency range is both high enough to have a good SNR and low enough to have the expected proportional relationship between impedance and length. The resulting mean impedance values for the two deep-insertion and the two shallow-insertion calibrations were averaged. The incidental change in DPOAE level due to changes in probe-insertion depth was assumed to be equal to the decibel difference in impedance magnitude between the two depths over the selected low-frequency range.
Figure 2 shows low-frequency impedance magnitudes used to estimate the incidental change in DPOAE level for three subjects. The top panel represents a favorable case in which the estimate appeared ideal. Note the consistency in the dB difference (the estimated, incidental change due to changes in volume) for both sets of measurements. The middle panel illustrates a less favorable case in which the two deep-insertion impedance levels are separated, indicating an unintentional change in insertion depth over time within the same probe placement. Furthermore, the dB differences between insertion depths for the lowest frequencies are larger than the dB differences at the highest frequencies, indicating a change in estimated impedance difference between insertions over the frequency range for which the impedance difference was assumed to be constant. The bottom panel shows the worst case from the subject in whom the largest volume change with (supposedly) the same probe placement occurred. Results from this subject were atypical but were not excluded from analysis.
Scheperle R.A., Neely S.T., Kopun J.G, & Gorga M.P. (2008). Influence of in situ, sound-level calibration on distortion-product otoacoustic emission variability. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(1), 288-300.
Publication 2008
Acoustics Cochlea External Auditory Canals Insertion Mutation Pressure SERPINA3 protein, human Sound Tympanic Membrane
4
Laser Doppler Vibrometry of Tympanic Membrane

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Publication 2009
Bones Cartilage Chinchilla External Auditory Canals Felidae Head Homo sapiens Light Middle Ear Powder Pulp Canals Saline Solution Sound Speculum Stapes Temporal Bone Transmission, Communicable Disease Tympanic Membrane Ultrasonography Vibration
5
Temporal Bone Preparation for Cochlear Implant Studies
Temporal bone preparation and experimental procedures were similar to methods described previously by our laboratory (29 (link)–31 (link)), as well as other authors (23 (link)), modified accommodate for the preparation and experimental time required for using whole head specimens. Preparation and experimentation were typically completed on separate days, thus in order to minimize degradation to the tissue, the following schedule was followed for hemi-cephalic/whole head specimens. First, specimens were thawed and temporal bones were prepared in one or both ears and refrozen within approximately 12 or 24 hours. Second, specimens were rethawed; one ear was tested within approximately 12 hours in hemicephalic, and both ears were tested during the course of two consecutive days (~48 h) in whole heads. The total duration that each specimen was left at room temperature was < ~24 hours for hemi-cephalic, and < 72 hours in whole head specimens.
Temporal bones were prepared using the following procedure: specimens were thawed in warm water, and the external ear canal and tympanic membrane were inspected for damage. A canal-wall-up mastoidectomy and extended facial recess approach was performed to visualize the incus, stapes, and round window (30 (link)). The cochlear promontory near the oval and round windows was thinned with a small diamond burr in preparation for pressure sensor insertion into the scala vestibuli (SV) and scala tympani (ST).
Cochleostomies into the ST and SV were created under a droplet of water using a fine pick. Pressure sensors (FOP-M260-ENCAP, FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), were inserted into the SV and ST using rigidly mounted micromanipulators (David Kopf Instruments, Trujunga, CA). Pressure sensor diameter is approximately 310 μm (comprised of a 260 μm glass tube covered in polyimide tubing with ~25 μm wall thickness), and are inserted into the cochleostomy until the sensor tip is just within the bony wall of the cochlea (~100 μm). Cochleostomies were made as small as possible, such that the pressure probes fit snuggly within, but inserted completely into the opening. Pressure sensor sensitivity is rated at ± 1 psi (6895 Pa). The signal is initially processed by a signal conditioner (Veloce 50; FISO Inc., Quebec, QC, Canada), which specifies the precision and resolution of at 0.3% and 0.1% of full scale, or ~20.7 Pa and 6.9 Pa respectively. Sensors were sealed within the cochleostomies with alginate dental impression material (Jeltrate; Dentsply International Inc., York, PA). Location of the cochlostomies with respect to the basilar membrane were verified visually after each experiment by removing the bone between the two cochleostomies.
Out-of-plane velocity of VStap was measured with a single-axis LDV (OFV-534 & OFV-5000; Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) mounted to a dissecting microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Microscopic retro-reflective glass beads (Polytec Inc., Irvine, CA) were placed on the neck and posterior crus of the stapes to ensure a strong LDV signal since the stapes footplate was typically obscured by the presence of the stapes tendon. In all LDV measurements, the position of the laser was held as constant as possible between experimental conditions (32 (link),33 (link)).
CI electrodes used in these experiments were: Nucleus Hybrid L24 (HL24; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), Nucleus CI422 Slim Straight inserted at 20 and 25 mm (SS20 & SS25; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), Nucleus CI24RE Contour Advance (NCA; Cochlear Ltd, Sydney, Australia), HiFocus Mid-Scala (MS; Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland), and HiFocus 1j (1J; Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland). Electrode dimensions are provided in Table 1. Electrodes were inserted sequentially, under water, into the ST via a RW approach. Electrodes were typically inserted in order of smallest to largest (i.e. the order listed above) in an attempt to minimize the effects of damage caused by insertion on subsequent recordings. Potential effects of insertion order are expected to be minimal, owing to the similarity in responses across conditions (see Results), and the lack of any observable effect in one experiment in which the electrode insertion order was shuffled. The cochleostomy was sealed following each electrode insertion with alginate dental impression material, and excess water was removed via suction from the middle ear cavity.
Greene N.T., Mattingly J.K., Jenkins H.A., Tollin D.J., Easter J.R, & Cass S.P. (2015). Cochlear Implant Electrode Effect on Sound Energy Transfer within the Cochlea during Acoustic Stimulation. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 36(9), 1554-1561.
Publication 2015
Alginate ARID1A protein, human Basilar Membrane Bones Cell Nucleus Cochlea Dental Caries Dentsply Diamond Ear Epistropheus External Auditory Canals Face Fenestra Cochleae Head Hybrids Hypersensitivity Incus Jeltrate Labyrinths, Bony Leg Mastoidectomy Material, Dental Impression Microscopy Middle Ear Neck Pressure Pulp Canals Scala Tympani Stapes Suction Drainage Temporal Bone Tendons Tissues Tympanic Membrane Vestibuli, Scala

Most recents protocols related to «Tympanic Membrane»

1
Healthy Subjects Neurological Evaluation
A total of 18 healthy subjects (8 men and 10 women, 23.44 ± 2.33 years) were included in this study. All participants complied with the following requirements: no history of seizures, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, severe head and neck illnesses, ingestion of alcohol within the previous 48 h, ingestion of central excitatory or inhibitory drugs, damage to the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane, or otitis media. The study was approved by the medical ethics review committee at Tianjin University. All subjects gave written informed consent and received payment for participation.
Han Y., Bai Y., Liu Q., Zhao Y., Chen T., Wang W, & Ni G. (2023). Assessing vestibular function using electroencephalogram rhythms evoked during the caloric test. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1126214.
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Publication 2023
Cardiovascular Diseases External Auditory Canals Head Healthy Volunteers High Blood Pressures Neck Otitis Media Pharmaceutical Preparations Psychological Inhibition Seizures Tympanic Membrane Woman
2
Red/NIR LED Therapy for LPS-Induced AOM
In this study, the continuous-wave dual red and NIR LED irradiation system (HK HEALTHCARE CO., LTD., Korea) with wavelengths of 655 nm and 842 nm consisted of a control module and a battery and was connected to an LED light source with a power cable (Supplementary Figure S1). The LED light source unit was composed of an LED light source and an optical fiber. The power intensity of the LED light was 102 W/m2. To examine the therapeutic effect of the red/NIR LED on LPS-induced AOM, rats were irradiated with the red/NIR LED through the ear canal for 30 min for 3 days after LPS injection. Optical fiber (diameter = 3 mm) was tightly placed in the external auditory canal cartilaginous portion. The direction of the optical fiber was monitored to always face the tympanic membrane during the irradiation. Since the optical fiber itself might cause otitis externa, the same optical fiber was place into the external auditory canal (under same anesthesia) without turning on the LED light for the control LPS group. The red/NIR LED system for cell experiments consisted of a power connector and a power supply unit, and the upper LED light source was composed of six LEDs. HMEECs and RAW 264.7 cells were irradiated with red and NIR wavelengths of 653 nm and 842 nm, respectively, and an intensity of 49.4 mW/m2 for 3 h after LPS stimulation.
Ko Y.S., Gi E.J., Lee S, & Cho H.H. (2023). Dual red and near-infrared light-emitting diode irradiation ameliorates LPS-induced otitis media in a rat model. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1099574.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Cartilage Cells External Auditory Canals Face Light Otitis Externa Rattus norvegicus RAW 264.7 Cells Therapeutic Effect Tympanic Membrane
3
Rat Model of Otitis Media by LPS
Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 7–8 weeks old; gender, male; weight, 200–250 g) were purchased from Damul Science (Daejeon, Korea). All rats were provided with adequate food and water. Animal experiments were conducted in strict accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Chonnam National University and the protocol approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Chonnam National University (CNUHIACUC-20027). All rats were alive during the research period, and normal tympanic membranes were observed prior to LPS injection. In this study, ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected for the anesthesia. Anesthesia were performed before LPS injection or LED irradiation. Animals were also anesthetized before decapitation for euthanasia. The OM animal model was established by injecting LPS (2.0 mg/ml; L9143, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, United States) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 into the ME of the rats through the tympanic membrane. Intra-tympanic injection was used to deliver LPS since it was the least invasive method compared to other surgical approaches opening the bulla. Rats with PBS injection served as the control. After LPS exposure for 24 h, rats with OM were randomly divided into two groups (Red/NIR LED irradiated group versus none-irradiated group).
Ko Y.S., Gi E.J., Lee S, & Cho H.H. (2023). Dual red and near-infrared light-emitting diode irradiation ameliorates LPS-induced otitis media in a rat model. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1099574.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Animal Model Animals Animals, Laboratory Decapitation Euthanasia Food Ketamine Males Operative Surgical Procedures Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Tympanic Cavity Tympanic Membrane Xylazine
4
Ultrastructural Analysis of Cuban Crocodile Ear
Two male specimens of the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) weighing 250 gm were anesthetized using Ketamine 5 mg and Medetomidine 0.05 mg and euthanized using an intracardial injection of T-61 0.4 mL (Merck Animal Health. 200 mg embutramide for narcotic action and 50 mg mebezonium iodide for curariform action and 5 mg tetracaine hydrochloride, in aqueous solution). The skull was separated, and the temporal bones were removed using an oscillating saw. The eardrum and the columella were removed and the ears immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% PFA in 2.5% phosphate buffer. The temporal bones were placed in fixative for 48 h and in 0.1 M Na-EDTA for 3 weeks. Thereafter, the surrounding bone was further removed and the ears placed in 1% osmium tetroxide. The specimens were dehydrated in graded ethanol and embedded in Epon. The embedded specimens were divided into different pieces and mounted for semi-sectioning (1 µm thick). Sections were stained in toluidine blue and photographed. Areas of interest were thin-sectioned, and the sections were stained in lead citrate and uranyl acetate and examined at 80 kV in a Tecnai G2 Spirit TEM (Thermo Fisher/FEI Company, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Images were acquired with an ORIUS™ SC200 CCD camera (Gatan Inc. Pleasanton, CA, United States), using the Gatan Digital Micrograph software. A human SV from a cochlea taken out for an earlier study was used for analysis and comparison (Rask-Andersen et al., 2000 (link)).
Li H., Staxäng K., Hodik M., Melkersson K.G, & Rask-Andersen H. (2023). The ultrastructure of a stria vascularis in the auditory organ of the cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer). Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 11, 1129074.
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Publication 2023
Animals Bones Buffers Citrates Cochlea Cranium Crocodiles Curare Ear Edetic Acid embutramide EPON Ethanol Fixatives Glutaral Homo sapiens Ketamine Males mebezonium iodide Medetomidine Narcotics Osmium Tetroxide Phosphates Temporal Bone Tetracaine Tolonium Chloride Tympanic Membrane uranyl acetate
5
Spatial Relationship of Tympanic Nerve
The senior neuro-otologist (DÜT) of the study team carried out all dissections using a micromotor (Bien Air Surgery SA, le Noirmont, Switzerland, handpiece length: 70, 95, and 125 mm, burr diameter: minimum 0.6 mm). With the help of an endoscope (Karl Storz Gmbh & Co., Tüttlingen, Germany, length: 18 cm, degree: 0°, 30°, and 70°, diameter: 2.7 and 4 mm) and microscope (Carl Zeiss f170, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany), the dissections from the external auditory canal to the cochlear promontory were performed to determine the spatial relationship of TN with RWN and OW. The steps were summarized for each ear as follows: (a) the head was positioned according to otologic surgery, (b) the skin near the external auditory canal was cut with a circumferential incision, (c) the auricle was retracted anteriorly, (d) the skin of external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, chorda tympani, malleus, and incus were removed, (e) a wide canalplasty was done, (f) after cutting the stapedial tendon, the stapes pulled carefully out using a surgical hook, (g) finally, TN, RWN, and OW were exposed, and (h) from the same position and distance, the cochlear promontory was photographed with a millimeter scale using the microscope camera (Nikon d3300 digital camera, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
Beger O., Güven O., Doğu S., Vayisoğlu Y, & Ümit Talas D. (2023). Location of the Tympanic Nerve Relative to the Round and Oval Windows. The Journal of International Advanced Otology, 19(1), 45-49.
Publication 2023
Cochlea Dissection Endoscopes External Auditory Canals External Ear Fingers Head Incus Malleus Microscopy Operative Surgical Procedures Otologic Surgical Procedures Otologists Skin Stapes Surgical Hooks Tendons Tympanic Membrane Tympani Nerves, Chorda

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More about "Tympanic Membrane"

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum or tympanum, is a crucial component of the human auditory system.
This thin, circular membrane separates the outer ear from the middle ear, playing a vital role in the process of hearing.
The tympanic membrane is composed of three distinct layers: an outer epidermal layer, a middle fibrous layer, and an inner mucosal layer.
The tympanic membrane is responsible for transmitting sound waves from the external auditory canal to the ossicles (small bones) of the middle ear.
This process is essential for maintaining normal auditory function.
Detailed analysis and understanding of the tympanic membrane can provide valuable insights into various ear-related conditions and diseases, making it an important area of medical research and clinical practice.
In the context of medical research and analysis, various tools and techniques are employed to study the tympanic membrane.
These include the use of Rompun (a sedative and analgesic agent), CF-T1 (a personal computer used for data analysis), MATLAB (a programming language and numerical computing environment), Zoletil 50 (a general anesthetic), ER-7C (a type of microphone), Sodium salicylate (a medication used to treat pain and inflammation), and OPMI pico (a surgical microscope).
By understanding the structure, function, and clinical significance of the tympanic membrane, researchers and clinicians can better diagnose, treat, and manage a wide range of ear-related conditions, such as perforations, infections, and hearing impairments.
The continued study and refinement of tympanic membrane analysis techniques can lead to improved research outcomes and enhanced patient care.