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> Anatomy > Body Part > Ventricular Septum

Ventricular Septum

The ventricular septum is the wall of muscular tissue that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart.
It plays a crucial role in maintaining the efficient pumping action of the heart by ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction.
Defects or abnormalities in the ventricular septum can lead to serious cardiovascular conditions, making it an important area of research for scientists and clinicians.
This MeSH term provides a concise, informative overview of the ventricular septum and its significance in cardiac physiology and pathology.

Most cited protocols related to «Ventricular Septum»

1
Subpopulation Analysis of Cardiac and Neural Cells
Cited 22 times
All barcodes labelled in the global object as cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and neural cells were selected for further subpopulation analyses. Additional cell population-specific filtering criteria were applied to nuclei as follows: cardiomyocyte counts (n_counts <12,500), genes (n_genes <4,000), mitochondrial genes (percent_mito <1%), ribosomal genes (percent_ribo <1%) and scrublet score (scrublet_score <0.25); FB mitochondrial genes (percent_mito <1%), ribosomal genes (percent_ribo <1%); neuronal cell genes (n_genes <4000), mitochondrial genes (percent_mito <1%), ribosomal genes (percent_ribo <1%). Total and CD45+ cells were excluded in the atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes datasets and did not contribute to subpopulation analysis. No further filtering of FBs or neuronal cell total and CD45+ cells was applied. Cardiomyocytes and FBs were then further split into two groupings based on the region of origin: (1) left and right atrium, and (2) left and right ventricles, apex and interventricular septum.
Donor effects were aligned as described in step (1) above. For FB and neuronal cells, sources were aligned as described in step (3) above. Leiden clustering and UMAP visualization were performed for identifying subpopulations and visualization86 (link). Differentially expressed genes were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Genes were ranked by score.
Litviňuková M., Talavera-López C., Maatz H., Reichart D., Worth C.L., Lindberg E.L., Kanda M., Polanski K., Heinig M., Lee M., Nadelmann E.R., Roberts K., Tuck L., Fasouli E.S., DeLaughter D.M., McDonough B., Wakimoto H., Gorham J.M., Samari S., Mahbubani K.T., Saeb-Parsy K., Patone G., Boyle J.J., Zhang H., Zhang H., Viveiros A., Oudit G.Y., Bayraktar O.A., Seidman J.G., Seidman C.E., Noseda M., Hubner N, & Teichmann S.A. (2020). Cells of the adult human heart. Nature, 588(7838), 466-472.
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Publication 2020
Atrium, Right Cell Nucleus Cells Fibroblasts Genes Genes, Mitochondrial Heart Atrium Heart Ventricle Mitomycin Myocytes, Cardiac Neurons Population Group Reproduction Ribosomes Strains Tissue Donors Ventricles, Right Ventricular Septum
2
Myocardial Metabolic Assessment via Single Breath-Hold 1H MRS
Cited 12 times
For the validation of the method, the volunteers were positioned supine, the body coil was used for transmission and the anterior and posterior phased-array body coils for receiving, resulting in 15 channels of data. Cardiac gated MR cine imaging was performed to acquire the standardized four-chamber and short axis views for appropriate voxel placement in the septum and for determination of the respective trigger delay required for mid-diastole (Fig. 2b,c). Shim adjustment was performed on a 3D field map obtained from a cardiac-gated gradient double echo acquisition within a single breath-hold (18–22 s). Myocardial 1H MRS data were obtained at end-expiration from a 22 × 12–19 × 32–36 mm (8–15 mL) voxel centered in the interventricular septum far from epicardial fat (Fig. 2). All acquisitions were electrocardiogram-triggered to mid-diastole. Spectroscopy parameters for the custom STEAM sequence included a TE of 10 ms, a mixing time of 7 ms, 1024 points were acquired at a bandwidth of 2000 Hz. Effective repetition times of at least 4 and 2 s were chosen to approach complete relaxation of the water and lipid signals, respectively. Furthermore, the scan frequency was set at 4.7 ppm during water-unsuppressed acquisitions and at 3 ppm during water-suppressed acquisitions, to minimize the effects of the large chemical shift displacement (≍ 420 Hz corresponding to 4.5 mm in the feet to head direction) between the lipid and water peaks at this field strength.
To investigate the reproducibility of the single breath-hold method, this technique was repeated five times in each subject without repositioning the voxel. To assess the accuracy of the single breath-hold method, the multiple breath-hold method was applied at an identical voxel location. Imaging and prescan adjustments were repeated again before multiple breath-hold acquisitions. Total session time comprising positioning of the patient, septum localization, shimming, water suppression factor adjustment, and acquisition of a single breath-hold spectrum was on average 15 min. This time was increased by a further 5–7 min for the multiple breath-hold spectra acquisition.
Rial B., Robson M.D., Neubauer S, & Schneider J.E. (2011). Rapid Quantification of Myocardial Lipid Content in Humans Using Single Breath-Hold 1H MRS at 3 Tesla. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 66(3), 619-624.
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Publication 2011
Diastole Echocardiography Electrocardiography Epistropheus Foot Head Heart Human Body Lipids Myocardium Positioning, Patient Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Radionuclide Imaging Spectrum Analysis Steam Transmission, Communicable Disease Ventricular Septum Voluntary Workers
3
Randomized Trial of Surgical Strategies in d-TGA
Cited 12 times
Subjects were enrolled between April 1988 and February 1992. Eligibility criteria and trial methods for the earlier evaluations were previously described.7 (link)–10 (link) Admission criteria included a diagnosis of d-TGA with intact ventricular septum (IVS) or ventricular septal defect (VSD), scheduled repair by three months of age, and coronary-artery anatomy suitable for the ASO. Exclusion criteria were birth weight <2.5 kg, a recognizable syndrome of congenital anomalies, an associated extra-cardiac anomaly of greater than minor severity, previous cardiac surgery, or associated cardiovascular anomalies requiring aortic arch reconstruction or additional open surgical procedures.
Infants were randomly assigned to a predominant support strategy of DHCA or LFBP during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass using an alpha-stat pH strategy and crystalloid hemodilution to a hematocrit of approximately 20%. Ultrafiltration was not utilized. Postoperative management typically included the use of continuous infusions of neuromuscular blockade and high-dose Fentanyl for analgesia, with a median duration of mechanical ventilation of 4 days.12 (link) Randomization was stratified by septal status (IVS, VSD) and surgeon. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines. Parents of adolescents provided informed consent, and adolescents provided assent.
We recruited a referent group of adolescents for the MRI studies because there is no nationally representative standardization sample for brain MRIs. This group was also used as referents for test scores for which national norms are unavailable. Criteria for the referent group were adapted from those used in the NIH MRI study of normal brain development.13 (link) Because the goal of that study is to provide reference ranges for brain development, children with known risk factors for brain disorders are excluded (e.g., intra-uterine exposures to toxicants, history of closed head injury with loss of consciousness, history of a language disorder or Axis 1 psychiatric disorder, first degree relative with a lifetime history of an Axis 1 psychiatric disorder, abnormality on neurological examination). We also excluded subjects with disorders that would prevent completion of the assessments (e.g., pacemaker, metal implants), other forms of congenital heart disease requiring surgical correction, or primary language other than English.
Bellinger D.C., Wypij D., Rivkin M.J., DeMaso D.R., Robertson RL J.r., Dunbar-Masterson C., Rappaport L.A., Wernovsky G., Jonas R.A, & Newburger J.W. (2011). Adolescents with d-Transposition of the Great Arteries Corrected with the Arterial Switch Procedure: Neuropsychological Assessment and Structural Brain Imaging. Circulation, 124(12), 1361-1369.
Publication 2011
Adolescent Arch of the Aorta Artery, Coronary Birth Weight Brain Brain Diseases Cardiopulmonary Bypass Cardiovascular Abnormalities Child Congenital Abnormality Congenital Heart Defects Diagnosis Eligibility Determination Epistropheus Ethics Committees, Research Fentanyl Hemodilution Infant Injuries, Closed Head Language Disorders Management, Pain Mechanical Ventilation Mental Disorders Metals Nervous System Abnormality Neuromuscular Block Operative Surgical Procedures Pacemaker, Artificial Cardiac Parent Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Solutions, Crystalloid Surgeons Surgical Procedure, Cardiac Syndrome Ultrafiltration Uterus Ventricular Septal Defects Ventricular Septum Volumes, Packed Erythrocyte
4
ECG-Based LV Scar Localization Protocol
Cited 12 times
Clinically indicated 12-lead ECGs prior to ICD implantation were acquired using a GE-Marquette system. ECG median beats were analyzed by two investigators using calipers and 2× magnification. At the time of analysis, investigators were blinded to all patient data (including cardiomyopathy etiology, CMR imaging results and electrophysiologic evaluation) except age, gender and race. ECGs were first analyzed for the presence of conduction defects and hypertrophy, according to the following pre-specified definitions:23 , 24
Left inferior (posterior) fascicular block (LPFB) does not affect the scoring system and if signs of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) are present then certain points in V1 and V2 cannot be counted (see Appendix).23 , 24 See the recent review for detailed explanations of the minor differences between these and the World Health Organization criteria.23
QRS-score criteria were then applied for the specific underlying conduction type present (see Appendix for complete scores and instructions). There are 32 possible total points and each point represents 3% of the LV mass. QRS scores for RBBB, LAFB, LAFB+RBBB and LVH have relatively minor differences from the no confounder QRS-score, however the LBBB score is fundamentally different because the electrical activation wavefront has to proceed through the ventricular septum before activating the LV (Figure 1).
For localization of scar by QRS-scoring, because the ECG is registered anatomically relative to the thorax, the LV walls, papillary muscles and fascicles are labeled accordingly (see Appendix). We subdivided the ECG scar locations into anteroseptal and/or anterior-superior versus inferior and/or posterolateral for comparison with the CMR-LGE locations.
By a trained observer, the QRS-scores take less than 5 minutes to complete per patient.
Strauss D.G., Selvester R.H., Lima J.A., Arheden H., Miller J.M., Gerstenblith G., Marbán E., Weiss R.G., Tomaselli G.F., Wagner G.S, & Wu K.C. (2008). ECG Quantification of Myocardial Scar in Cardiomyopathy Patients with or without Conduction Defects: Correlation with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Arrhythmogenesis: Strauss: ECG-Estimated Scar in Cardiomyopathy. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 1(5), 327-336.
Publication 2008
Cardiac Conduction System Disease Cardiomyopathies Chest Cicatrix Electric Conductivity Electricity Electrocardiogram Electrocardiography, 12-Lead Fascicular Block Gender Hypertrophy Left Bundle-Branch Block Ovum Implantation Papillary Muscles Patients Right Bundle-Branch Block Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Ventricular Septum
5
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function
Cited 10 times
Echocardiographic indices were obtained according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in control and diabetic animals at 30 days, by double-blind observers with the use of a SEQUOIA 512 (ACUSON Corporation, Mountain View, CA), which offers a 10–13 MHz multifrequency linear transducer. Images were obtained with the transducer on each animal's shaved chest (lateral recumbence). To optimize the image, a transmission gel was used between the transducer and the animal's chest (General Imaging Gel, ATL. Reedsville, PA, USA). Animals were scanned from below, at a 2-cm depth with focus optimized at 1 cm. All measurements were based on the average of 3 consecutive cardiac cycles. Rats were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride 50 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/kg IP. Wall thickness and LV dimensions were obtained from a short-axis view at the level of the papillary muscles. LV mass was calculated by using the following formula, assuming a spherical LV geometry and validated in rats: LV mass = 1,047 × [(LVd+PWd+IVSd)3 - LVd3], where 1,047 is the specific gravity of muscle, LVd is LV end-diastolic diameter, PWd is end-diastolic posterior wall thickness and IVSd is end-diastolic interventricular septum thickness. In addition, another index of morphology was evaluated, the relative wall thickness (RWT), which is expressed by 2 × PWD/LVd. It represents the relation between the LV cavity in diastole and the LV posterior wall. LV fractional shortening was calculated as (LVd-LVs)/LVd × 100, where LVs is LV end-systolic diameter. Two-dimensional guided pulsed-wave Doppler recordings of LV inflow were obtained from the apical 4-chamber view. Maximal early diastolic peak velocity (E) and late peak velocity (A) were derived from mitral inflow. The LV outflow tract velocity was measured just below the aortic valve, from an apical 5-chamber view. The velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) was measured following the formula (LVd-LVs)/(LVd × ET), where ET is the ejection time. The sample volume was then placed between the mitral valve and LV outflow tract so that the aortic valve closure line and the onset of mitral flow could be clearly identified. Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) was taken from aortic valve closure to the onset of mitral flow. Global cardiac function was evaluated by using the Myocardial Performance Index (MPI), which is the ratio of total time spent in isovolumic activity (isovolumic contraction time and isovolumic relaxation time) to the ejection time (ET). These Doppler time intervals were measured from the mitral inflow and LV outflow time intervals. Interval "a", from the cessation to onset of mitral inflow, is equal to the sum of the isovolumic contraction time, ET and isovolumic relaxation time. Ejection time "b" is derived from the duration of the LV outflow Doppler velocity profile. The MPI was calculated with the formula (a-b)/b.
Wichi R., Malfitano C., Rosa K., De Souza S.B., Salemi V., Mostarda C., De Angelis K, & Irigoyen M.C. (2007). Noninvasive and invasive evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in experimental diabetes in rodents. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 6, 14.
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Publication 2007
Animals Chest Dental Caries Diastole Echocardiography Epistropheus Fibrosis Heart Ketamine Hydrochloride Mitral Valve Muscle Tissue Myocardium Papillary Muscles Rattus norvegicus Sequoia Systole Transducers Transmission, Communicable Disease Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed Valves, Aortic Ventricular Septum Xylazine

Most recents protocols related to «Ventricular Septum»

1
Echocardiographic Profiling of COVID-19 ICU Patients
For this prospective, single-center study, patients were recruited between June 1st, 2020 and July 1st, 2020. Data were obtained from medical records of adult patients (18 years of age or older) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a high complexity hospital from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Data registration included demographic, clinical and laboratory information, severity scores, the radiographic assessment of lung edema (RALE) score,8 (link) and mechanical ventilation measurements. The number of patients who died or been discharged, and those that stayed in ICU until August 31st, 2020 was recorded. Additionally, ICU length of stay was determined.
TTE was performed within the three days after ICU admission. Non-inclusion criteria were therapeutic effort adaptation, extracorporeal circulation membrane or inhaled nitric oxide requirement, obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2), history of chronic lung disease defined by spirometry as forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity <0.75 or pulmonary hypertension defined as pulmonary systolic blood pressure >35 mmHg by any method of assessment, patent foramen ovale (PFO) or any defect in the cardiac interatrial or interventricular septum, history of Rendu Osler Weber Syndrome, and hepatic cirrhosis. Due to the fact that we routinely use TTE to assess the circulatory status of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 in our ICU, TTE was considered a component of standard care. Nevertheless, contrast TTE is not routinely performed, therefore written patient's consent was solicited. Also written and oral information about the study was given to the families. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of our hospital under protocol number 5657. Our manuscript complies with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement guidelines for observational cohort studies9 (link) (Table E1 of Supplementary material).
Carboni Bisso I., Ruiz V., Falconi M., Baglioni M., Villanueva E., Huespe I., Di Stefano S., Las Heras M, & Sinner J. (2023). Echocardiographic detection of transpulmonary bubble transit during coronavirus-2019 disease (COVID-19). Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo.
Publication 2023
Acclimatization Adult Cardiovascular System COVID 19 Extracorporeal Circulation Foramen Ovale, Patent Heart Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Index, Body Mass Institutional Ethics Committees Liver Cirrhosis Lung Lung Diseases Mechanical Ventilation Obesity Oxide, Nitric Patients Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Hypertension Radiography Spirometry Systolic Pressure Therapeutics Tissue, Membrane Ventricular Septum Vital Capacity Volumes, Forced Expiratory
2
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function in Mice
Left ventricular function in mice was assessed using echocardiography (Philips TIS 0.8; Koninklijke Philips N.V.) and an RMV 707B transducer (frequency, 30 MHz; Siemens AG). The mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (dose for both induction and maintenance, 2%) before echocardiography. Images were obtained by identifying the interventricular septum and the left ventricular posterior wall. The left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS; %) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; %) were automatically calculated by echocardiography. Each parameter was evaluated by calculating the average of four cardiac cycles. All mice in the present study were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at the end of this experiment.
Li J.K., Song Z.P, & Hou X.Z. (2023). Scutellarin ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury‑induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction via inhibition of the cGAS‑STING pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 25(4), 155.
Publication 2023
Echocardiography Heart Isoflurane Joint Dislocations Left-Sided Heart Failure Left Ventricles Left Ventricular Function Mice, Laboratory Neck Transducers Ventricular Ejection Fraction Ventricular Septum
3
Multiplane Echocardiographic Assessment of RV Wall Function
The evaluation of regional RV wall function by 2D multi-plane echocardiography has been well documented in our previous publications (12 (link), 16 (link)). In short, from a fixed apical probe position, electronic plane rotation around the RV apex allows visualisation of different RV free wall regions. Each RV wall is confirmed by the presence of a certain left-sided landmark associated with an approximate degree of electronic rotation. Throughout imaging, the RV should be non-foreshortened with the RV apex and interventricular septum centred along or as near to the midline of the imaging sector as possible. For this study, three views were utilised visualising the lateral, anterior and inferior RV wall regions. The first view at 0˚ shows the lateral RV wall with the left sided landmark being the mitral valve. The second view at approximately +40˚ shows the anterior RV wall and the coronary sinus and thirdly at approximately −40˚ the inferior RV wall and the aortic valve (Figure 1, Supplementary Videos S1–S3). The RV datasets were digitally exported to a vendor-neutral server (TomTec Imaging Systems, Unterschleissheim, Germany) and data analysis was performed offline by one experienced observer (DB). To assess peak systolic RV longitudinal strain, an RV algorithm wall motion tracking software was used (2D CPA, Image-Arena version 4.6; TomTec Imaging Systems). RV systole was determined as the time interval from electrocardiographic QRS onset to minimum RV cavity size, which was used as a surrogate for pulmonary valve closure. The endocardial borders of the RV free wall and septum were manually traced at end systole and adjusted accordingly in end diastole if required. This was performed in each of the other multi-plane views previously described. A single segment RV longitudinal strain (RV-LS) value for each wall was derived from the average of the basal, mid and apical segments. A measurement was considered feasible if all portions of the RV wall tracked acceptably throughout the cardiac cycle. If tracking was deemed inaccurate, the wall was excluded from analysis. The 3D datasets were digitally exported to the same TomTec server and analysed by DB using specialised RV analysis software (TomTec 4D-RV function 2.0). After placing set landmarks, RV volumes and ejection fraction (RVEF) were automatically calculated, with manual adjustment performed where necessary. In cases of inadequate tracking, the dataset was deemed unfeasible to measure and excluded from analysis.
Bowen D., Kauling M., Loff Barreto B., McGhie J., Cuypers J., Szili-Torok T., Roos-Hesselink J, & van den Bosch A. (2023). Right ventricular electromechanical dyssynchrony in adults with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1085730.
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Publication 2023
2D Echocardiography Dental Caries Diastole Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional Electrocardiography Endocardium Heart Mitral Valve Sinus, Coronary Strains Systole Valves, Aortic Valves, Pulmonary Ventricles, Right Ventricular Septum
4
Echocardiographic Assessment of Rat Cardiac Function
Ultrasound scanning of rats was performed under anesthesia with 3% isoflurane and oxygen with a heart rate maintained at 300~400 beats/min. Animals were placed on a prewarmed rodent platform, and body temperature was maintained at approximately 37°C. The anterior chest hair was then cleared.
An ultrahigh resolution animal imaging system (VEVO 2100, VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada) with a linear array probe (MS400, a frequency of 24 MHz) was used to carry out conventional transthoracic echocardiography. M-mode images were recorded at the level of the papillary muscles in the best parasternal long axis view. Left ventricular end-diastolic (EDD) and end-systolic diameters (ESD) and end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (PWd) and interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSd) were measured, and fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were calculated. Left ventricular end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF) were determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. An average of three consecutive cycles was used.
Spectral Doppler in the best 4-chamber view with the sampling site positioned at the level of the mitral valve was used to measure peak flow velocity (E), isovolumic systolic time (ICT), isovolumic diastolic time (IRT), and LV ejection time (ET). Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) was applied to determine myocardial motion velocity (e') at the junction between the septum and mitral annulus. The ratio of E to e' (E/e') and the Tei index, (ICT + IRT)/ET, were calculated (11 (link)).
Liu J., Wang Y., Zhang J., Li X., Tan L., Huang H., Dai Y., Shang Y, & Shen Y. (2023). Dynamic evolution of left ventricular strain and microvascular perfusion assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography in diabetic rats: Effect of dapagliflozin. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10, 1109946.
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Publication 2023
2D Echocardiography Anesthesia Animals Body Temperature Chest Diastole Echocardiography Epistropheus Hair Isoflurane Left Ventricles Mitral Valve Myocardium Oxygen Papillary Muscles Rate, Heart Rattus Rodent Systole Tissues Ventricular Septum
5
Measuring Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Animals were anesthetized with 3–4% isoflurane and placed on controlled heating pads. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured by advancing a 2F curve tip pressure transducer catheter (SPR-513, Millar Instruments) into the right ventricle (RV) via the right jugular vein under 1.5–2% isoflurane anesthesia. En-bloc heart and lungs were collected, and lungs were perfused with physiological saline via the right ventricular outflow tract to flush blood cells from the pulmonary circulation. RV hypertrophy was assessed by calculating Fulton’s index, the weight ratio of the RV free wall to the combined left ventricle (LV) + septum [RV/(LV + S)].
Joshi S.R., Atabay E.K., Liu J., Ding Y., Briscoe S.D., Alexander M.J., Andre P., Kumar R, & Li G. (2023). Sotatercept analog improves cardiopulmonary remodeling and pulmonary hypertension in experimental left heart failure. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10, 1064290.
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Publication 2023
Anesthesia Animals Blood Cells Catheters Flushing Heart Block Isoflurane Jugular Vein Left Ventricles Lung physiology Pulmonary Circulation Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Saline Solution Systolic Pressure Transducers, Pressure Ventricles, Right Ventricular Septum

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1
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More about "Ventricular Septum"

The ventricular septum, also known as the interventricular septum, is a crucial structure in the heart that separates the right and left ventricles.
This muscular wall plays a vital role in maintaining the efficient pumping action of the heart, ensuring that blood flows in the correct direction.
Defects or abnormalities in the ventricular septum can lead to serious cardiovascular conditions, such as ventricular septal defects, making it an important area of research for scientists and clinicians.
Ventricular septal research often utilizes advanced imaging techniques, such as echocardiography, to assess the structure and function of the ventricular septum.
Tools like the Vevo 2100, Vivid 7, Vevo 770, Vivid E9, Vevo 2100 Imaging System, Sonos 5500, Vevo 2100 system, and Vevo 2100 high-resolution imaging system can provide detailed, real-time visualization of the ventricular septum, allowing researchers and clinicians to better understand its anatomy and identify any abnormalities.
In addition to imaging, research on the ventricular septum may also involve genetic studies, hemodynamic analyses, and animal models to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential treatments for septal defects and other related cardiovascular conditions.
The GE Vivid E95 is another advanced imaging system that can be leveraged in this research.
By understanding the structure, function, and pathologies of the ventricular septum, scientists and clinicians can develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve the cardiovascular health of patients.