Urinary Bladder

Example 4

Initial in vivo studies focused on soft tissue models of MSSA infection. This included a mouse thigh infection model and rat triceps model. FIG. 2 shows data for the accumulation of [¹⁸F]F-PABA in the triceps of an infected rat. Fifty μL of 10⁹ CFU of Newman S. aureus BHI culture was injected into the right triceps of a rat. After 10-15 hr the rats were imaged following iv administration of 0.8-1.2 mCi of [¹⁸F]F-PABA. The images clearly show the accumulation of radioactivity in the right but not the left triceps. In addition to monitoring the time course of [¹⁸F]F-PABA biodistribution, we also quantified tracer levels by postmortem ex vivo counting. While the [¹⁸F]F-PABA distributed to all tissues and organs with the exception of the brain, significant tracer accumulation was only observed in the right triceps, as well as the kidney, bladder and GI tracts due to tracer clearance. At 60 min tracer levels were 5.4× higher in the infected right triceps compared to the uninfected left triceps. This compares favorably with other tracers.

Example 16

The antitumor activity of exemplary MEK inhibitor compounds is evaluated in vivo using human cell line derived xenografts (CDX) grown in immunodeficient mice. For these studies, AsPC1 (pancreatic cell line with KRAS G12D mutation), NCI-H2122 (lung cell line with KRAS G12C mutation), and 5637 (bladder cell line with CRAF amplification) models are used. In addition, HCT-116 (colorectal cell line with KRAS G13D mutation), SKM-1 (AML cell line with KRAS K117N mutation), and OCI-AML-3 (AML cell line with NRAS Q61L mutation) models are used. The tumor cell lines (AsPC-1, NCI-H2122, 5637, and HCT-116 cells) are maintained in vitro as monolayer culture in medium at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ in air. The tumor cell lines (SKM-1 and OCI-AML-3 cells) are maintained in vitro as a suspension in medium at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. The tumor cells are routinely sub-cultured before confluence by trypsin-EDTA treatment, not to exceed 4-5 passages. The cells growing in an exponential growth phase are harvested for tumor inoculation. AsPC1, NCI-H2122, and OCI-AML-3 tumors are implanted into Balb/c nude mice. HCT-116 tumors are implanted into Nu/Nu mice. 5637 and SKM-1 tumors are implanted into NOG mice. Each mouse is inoculated subcutaneously on the right flank with tumor cells in a 1:1 mixture with matrigel. Tumors are allowed to grow to approximately 150-200 mm³. At this time, mice are assigned to groups such that the mean tumor volume is the same for each treatment group. The MEK inhibitor compound treatments are administrated to the tumor-bearing mice via oral gavage. Throughout the study, mouse body weight and tumor volume are recorded. The measurement of tumor size is conducted twice weekly with a caliper and recorded. The tumor volume (mm³) is estimated using the formula: TV=a×b²/2, where “a” and “b” are long and short diameters of a tumor, respectively.

In the AsPC-1 model, exemplary MEK inhibitor I-2 was treated at 3 mg/kg QD and a percent TGI (tumor growth inhibition) on Day 21 of 83.4% was observed. The average body weight gain observed on Day 21 was 2.4%.

In the NCI-H2122 model, exemplary MEK inhibitor 1-2 was treated at 3 mg/kg QD and a percent TGI on Day 31 of 104% was observed. The average body weight loss observed on Day 31 was 1.5%.

In the 5637 model, exemplary MEK inhibitor I-2 was treated at 3 mg/kg QD and a percent TGI on Day 21 of 111% was observed. The average body weight loss observed on Day 21 was 6.8%.

In the HCT-116 model, exemplary MEK inhibitor I-2 was treated at 2 mg/kg QD, 3 mg/kg QOD or 6 mg/kg QOD and a percent TGIs on Day 20 of 102.9%, 98.1%, and 98%, respectively, were observed. The average body weight gain observed on Day 20 was 4%, 5.5%, and 12.1%, respectively.

In the SKM-1 model, exemplary MEK inhibitor I-2 was treated at 1 mg/kg QD, 3 mg/kg QD or 6 mg/kg QOD and venetoclax was treated at 100 mg/kg QD and a percent TGIs on Day 22 of 97.7%, 98.4%, 96.2%, and 46.6% respectively, were observed. The average body weight loss observed on Day 22 for the 3 mg/kg QD group was 1.2%, whereas weight gain was observed in 1 mg/kg QD, 6 mg/kg QOD and venetoclax groups (1.2%, 3.9, and 7.5%, respectively).

In the OCI-AML-3 model, exemplary MEK inhibitor I-2 was treated at 1 mg/kg QD, 3 mg/kg QD or 6 mg/kg QOD, and venetoclax was treated at 100 mg/kg QD and a percent TGIs on Day 15 of 94.8, 98.6, 95.2, and 13% respectively, were observed. The average body weight loss observed on Day 15 for the 1 and 3 mg/kg QD group was 2.9% and 7.8%, respectively, whereas weight gain was observed in 6 mg/kg QOD and venetoclax groups (3.3% and 8.3%, respectively).