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> Anatomy > Body Substance > Gastric Acid

Gastric Acid

Gastric acid is a digestive fluid secreted by the stomach lining, primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
It plays a crucial role in the breakdown of food, activation of digestive enzymes, and maintanence of a low pH environment in the stomach.
Gastric acid production is regulated by various factors, including hormones, nerves, and dietary intake.
Imbalances in gastric acid levels can lead to conditions such as peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and hypochlorhydria.
Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of gastric acid secretion is essential for developing effective treatments and managing gastrointestinal disorders.

Most cited protocols related to «Gastric Acid»

1
Automated Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Protocol
The fecal microbiota from donors was purified in our laboratory according to our previously published method of Filtration plus Centrifugation (FPC) [13 (link)]. Four of 14 patients underwent FMT based on a new developed automatic purification system (GenFMTer, FMT Medical, Nanjing, China). We named this new method for enriching microbiota based on an automatic purification system microfiltration plus centrifugation (MPC). Prepared microbiota was injected into the distal duodenum of recipients through an endoscopic infusion tube (FMT Medical, Nanjing, China) inserted into the gastroscope channel. The final enriched microbiota in lab and the endoscopic image during infusion were shown in Fig. 1. One hour prior to FMT, patients were given metoclopramide 10 mg by intramuscular injection and esomeprazole magnesium 40 mg intravenously to promote motility of the transplanted microbiota into the colon and to inhibit the secretion of gastric acid [13 (link)].

Laboratory enriched fecal microbiota and infusion of fecal microbiota during endoscopy. a The centrifuged microbiota in lab after microfiltration. b The final product for infusion. c, d The endoscopic image during infusion showing no observable particles in the suspension fluid under magnified endoscopic view, indicating the effect of purification for fecal microbiota

Cui B., Li P., Xu L., Zhao Y., Wang H., Peng Z., Xu H., Xiang J., He Z., Zhang T., Nie Y., Wu K., Fan D., Ji G, & Zhang F. (2015). Step-up fecal microbiota transplantation strategy: a pilot study for steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Journal of Translational Medicine, 13, 298.
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Publication 2015
Acids Cardiac Arrest Centrifugation Colon Donors Duodenum Endoscopy Esomeprazole Magnesium Feces Filtration Gastric Acid Gastroscopes Intramuscular Injection Juices, Gastric Metoclopramide Microbial Community Motility, Cell Patients secretion
2
Automated One-Hour FMT Protocol
Our original FMT preparation method, termed Filtration plus Centrifugation (FPC) and subsequently a newly developed automatic purification system named GenFMTer (FMT Medical, Nanjing, China) were used to purify the fresh stool12 (link)–14 (link). Our FMT protocol was designed to be completed within one hour (also called as the “one-hour FMT protocol”), from stool fresh collection to transplantation or storage, using the support of the automatic system GenFMTer13 (link). In short, the general procedure includes filtration, centrifugation, washing, discarding and dilution. Since 2014, stool collection and all experiments on stool were performed in a Good Manufacturing Practice level laboratory (see Supplementary Figure 1)13 (link). The fresh stool was collected in a disposable bucket, which was designed for the GenFMTer machine. For 23 of the 25 study patients, the prepared microbiota liquid suspension was transplanted into the distal duodenum of patients through gastroscope under anesthesia. In order to prevent the microbiota liquid reflux and inhibit gastric acid secretion, patients were given metoclopramide 10 mg by intramuscular injection and esomeprazole magnesium 40 mg intravenously one hour before FMT12 (link). Two of the 25 patents underwent a novel way of transplanting fecal microbiota using transendoscopic enteral tubing (TET)24 (link), which consists of placing a tube through the endoscope through the anus into the cecum for whole colon administration of fresh fecal microbiota suspensions. The psychological protection and caring for patients undergoing FMT was one of important clinical work-flow quality managements.
He Z., Li P., Zhu J., Cui B., Xu L., Xiang J., Zhang T., Long C., Huang G., Ji G., Nie Y., Wu K., Fan D, & Zhang F. (2017). Multiple fresh fecal microbiota transplants induces and maintains clinical remission in Crohn’s disease complicated with inflammatory mass. Scientific Reports, 7, 4753.
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Publication 2017
Acids Anesthesia Anus Cardiac Arrest Cecum Centrifugation Colon Disease Management Duodenum Endoscopes Esomeprazole Magnesium Feces Filtration FMT protocol Gastric Acid Gastroscopes Intestines, Small Intramuscular Injection Juices, Gastric Metoclopramide Microbial Community Patients Secretions, Bodily Technique, Dilution Transplantation
3
Investigating Typhoid Toxin Effects in Mice
All animal experiments were conducted according to protocols approved by Cornell University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Age- and sex-matched 5- to 8-week-old WT C57BL/6, Cmah−/− or Tlr4−/− mice were randomly allocated to each group, and numbers of animals per group were estimated to obtain statistically significant data after a pilot experiment to obtain a sense of the potential variability. Groups of mice were injected with 100 μl solutions containing PBS buffer alone, or 2 μg of the indicated purified toxin preparations (endotoxin-free) via retro-orbital injections. Changes in the behaviour, weight and survival of the toxin-injected mice were closely monitored. The mice used in this study were originally purchased from the Jackson laboratory and bred in a vivarium in the animal facility at Cornell University. All the knockout mice used were genotyped before and after the experiments. When indicated, C57BL/6 mice were orally injected with 100 μl of bicarbonate buffer to neutralize stomach acid and then infected with 107S. Typhimurium using a gavage needle. For immunization studies, C57BL/6 mice were immunized by subcutaneous injections of 2 μg genetically engineered inactive typhoid toxin (typhoid toxoid) or PltB pentamer, followed by a boost injection after two weeks. When indicated, the immunized mice were challenged with WT toxin two weeks after the boost. To investigate whether typhoid toxin localization in the brain is associated with astrocytes, we used S100beta-EGFP transgenic mice (Jackson Laboratory). All mice experiments were conducted in a double-blind manner.
Yang Y.A., Lee S., Zhao J., Thompson A.J., McBride R., Tsogtbaatar B., Paulson J.C., Nussinov R., Deng L, & Song J. (2017). In vivo tropism of Salmonella Typhi toxin to cells expressing a multiantennal glycan receptor. Nature microbiology, 3(2), 155-163.
Publication 2017
Animals Astrocytes Bicarbonates Brain Buffers Endotoxins Gastric Acid Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Mice, Inbred C57BL Mice, Knockout Mice, Laboratory Mice, Transgenic Needles S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit Subcutaneous Injections Toxins, Biological Toxoids Tube Feeding Vaccination Vaccines, Typhoid
4
Dose-Level Modification Study of S. Paratyphi A
We performed an observational, dose-level modification human challenge study of S. Paratyphi A infection conducted in healthy community adult volunteers, at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom [8 ]. Description of the study protocol and enrollment criteria are detailed elsewhere [9 , 10] (link).
The primary objective of the study was to determine the dose in colony-forming units (CFU) of S. Paratyphi A strain NVGH308 required to achieve an attack rate of 60%–75%, when ingested with sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize gastric acid.
Dobinson H.C., Gibani M.M., Jones C., Thomaides-Brears H.B., Voysey M., Darton T.C., Waddington C.S., Campbell D., Milligan I., Zhou L., Shrestha S., Kerridge S.A., Peters A., Stevens Z., Podda A., Martin L.B., D’Alessio F., Thanh D.P., Basnyat B., Baker S., Angus B., Levine M.M., Blohmke C.J, & Pollard A.J. (2017). Evaluation of the Clinical and Microbiological Response to Salmonella Paratyphi A Infection in the First Paratyphoid Human Challenge Model. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 64(8), 1066-1073.
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Publication 2017
Adult Bicarbonate, Sodium Gastric Acid Healthy Volunteers Homo sapiens Infection Strains
5
GII.4 Norovirus Challenge Protocol
The challenge strain was from a 2003 clinical sample previously identified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a GII.4 norovirus strain (GII.4 Farmington Hill variant) that bound to the A, B, and H HBGAs, and was free of other pathogens [18 (link)]. Virus concentration of the final challenge pool was approximately 4.4 × 104 RT-PCR units/mL. Based on unreported studies, a challenge dose of 4.4 × 103 RT-PCR units was chosen, as this dose produced similar rates of infection (26/34 [76.5%]) and illness (19/34 [55.9%]) as a 10-fold higher dose [18 (link)].
Eligible participants were randomized (1:1) to receive study vaccine or placebo, stratified by clinical site, with 2 doses injected in the deltoid 4 weeks apart. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for 7 days and unsolicited AEs for 28 days after each study dose. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were collected for 1 year after last study dose. Serum samples for immunogenicity analyses were collected before administration of each dose and 4 weeks after the second study dose, and serum samples for laboratory safety analyses were collected 14 days after each immunization.
At least 28 days after the second study dose, eligible participants were admitted to an inpatient challenge facility. Eighty percent were challenged by day 42, with a range up to day 196. They were given a clear liquid meal 5 hours before challenge, and could have clear liquids until 90 minutes before challenge when all intake was stopped. Approximately 2 minutes after drinking 60 mL of 2% sodium bicarbonate solution to buffer stomach acids, subjects drank the challenge virus in 80 mL of sterile water, followed 5 minutes later by another 60 mL of 2% sodium bicarbonate solution. They then refrained from eating and drinking for at least 90 minutes.
After challenge, subjects remained in the inpatient facility for a minimum of 96 hours and until they were free of vomiting or diarrhea for ≥18 hours. They were evaluated twice daily by an investigator, and the severity of each prespecified sign and symptom was graded by the subject on a scale of 0 (no change in health) to 3 (incapacitating or unable to perform usual activities). A prespecified modification of the Vesikari scoring scale was also applied, based on the number of episodes and duration of vomiting and diarrhea, the presence of fever, and the need for intravenous rehydration [11 (link)]. All stool and emesis specimens were collected, graded, and weighed. Aliquots from 1 representative stool sample per subject were collected on days 1–4, 10, and 30 postchallenge. The stools were then processed and stored for testing for norovirus shedding. Additional serum samples taken before and 30 days after challenge were tested for anti-GII.4 norovirus antibodies. All subjects had access to oral rehydration solution. Before discharge, abnormal clinical laboratory analyses were repeated, and followed to resolution or stability.
Bernstein D.I., Atmar R.L., Lyon G.M., Treanor J.J., Chen W.H., Jiang X., Vinjé J., Gregoricus N., Frenck RW J.r., Moe C.L., Al-Ibrahim M.S., Barrett J., Ferreira J., Estes M.K., Graham D.Y., Goodwin R., Borkowski A., Clemens R, & Mendelman P.M. (2014). Norovirus Vaccine Against Experimental Human GII.4 Virus Illness: A Challenge Study in Healthy Adults. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 211(6), 870-878.
Publication 2014
A 103 Anti-Antibodies Antigens Bicarbonate, Sodium Buffers Clinical Laboratory Services Diarrhea Feces Fever Gastric Acid Infection Inpatient Muscles, Deltoid Norovirus Pathogenicity Patient Discharge Placebos Rehydration Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Safety Serum Sterility, Reproductive Strains Vaccination Vaccines Virus Vomiting World Health Organization oral rehydration solution

Most recents protocols related to «Gastric Acid»

1
Evaluating Lactobacillus Probiotic Resistance
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

The Lactobacillus ingested through the oral cavity passes through the stomach with the lower acidity and the intestines with high digestive enzymes and are exposed to low pH of gastric acid, pepsin, intestinal bile salts and digestive enzymes. Therefore, in order to utilize microorganisms as probiotics, gastric juice resistance is essential to survive in low pH and enzymes, and bile juice resistance is essential to survive in extreme intestinal environment. In accordance with the present disclosure, experiments were conducted to identify resistance to artificial gastric juice and bile juice of the above two strains with superior inhibitory effects against Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans. The pH of the gastric juice in the body is maintained at about 3.0, and the food passes through the stomach for about 3 hours. In general, when maintaining viable cell count for 3 hours or more at pH 3, the cells has the high resistance to acidity. In order to identify the intestinal viability of Lactobacillus, survival experiments for artificial gastric juice and artificial bile juice were conducted with reference to Maragkoudakis' method. MG4272 and MG4288 strains were streaked on MRS plate medium and incubated at 37° C. for 24 hours, and the resulting colonies were inoculated in MRS liquid medium and incubated (37° C., 24 hours). Then, 2% passage was incubated for 24 hours in fresh MRS medium. The culture medium was then centrifuged (4,000×g, 4° C., 5 minutes) and washed twice with phosphate-buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The washed cells were adjusted to OD600 1.0 (108 to 109 CFU/mL) and used for resistance experiments to the artificial gastric juice and artificial bile solution, respectively. As a control, 900 μL of pH 7 PBS was added to 100 μL of diluted Lactobacillus and the mixture was shaken and the number of viable cells was measured immediately. In order to identify the resistance to gastric juice, pepsin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louise, USA) was dissolved in 3 g/L of pH 3 to pH 4 PBS to prepare an artificial gastric juice. 100 μL of lactobacillus diluent was added to 900 μL of artificial gastric juice, shaken, and cultured at 37° C. In 3 hours, the viable cell count was measured. To identify resistance to the artificial bile juice, pancreatin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louise, USA) was dissolved in 1 g/L at pH 7 to pH 8 to prepare artificial bile juice. 100 μL of lactobacillus diluent was added to 900 μL of artificial bile juice, shaken and incubated at 37° C. In 4 hours, the viable cell count was measured. The measured results are shown in Table 1 in terms of log CFU/ml.

TABLE 1
Artificial gastric juiceArtificial bile solution
Selectedtest grouptest group
strainsControlpH 3pH 4pH 7pH 8
MG42728.53 ± 0.018.47 ± 0.018.52 ± 0.018.52 ± 0.028.49 ± 0.02
MG42888.46 ± 0.068.40 ± 0.048.44 ± 0.028.41 ± 0.018.41 ± 0.02

As shown in Table 1 both strains of MG4272 and MG4288 were identified to maintain the viable cell count of 108 CFU/mL or more after 3 hours at pH 3, thereby identifying excellent acid resistance. In the artificial bile resistance test, both strains of MG4272 and MG4288 were identified to maintain the viable cell count of 108 CFU/mL or more, thereby identifying excellent bile resistance.

US11857580B2. Lactobacillus having antimicrobial effect on Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans (2024-01-02). MEDIOGEN CO., LTD. [KR], None [KR]. Inventors: Nam-Soo Paek [KR], Chang Ho Kang [KR].
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Patent 2024
Acids Bile Buffers Candida albicans Cells Culture Media Digestion Enzymes Food Gardnerella vaginalis Gastric Acid Heartburn Human Body Intestines Juices, Gastric Lactobacillus Oral Cavity Pancreatin Pepsin A Phosphates Probiotics Psychological Inhibition Saline Solution Salts, Bile Stomach Strains
2
Evaluating Pre-pregnancy Risk Factors
Pre-pregnancy complications were defined based on a history of (i) previous three or more early miscarriages [2 ], (ii) previous late miscarriage (after week 16) including IUFD, or for the current pregnancy (iii) ART (IVF, insemination, or other medically or surgical assistance), or (iv) duration exceeding one year to conceive.
Uncomplicated pre-pregnancy was defined as pregnancies with fewer than three prior early miscarriages, no late miscarriage or IUFD, less than one year to conceive and unassisted conception. If a participant did not answer a question needed for this categorization, the answer was considered uncomplicated.
Questions regarding potential risk factors were chosen from the questionnaire to estimate: (i) general health and health seeking behavior (body mass index (BMI), menstruation, cervical screening attendance, eating disorders and gynecological infections), (ii) lifestyle (age, country of birth, education level, work situation, contact with animals, smoking, mouth tobacco use and diet), (iii) drugs (drug use before pregnancy: asthma and allergy medication, anxiety, antidepressants and sleep medication, prescription free pain medication, opioids and strong pain medication, thyroid medication, blood pressure medication, stomach acid medication and other medication), (iv) reproductive health (first pregnancy and contraceptive use) and (v) comorbidities (diagnosed and suspected endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)) (Supplement 1). Participants were sorted as having suspected PCOS if they reported Ferriman-Gallwey score ≥ 8 [14 (link)] or hair loss grade 3, and suspected endometriosis if they reported vaginal spotting before the start of menstruation [15 (link), 16 (link)].
Gudnadottir U., Du J., Hugerth L.W., Engstrand L., Schuppe-Koistinen I., Wiberg Itzel E., Fransson E, & Brusselaers N. (2023). Pre-pregnancy complications - associated factors and wellbeing in early pregnancy: a Swedish cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 153.
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Publication 2023
Alopecia Animals Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Asthma Blood Pressure Childbirth Conception Contraceptive Agents Diet Drug Allergy Eating Disorders Endometriosis Gastric Acid Index, Body Mass Infection Insemination Menstruation Miscarriage Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Opioids Oral Cavity Pain Pharmaceutical Preparations Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Prescription Drugs Sleep Spontaneous Abortion Thyroid Gland Vagina
3
Pregnancy Well-being and Pre-Pregnancy Complications
To assess if early pregnancy well-being and characteristics are different among participants with pre-pregnancy complications compared to those without, data regarding depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [17 (link)]), stress (Cohen Perceived Stress Scale [18 (link)]), bowel symptoms (Bristol stool form scale [19 (link)]), pregnancy problems, vomiting and nausea [20 (link)], self-reported general health estimate, alcohol consumption [21 ] and medication (drug use during pregnancy: asthma and allergy medication, anxiety, antidepressants and sleep medication, prescription free pain medication, opioids and strong pain medication, thyroid medication, blood pressure medication, stomach acid medication and other medication) were extracted from the questionnaire.
Gudnadottir U., Du J., Hugerth L.W., Engstrand L., Schuppe-Koistinen I., Wiberg Itzel E., Fransson E, & Brusselaers N. (2023). Pre-pregnancy complications - associated factors and wellbeing in early pregnancy: a Swedish cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 153.
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Publication 2023
Antidepressive Agents Anxiety Asthma Blood Pressure Depressive Symptoms Drug Allergy Feces Gastric Acid Intestines Nausea Opioids Pain Pharmaceutical Preparations Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Prescription Drugs Sleep Thyroid Gland
4
Prepregnancy Health Impacts on Complications
To estimate the effect of general health prior to pregnancy on the risk of pre-pregnancy complications, six categories were created based on reported medical history: (i) Gynecological history (diagnosed or suspected endometriosis or PCOS), (ii) Non-gastrointestinal chronic inflammatory diseases (diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diseases or multiple sclerosis (MS)), (iii) Gastrointestinal problems (gastric acid medication, diagnosed Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis), (iv) Mental health (eating disorder, anti-depressive-, anti-anxiety- or sleeping medication), (v) Chronic respiratory diseases and allergies (asthma, hay fever, allergies, asthma- or allergy medication) and (vi) Endocrine indications (thyroid medication or diagnosed hypothyroidism). These categories were not mutually exclusive. Participants with each comorbidity were compared to those without the specific comorbidity; and the group with any of these comorbidities was also compared to those without.
Gudnadottir U., Du J., Hugerth L.W., Engstrand L., Schuppe-Koistinen I., Wiberg Itzel E., Fransson E, & Brusselaers N. (2023). Pre-pregnancy complications - associated factors and wellbeing in early pregnancy: a Swedish cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 153.
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Publication 2023
Anxiety Disorders Asthma Autoimmune Diseases Crohn Disease Drug Allergy Eating Disorders Endometriosis Fever, Hay Gastric Acid Gastrointestinal Diseases Hypersensitivity Hypothyroidism Inflammation Mental Health Multiple Sclerosis Pharmaceutical Preparations Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pregnancy Complications Respiration Disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis System, Endocrine Thyroid Gland Ulcerative Colitis
5
Fruit and Vegetable Waste as Functional Ingredients
Many fruits and vegetable waste acts as DF. This waste, at the same time, contains such compounds, which show antioxidant properties. In addition to protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals, chemicals like polyphenols can also treat diseases and their symptoms by inhibiting inflammatory responses and halting the progression of infection (Shay et al., 2015 (link)). As a result, incorporating such substances into meat products may improve their functionality and, thus, their healthfulness. The remnants of fresh dates are the source of polyphenols; when they were included in the formulation of bologna sausages (15% of the total), the finished product had a polyphenol level of 1.02% (Sánchez-Zapata et al., 2011 (link)). This finding suggests that adding extracts rich in polyphenolic chemicals to meat products can serve as an antioxidant and provide health benefits to the end user. Lycopene, a carotenoid present in 80-90% of ripe tomatoes, has been linked to various health benefits, including a reduced risk of prostate cancer and CV disease (Friedman, 2013 (link)). After 21 days in storage, 0.58 mg of lycopene per 100 g of product was discovered in concentrations of up to 1.2% of the tomato peel in sausage. Lycopene was detected in beef burgers cooked at 180 °C for 2 min (Luisa García, Calvo & Dolores Selgas, 2009 (link)). Furthermore, the leftovers from tomatoes can be a source of amino acids and trace elements. By incorporating just 7% of the residue, the protein level was raised by 1%, while also boosting the ash content from 2.18% to 2.45% in frankfurter beef sausages. The percentage of total lipids dropped from 20.07 to 19.4 as a result (Savadkoohi et al., 2014 (link)).
Prebiotics are a potential health benefit of fruit and vegetable waste. Prebiotics are elements that can survive stomach acid, mammalian enzymatic hydrolysis, absorption in GI tract; they are fermentable by intestinal flora and hence foster the expansion of beneficial bacteria like probiotics (Gibson et al., 2004 (link)). Prebiotics come in many forms, but some common ones include cellulose and fiber. Fiber from nopal flour (2%) and pineapple peel flour (3%) added to cooked sausages helped inoculated thermos-tolerant (probiotic) lactic acid bacteria thrive over 20 days in storage (Díaz-Vela, Totosaus & Pérez-Chabela, 2015 (link)). It is important to note that the amount of bacteria in a formulation such as this one, which contains both a probiotic and a prebiotic, needs to be closely controlled because the bacteria have the potential to degrade the overall quality of the product. It has also been observed in the above-discussed case that the inclusion of agro-industrial waste raises the mineral content of the meat products, which could lead to a rise in mineral consumption and help meet dietary guidelines.
Haque A., Ahmad S., Azad Z.R., Adnan M, & Ashraf S.A. (2023). Incorporating dietary fiber from fruit and vegetable waste in meat products: a systematic approach for sustainable meat processing and improving the functional, nutritional and health attributes. PeerJ, 11, e14977.
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Publication 2023
Amino Acids Antioxidants Bacteria Beef Cardiac Arrest Cardiovascular Diseases Carotenoids Cells Cellulose Disease Progression Enzymes Fibrosis Flour Free Radicals Fruit Gastric Acid Gastrointestinal Tract Hydrolysis Industrial Waste Infection Inflammation Intestinal Microbiome Lactobacillales Lipids Lycopene Mammals Meat Products Minerals Pineapple Polyphenols Prebiotics Probiotics Prostate Cancer Proteins SERPINA3 protein, human Tomatoes Trace Elements Vegetables

Top products related to «Gastric Acid»

1
Cimetidine by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany
Cimetidine is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used in various research and analytical applications.
2
Pentagastrin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Pentagastrin is a synthetic peptide that mimics the biological activity of the natural hormone gastrin. It is commonly used as a laboratory reagent and tool for medical research, particularly in the study of gastrointestinal function and disorders.
3
Spss statistics 24 by IBM
Sourced in United States, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium, Austria, Spain
SPSS Statistics 24 is a software package used for statistical analysis. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for data management, analysis, and presentation. The software is designed to handle a wide range of data types and offers a user-friendly interface for conducting various statistical procedures.
4
Ph meter by Mettler Toledo
Sourced in Switzerland, United States, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Australia, Italy, France, Malaysia
The Mettler Toledo PH meter is a precision instrument used to measure the pH value of a solution. It is designed to provide accurate and reliable pH readings in a range of laboratory and industrial applications.
5
Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Spain, China, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Switzerland
Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa is a proteolytic enzyme derived from the stomach lining of pigs. It is used to break down proteins in various laboratory and research applications.
6
Eutech ph 5 by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Eutech pH 5 is a handheld pH meter designed for accurate pH measurement in a variety of applications. It features a digital display, automatic temperature compensation, and a rugged construction for field use.
7
Sodium bicarbonate by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, India, Spain, Italy, Canada, France, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, China, Brazil, Austria, Australia, Switzerland, Sweden, Poland, Belgium, Ireland, Singapore, Denmark, Malaysia, Israel, Portugal, Indonesia
Sodium bicarbonate is a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a versatile and widely-used substance in the field of chemistry and biochemistry.
8
Cholera toxin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, France, China, Canada, Macao, Sao Tome and Principe, Australia, Israel, Switzerland, Spain, Japan
Cholera toxin is a bacterial protein produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a well-documented function as a potent activator of the adenylate cyclase enzyme, leading to increased levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in target cells. This property makes cholera toxin a valuable tool in various areas of biological research, such as cell signaling studies and the investigation of cellular regulatory mechanisms.
9
Nisin by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Brazil
Nisin is a type of antimicrobial peptide produced by certain strains of Lactococcus lactis bacteria. It functions as a natural preservative and has been used in the food industry to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, including Listeria and Clostridium.
10
Titroline easy by Schott
Sourced in Germany
The Titroline Easy is a compact and user-friendly titration system designed for accurate and reliable volume measurements. It features automatic endpoints detection and data recording capabilities.

More about "Gastric Acid"

Gastric acid, also known as hydrochloric acid (HCl), is a vital component of the digestive system.
This acidic fluid, secreted by the stomach lining, plays a crucial role in the breakdown of food, activation of digestive enzymes, and maintenance of a low pH environment in the gastric chamber.
The production of gastric acid is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, nerves, and dietary factors.
Imbalances in gastric acid levels can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid).
Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of gastric acid secretion is essential for developing effective treatments and managing these conditions.
Researchers utilize a variety of tools and techniques to study gastric acid, including Cimetidine (a histamine H2 receptor antagonist), Pentagastrin (a synthetic peptide that stimulates gastric acid secretion), SPSS Statistics 24 (a statistical software package), pH meters like the Eutech pH 5, and Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (an enzyme that aids in protein digestion).
Sodium bicarbonate, Cholera toxin, and Nisin (a bacterial peptide) are also relevant to gastric acid research, as they can influence the pH and microbial environment of the stomach.
The Titroline Easy is another useful tool for accurately measuring and monitoring gastric acid levels.
By leveraging the insights and technology available, researchers can optimize their gastric acid studies, enhance reproducibility, and contribute to the development of more effective treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.
PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can assist in this process by helping researchers locate the best protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, and facilitating streamlined and accurate research.