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Visual Cortex

The visual cortex is a complex neuroanatomical structure responsible for processing and interpreting visual information.
Locatad in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, the visual cortex is divided into several distinct regions, each with specialized funcktions.
It plays a crucial role in visual perception, object recognition, and spatial awareness.
Researchers studying the visual cortex utilize a variety of experimental protocols and techniques to understand its underlying mechanisms and functions.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize this research by providing access to the best available protocols, products, and pre-prints, streamlining the process and enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.

Most cited protocols related to «Visual Cortex»

1
Sparse Labeling of Cortical Neurons for Imaging
Constructs used to produce AAV included pGP-AAV-syn-GCaMP-WPRE and the Cre recombinase-activated construct pGP-AAV-syn-flex-GCaMP-WPRE. Virus was injected slowly (30 nL in 5 minutes) at a depth of 250 μm into the primary visual cortex (two sites, 2.5 and 2.9 mm lateral from the lambda suture). For population imaging and electrophysiology (Fig 2-3), AAV2/1-syn-GCaMP-WPRE virus (titer: ∼1011 (link) -1012 (link) genomes/mL) was injected into the visual cortex of C57BL/6J mice (1.5-2 months old)6 (link). For dendritic imaging (Fig 4, 5 and 6a-f), sparse labeling was achieved by injecting a mixture of diluted AAV2/1-syn-Cre particles (titer: ∼1012 (link) genomes/mL, diluted 8000-20,000 fold in PBS) and high titer, Cre-dependent GCaMP6s virus (∼8×1011 (link) genomes/mL). This produces strong GCaMP6 expression in a small subset of neurons (∼3-5 cells in a 250 μm × 250 μm × 250 μm volume), defined by Cre expression56 (link). Both pyramidal (Fig. 4-5) and GABAergic (Fig. 6) neurons were labeled using this approach, but they could be distinguished based on the presence or absence of dendritic spines. Post hoc immunolabeling further identified the imaged cells. For specific labeling of parvalbumin interneurons (Fig. 6g and Supplementary Fig. 12), Cre-dependent GCaMP6s AAV was injected into the visual cortex of PV-IRES-Cre mice57 (link). Individual somata (Supplementary Fig. 12) and dendritic segments could be recognized (Fig. 6 g, h, total length of imaged dendrite: 2.86 mm), but the high labeling density made it difficult to track individual dendrites over long distances.
Chen T.W., Wardill T.J., Sun Y., Pulver S.R., Renninger S.L., Baohan A., Schreiter E.R., Kerr R.A., Orger M.B., Jayaraman V., Looger L.L., Svoboda K, & Kim D.S. (2013). Ultra-sensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity. Nature, 499(7458), 295-300.
Publication 2013
Cells Cre recombinase Dendrites Dendritic Spines Genome Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Interneurons Mice, Inbred C57BL Neurons Parvalbumins Striate Cortex Sutures TCL1B protein, human Virus Visual Cortex
2
Integrating scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq Data

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Publication 2019
Cells dimesna Genes Mus Prefrontal Cortex RNA, Small Cytoplasmic Single-Cell RNA-Seq Transcriptome Visual Cortex XCL1 protein, human
3
Age-related Changes in Resting-state EEG Dynamics
Power spectra were calculated for all channels, using Welch’s method51 (2 second windows, 50% overlap),, for a two-minute segment of extracted resting state data from the beginning of the recording. These power spectra were fit using the algorithm, using the settings {peak_width_limits=[1,6], max_n_peaks=6, min_peak_height=0.05, peak_threshold=1.5, aperiodic_mode=‘fixed’}. The average R2 of spectral fits was 0.96, reflecting good fits, though one participant from the younger group was considered an outlier, with R2 and absolute error of the fit more than 2.5 standard deviations away from the mean; this participant was dropped from further analyses in the resting condition. Estimated periodic spectral parameters were analyzed from a posterior channel of interest, Oz, chosen to capture visual cortical alpha activity. Aperiodic parameters were analyzed from channel Cz.
T-tests were performed to evaluate differences between age groups. For visualization purposes, periodic and/or aperiodic components were reconstructed for each participant’s fitted parameters. To explore if aperiodic differences could drive frequency-specific power differences, t-tests were run at each frequency, comparing between younger and older adult group, for the power values from the reconstructed aperiodic-only signal. To compare participant-specific fits to canonical band analyses, the overlap of a Gaussian centered at 10 Hz with a +/−2 Hz bandwidth (reflecting the common 8–12 Hz alpha range) was calculated with the individualized center frequency per participant, using a fixed +/−2 Hz bandwidth range. All t-tests are two-tailed.
Donoghue T., Haller M., Peterson E.J., Varma P., Sebastian P., Gao R., Noto T., Lara A.H., Wallis J.D., Knight R.T., Shestyuk A, & Voytek B. (2020). Parameterizing neural power spectra into periodic and aperiodic components. Nature neuroscience, 23(12), 1655-1665.
Publication 2020
Aged Age Groups Seizures Visual Cortex Youth
4
Regional GABA Measurement Protocol
In order to compare the correction factors, a dataset was analyzed in which 5 regional GABA measurements have been made in 16 healthy volunteers. This study was approved by the local IRB and all volunteers provided informed, written consent. All scanning was performed at 3T (‘Achieva’, Philips Healthcare, The Netherlands) with a 32-channel head coil. Scanning included a T1-weighted whole brain image, (MPRage, TR/TE = 8 ms/3.7 ms, 1 mm3 isotropic voxels) and single voxel GABA-edited MRS in 5 voxel locations (visual cortex, OCC, auditory cortex, AUD, sensorimotor cortex, SM, frontal eye fields, FEF and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC). All voxels were 3 × 3 × 3 cm3, except for the AUD which was 4 × 3 × 2 cm3. The GABA-edited MRS was collected using a MEGA-PRESS experiment (19 (link)). Editing pulses were applied at 1.9 ppm and 7.46 ppm, interleaving every two transients across a 16-step phase cycle, TR/TE = 2s/68 ms; 320 transients, 2048 data points at a spectra width of 2 kHz; VAPOR water suppression and first-order and second-order shim parameters were derived using pencil-beam projection-based shimming routine. The limited selectivity of the editing pulses (14 ms duration) results in co-editing of macromolecules (MM), thus quantified GABA includes MM contamination, often referred to as GABA+.
Harris A.D., Puts N.A, & Edden R.A. (2015). Tissue correction for GABA-edited MRS: considerations of voxel composition, tissue segmentation and tissue relaxations. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 42(5), 1431-1440.
Publication 2015
Auditory Area Brain Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Frontal Eye Fields gamma Aminobutyric Acid Genetic Selection Head Healthy Volunteers Pulses Sensorimotor Cortex Tandem Mass Spectrometry Transients Visual Cortex Voluntary Workers
5
Multi-Modal Cortical Parcellation Approach
The multi-modal cortical parcellation used information related to the four areal properties of architecture, function, connectivity, and topography2 (link). Architecture was measured using T1w/T2w myelin content maps plus cortical thickness maps with surface curvature regressed out5 (link),9 (link),10 (link) (Supplementary Methods 1.5). Function was measured using task-fMRI responses to 7 tasks in 86 task contrasts (47 unique; 39 were sign-reversed contrasts). Effect size maps (beta maps) after correction for the receive field were used instead of Z statistic maps because we are interested in regional differences in the magnitude of the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) signal change induced by the tasks, rather than differences in the significance of the BOLD signal change. Functional connectivity was measured using pairwise Pearson correlation of the denoised resting state time series of each pair of grayordinates. Topographic organization was explored using resting state time series in visual cortex, with spatial regressors representing polar angle and eccentricity patterns in area V1 combined with a modified ‘dual-regression-like’ approach that weights each surface vertex according to the cortical surface area that it represents (see Supplementary Methods 4.4). The semi-automated multi-modal parcellation was generated using group average data for all of these modalities from the 210P group of subjects (see Supplementary Methods 3.1–3.3 for details on how the group averages were created for each modality). The reproducibility of these group average maps was assessed by correlating the spatial maps for the 210P and 210V groups (see Supplementary Results and Discussion 1.1).
Glasser M.F., Coalson T.S., Robinson E.C., Hacker C.D., Harwell J., Yacoub E., Ugurbil K., Andersson J., Beckmann C.F., Jenkinson M., Smith S.M, & Van Essen D.C. (2016). A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature, 536(7615), 171-178.
Publication 2016
Blood Oxygen Levels Contrast Media Cortex, Cerebral fMRI Microtubule-Associated Proteins Myelin Sheath Striate Cortex Visual Cortex

Most recents protocols related to «Visual Cortex»

1
Neuroimaging of Anesthetized Ferrets

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Publication 2023
Agar Anesthesia Anesthetics Animals Bone Screws Brain Cerebrospinal Fluid Cortex, Cerebral Craniotomy Cranium Dehydration Dura Mater Eye Movements Ferrets Glucose Isoflurane Ketamine Lactated Ringer's Solution Operative Surgical Procedures Oxide, Nitrous Oxygen Pentobarbital Sodium physiology Punctures Rate, Heart Reading Frames Respiratory Rate Rocuronium Bromide Saline Solution Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen Scalp Temporal Muscle Tissues Trachea Tracheostomy Visual Cortex Xylazine
2
In vivo Extracellular Recording of Mouse Visual Cortex
The electrophysiological “in vivo” data was recorded from the brain of anaesthetized adult mice of the C57/B16 strain with A32-tet probes (NeuroNexus Technologies, Inc) at 32 kSamples /s (Multi Channel Systems MCS GmbH) during a visual stimulation. The stimuli were presented monocularly on a Beetronics 12VG3 12-inch monitor with a resolution of 1440x900, at 60fps and consisted of full-field drifting gratings (0.11 cycles/deg; 1.75 cycles/s; variable contrast 25–100%; 8 directions in steps of 45°). The animals, on which the extracellular activity was recorded, were placed in the stereotaxic holder (Stoelting Co, Illinois, United States) and anaesthetized. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane (ISO) in oxygen (5% for induction, 1–3% for maintenance). The heart rate, respiration rate, core body temperature, and pedal reflex were constantly monitored. A circular craniotomy (1x1 mm) was performed over the left visual cortex of the animal centred on 0–0.5 mm anterior to lambda, 2–2.5 mm lateral to midline. To obtain multiunit activity (MUA) containing signals, the extracellular data was digitally filtered using a band-pass filter with a range of 300Hz-7000Hz using a bidirectional Butterworth IIR filter of order 3. An amplitude threshold, most commonly chosen between 3 and 5 [1 (link)] standard deviations of the recorded signal, was used to detect spike, which were then fed into the feature extraction algorithms. Spikes were identified as threshold crossings and subsequently used as input for the feature extraction algorithm.
Multiple datasets were accumulated from each animal over a period of 4 to 6h in order to minimise animal use. All experiments were performed in accordance with the European Communities Council Directive of 22 September 2010 (2010/63/EU) and approved by the Local Ethics Committee (3/CE/02.11.2018) and the National Veterinary Authority (147/04.12.2018).
Ardelean E.R., Coporîie A., Ichim A.M., Dînșoreanu M, & Mureșan R.C. (2023). A study of autoencoders as a feature extraction technique for spike sorting. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282810.
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Publication 2023
Adult Anesthesia Animals Body Temperature Brain Craniotomy Foot Isoflurane Mus Oxygen Photic Stimulation Rate, Heart Reflex Regional Ethics Committees Respiratory Rate Visual Cortex
3
Microglia and Autofluorescence Analysis of Human Brain Tissue
Human brain tissue for this study was obtained from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at UT Health Science Center at Houston. Blocks of tissue were dissected from the brains of three deceased individuals (14-year-old female, 75-year-old male, and 97-year-old female). To be consistent with the animal study, the somatosensory and visual cortex were chosen to perform the microglia and autofluorescence analysis. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were immunostained with Iba1 antibody using tyramide signal amplification method (Biotium). Briefly, after deparaffinization, the sections were blocked in 0.3% hydrogen peroxide and blocking buffer (1% bovine serum albumin with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS), serially, and then the sections were incubated with anti-human Iba1 mouse monoclonal antibody (1:200; FUJIFILM, catalog no. NCNP27). The primary antibody was detected by horseradish peroxidase–conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (1:200) and colorized with CF488A tyramide dye in amplification buffer. Without autofluorescence elimination, the sections were coverslipped using Fluoroshield with DAPI mounting solution (Sigma-Aldrich). To obtain the representative images, the neocortex and subcortical white matter was scanned using a Leica THUNDER Imager DMi8 under 10× lens, and the high-magnification images (63× lens) were also taken from the same regions.
Ritzel R.M., Li Y., Jiao Y., Lei Z., Doran S.J., He J., Shahror R.A., Henry R.J., Khan R., Tan C., Liu S., Stoica B.A., Faden A.I., Szeto G., Loane D.J, & Wu J. (2023). Brain injury accelerates the onset of a reversible age-related microglial phenotype associated with inflammatory neurodegeneration. Science Advances, 9(10), eadd1101.
Publication 2023
Animals Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Brain Buffers DAPI Females Fluoroshield Formalin Goat Homo sapiens Horseradish Peroxidase Immunoglobulins Lens, Crystalline Males Mice, House Microglia Monoclonal Antibodies Neocortex Paraffin Peroxides Serum Albumin, Bovine Tissues Tritium Triton X-100 Visual Cortex White Matter
4
Longitudinal ECoG Recording in Alzheimer's Mice
Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and placed into a stereotaxic device where isoflurane anesthesia continued throughout surgery. A midline incision was made above the skull. Each mouse was implanted with ECoG electrodes consisting of dental screws (Pinnacle Technology, Lawrence, KS; No. 8209: 0.10-in.). Recording electrodes were screwed through cranial holes as follows: over the left frontal cortex (1.5 mm lateral and 2 mm anterior to bregma) and over the right parietal cortex (1.5 mm lateral and 2 mm posterior to bregma), a ground electrode was placed over the visual cortex (1.5 mm lateral and 4.0 mm posterior to bregma), and a reference electrode was placed over the cerebellum (1.5 mm lateral and 6.5 mm posterior to bregma). Electromyogram (EMG) signals were obtained by placing a pair of silver wires into the neck muscles. The screws were connected through silver wires to a common 6-pin connector compatible with the Pinnacle recording device. The screws and connector were fixed to the skull with dental cement. APP/PS1± miR-155flx/flx CX3CR1CreER± and 5xFAD± miR-155flx/flx CX3CR1CreER± mice were implanted at 7 weeks of age. Once the cap was fully dried and set (24 h) mice were fitted with a preamplifier and tether, and connected to the Pinnacle Technology recording system, where they were allowed 1 day to acclimate before recording started. The ECoG and EMG signals were sampled at 400 Hz with low-pass filters of 80 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively. Mice were connected to amplifiers where continuous recordings were made for 7 days to record a baseline reading. Mice were administered 20 mg of tamoxifen via oral gavage at 8 weeks. Continuous recordings persisted in single recording cages under a 12:12 LD cycle, with intermittent video, for 2–5 weeks until recording was stopped or when spontaneous death occurred.
Aloi M.S., Prater K.E., Sánchez R.E., Beck A., Pathan J.L., Davidson S., Wilson A., Keene C.D., de la Iglesia H., Jayadev S, & Garden G.A. (2023). Microglia specific deletion of miR-155 in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models reduces amyloid-β pathology but causes hyperexcitability and seizures. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 20, 60.
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Publication 2023
Cerebellum Cranium Dental Anesthesia Dental Cements Dental Health Services Electrocorticography Electromyography Isoflurane Lobe, Frontal Medical Devices Mice, Laboratory Neck Muscles Operative Surgical Procedures Parietal Lobe Silver Tamoxifen Tube Feeding Visual Cortex
5
Zolpidem Effects on Cortical Activity
Zolpidem (100 μM) was injected at 3 sites surrounding the binocular visual cortex in CrT+/y (n = 8) and CrT−/y (n = 10) mice. A two-tailed t-test and two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by post-hoc Holm–Sidak test were used to assess the effect of zolpidem treatment on cortical activity.
Ghirardini E., Sagona G., Marquez-Galera A., Calugi F., Navarron C.M., Cacciante F., Chen S., Di Vetta F., Dadà L., Mazziotti R., Lupori L., Putignano E., Baldi P., Lopez-Atalaya J.P., Pizzorusso T, & Baroncelli L. (2023). Cell-specific vulnerability to metabolic failure: the crucial role of parvalbumin expressing neurons in creatine transporter deficiency. Acta Neuropathologica Communications, 11, 34.
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Publication 2023
Kidney Cortex Mice, House neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Visual Cortex Zolpidem

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More about "Visual Cortex"

Explore the intricacies of the visual cortex, the complex neuroanatomical structure responsible for processing and interpreting visual information.
Located in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, this specialized region is divided into distinct areas, each with unique functions.
Delve into the visual cortex's crucial role in visual perception, object recognition, and spatial awareness.
Researchers studying the visual cortex utilize a variety of experimental protocols and techniques, including MATLAB, Type IIIa, Celeris system, Vetbond, ECM 830, Nanoject II, Dexamethasone, Chlorprothixene, and VT1200S T-Cube LED Driver, to understand its underlying mechanisms and functions.
Optimize your visual cortex research with PubCompare.ai, the leading AI-driven platform that enhances reproducibility and accuracy.
Easily locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using our powerful AI-driven comparisons.
Identify the most effective products and protocols to streamline your visual cortex studies.
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