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> Anatomy > Body Substance > Tears

Tears

Tears are the clear, salty liquid produced by the lacrimal glands in the eyes.
They serve to lubricate and protect the eyes, and also play a role in the immune system by containing antibodies and other substances that help prevent infection.
Tears are an essential component of eye health and vision, and their production and composition can be affected by various medical conditions.
Understanding the function and properties of tears is an important area of ophthalmological research and clinical care.

Most cited protocols related to «Tears»

1
Developing New Sjögren's Syndrome Criteria
Three prospective cohorts of individuals with signs and symptoms suggestive of SS have been recruited over the past 10 years by teams who are now members of the International SS Criteria Working Group. These include 1) the SICCA cohort, comprised of 3514 participants (including 1578 individuals who meet the ACR classification criteria for pSS) recruited from Argentina, China, Denmark, India, Japan, the UK and the USA (co-principal investigators (PIs): C. Shiboski and L. Criswell, at the University of California San Francisco); 2) the Paris-Sud cohort that includes 1011 participants (including 440 individuals who meet the AECG criteria for pSS) recruited in Paris, France (PI: X. Mariette at Paris-Sud University, Bicêtre hospital in Paris); and 3) the OMRF cohort, that includes 837 participants (including 279 individuals who meet the AECG criteria for pSS) evaluated at either the Sjögren’s Research Clinic at OMRF or the Sjögren’s Clinic in the University of Minnesota (PI: K. Sivils,OMRF).
These cohorts share several key characteristics that make them appropriate for criteria development: Inclusion criteria required that participants have signs and symptoms suggestive of SS, warranting a comprehensive work-up by a multi-disciplinary team of SS clinicians. In addition to symptom-related data, objective tests with respect to oral, ocular, and systemic/serological endpoints had been collected using similar procedures:

Oral tests: labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy to identify focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS) and focus score (FS)(26 (link)); UWS flow rates.(27 (link), 28 (link))

Ocular tests: OSS using lissamine green and fluorescein, and other ocular tests such as Schirmer test and tear break-up time. For the ocular staining test, the Paris-Sud cohort used the VBS,(29 (link)) while SICCA used the OSS,(30 (link)) and OMRF used both. The Paris-Sud cohort also used fluorescein and collected data on the individual OSS components, so it could be computed subsequently. Thus data from the Paris-Sud and OMRF cohorts could be analyzed to establish a conversion algorithm between both scores as follows: for lower scores, 1–3, the VBS was equal to the OSS, but VBS of 4, 5, or 6 were equivalent to OSS scores of 5, 6, or 7, respectively. For the clinical vignettes, the ocular staining test was expressed as the OSS ranging from 0 to 7 and above. A group of four ophthalmologists from France, the US, and the UK formed an ad-hoc working group that interpreted the analyses performed on the Paris-Sud data (ML and TML) and on the OMRF data (AR). Together, they derived the conversion algorithm between the OSS and the VBS described above. In addition, since the VBS of 4 (previously used in the AECG criteria) was equivalent to an OSS of 5, the group agreed to modify the OSS threshold to 5 in the new criteria set. This threshold has also been shown, as part of subsequent analyses of the SICCA data, to be more specific for diagnostic purposes than the previous score of 3 (data not shown).

Serological assays: including anti-SSA/B(Ro/La), ANA titers, RF, IgG, presence of complement C3 and C4.

Cohort PIs were each asked to provide a dataset that consisted of a random sample of 400 individuals with equal numbers of pSS cases and non-cases (using their own diagnostic definition), and without revealing case status in the dataset. The combined datasets thus comprised 1200 individuals with well-characterized data on the phenotypic features of SS. Clinical vignettes describing each individual’s relevant features in text form were computer-generated using a program written in R version 3.2.(31 ) Vignettes described each individual with respect to age, gender, reported symptoms, clinical signs, and provided test results including ANA titers, RF, IgG, C3, C4, anti-SSA(Ro), anti-SSB(La), OSS for each eye, Schirmer for each eye, whether or not the LSG biopsy revealed FLS, and a FS (supplemental Figure 1). Ocular symptoms were defined according to the AECG definition, as a positive response to at least one of the following questions: 1) Have you had daily, persistent, troublesome dry eyes for more than 3 months? 2) Do you have a recurrent sensation of sand or gravel in the eyes? 3) Do you use tear substitutes more than 3 times a day? Oral symptoms were defined as a positive response to at least one of the following questions: 1) Have you had a daily feeling of dry mouth for more than 3 months? 2) Do you frequently drink liquids to aid in swallowing dry food?
Shiboski C.H., Shiboski S.C., Seror R., Criswell L.A., Labetoulle M., Lietman T.M., Rasmussen A., Scofield H., Vitali C., Bowman S.J, & Mariette X. (2016). 2016 ACR-EULAR Classification Criteria for primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Consensus and Data-Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts. Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 69(1), 35-45.
Publication 2016
Biological Assay Biopsy Complement 3 Diagnosis Dry Eye Eye Fluorescein Food Gender Lip Lymphocyte Ophthalmologists Phenotype Salivary Glands Sialadenitis Tears Vision Xerostomia
2
Robust Spatial Preprocessing for fMRI Data
Spatial image preprocessing (distortion correction and image alignment) was carried out using the HCP’s spatial minimal preprocessing pipelines5 (link). This included steps to maximize alignment across image modalities, to minimize distortions relative to the subject’s anatomical space, and to minimize spatial smoothing (blurring) of the data. The data were projected into the 2 mm standard CIFTI grayordinates space, which includes cortical grey matter surface vertices and subcortical grey matter voxels5 (link). This offers substantial improvements in spatial localization over traditional volume-based analyses, enabling more accurate cross-subject and cross-study registrations and avoiding smoothing that mixes signals across differing tissue types or between nearby cortical folds. Additionally, we did minimal smoothing within the CIFTI grayordinates space to avoid mixing across areal borders prior to parcellation.
For cross-subject registration of the cerebral cortex, we used a two-stage process based on the multimodal surface matching (MSM) algorithm14 (link) (see Supplementary Methods 2.1–2.5). An initial ‘gentle’ stage, constrained only by cortical folding patterns (FreeSurfer’s ‘sulc’ measure), was used to obtain approximate geographic alignment without overfitting the registration to folding patterns, which are not strongly correlated with cortical areas in many regions. Previously, we found that more aggressive folding-based registration (either MSM-based or FreeSurfer-based) slightly decreased cross-subject task-fMRI statistics, suggesting that aligning cortical folds too tightly actually reduces alignment of cortical areas14 (link). A second, more aggressive stage used cortical areal features to bring areas into better alignment across subjects while avoiding neurobiologically implausible distortions or overfitting to noise in the data. The areal features used were myelin maps, resting state network maps computed with weighed regression (an improvement over dual regression34 (link) described in the Supplementary Methods 2.3) and resting state visuotopic maps (see Supplementary Methods 4.4). Areal distortion was measured by taking the log base-2 of the ratio of the registered spherical surface tile areas to the original spherical surface tile areas. The mean (across space) of the absolute value of the areal distortion averaged across subjects from both registration stages was 30% less than the standard FreeSurfer folding-based registration and the maximum (across space) of this measure was 54% less. Despite less overall distortion, the areal-feature-based registration delivers substantially more accurate registration of cortical areas than does FreeSurfer folding-based registration as judged by cross-subject task fMRI statistics, an areal feature that was not used to drive the registration14 (link). Because MSM registration preserves topology and is relatively gentle (it does not tear or distort the cortical surface in neurobiologically implausible ways), it is unable to align some cortical areas in some subjects where the areal arrangement differs from the group average (see Supplementary Results and Discussion 1.3–1.4 for more details on atypical areas). Group average registration drift away from the gentle folding-based geographic alignment was removed from the surface registration35 (link) (see Supplementary Methods 2.5) to enable comparisons of this dataset with datasets registered using different areal features (for example, post-mortem cytoarchitecture). Group average registration drift is any consistent effect of the registration during template generation on the mean size, shape, or position of areas on the sphere (as opposed to the desired reductions in cross-subject variation). An obvious example is the 37% increase in average brain volume produced by registration to MNI space4 (link). Uncorrected drifts during surface template generation can cause apparent changes in cortical areal size, shape, and position when comparing across studies.
Resting state fMRI data were denoised for spatially specific temporal artefacts (for example, subject movement, cardiac pulsation, and scanner artefacts) using the ICA+FIX approach, which includes detrending the data and aggressively regressing out 24 movement parameters36 (link),37 (link). We avoided regressing out the ‘global signal’ (mean grey-matter time course) from our data because preliminary analyses showed that this step shifted putative connectivity-based areal boundaries so that they lined up less well with other modalities, likely because of the strong areal specificity of the residual global signal after ICA+FIX clean up. Task fMRI data were temporally filtered using a high pass filter. More details on resting state and task fMRI temporal preprocessing are described in the Supplementary Methods 1.6–1.8. Substantial spatial smoothing was avoided for both datasets, and all images were intensity normalized to account for the receive coil sensitivity field. Artefact maps of large vein effects, fMRI gradient echo signal loss, and surface curvature were computed as described in Supplementary Methods 1.9.
Glasser M.F., Coalson T.S., Robinson E.C., Hacker C.D., Harwell J., Yacoub E., Ugurbil K., Andersson J., Beckmann C.F., Jenkinson M., Smith S.M, & Van Essen D.C. (2016). A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. Nature, 536(7615), 171-178.
Publication 2016
Autopsy Brain Cortex, Cerebral ECHO protocol fMRI Gray Matter Heart Histocompatibility Testing Hypersensitivity Microtubule-Associated Proteins Movement Multimodal Imaging Myelin Sheath Tears Veins
3
Histological Grading of Meniscus Degeneration

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Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2011
Calcium Cells Collagen Cyst Donors Fast Green Femur Fibrosis Hyalin Substance Hyperplasia hypoplasia Meniscus Physiologic Calcification safranine T Tears Tibia Tissues Vision
4
Consensus on Sjögren's Syndrome Criteria
In February 2004, the panel of experts gathered for a face-to-face meeting moderated by a statistician (SCS) and an epidemiologist (CHS). The goal of this meeting was to obtain consensus (at least 80%) on the target population to whom the classification criteria would apply, and the initial list of variables or criteria items that would be collected as part of SICCA. The meeting began with presentation of a comprehensive literature review by one of the senior investigators (TED) of the 11 previous classification and diagnostic criteria for SS that had been published in the past 40 years, none of which had been endorsed by the ACR or EULAR.
There was consensus among the panel that the criteria should apply to the population of patients who may be referred to a specialist because of signs and/or symptoms possibly suggesting SS. Recruitment strategies and eligibility criteria are described below. The rationale for selecting this target population is that a given patient would not be evaluated for SS unless she/he had signs or symptoms suggesting this diagnosis. There was also consensus that if asked to select cases and controls for validation of new classification criteria, panel members would use objective tests (e.g., specific serum measures of autoimmunity, ocular staining reflecting lacrimal hypofunction, and LSG biopsy reflecting FLS) that would likely be part of the new classification criteria, leading to circularity. Therefore, it was agreed that no diagnostic labels would be used for enrollment, and that all participants would undergo the same set of standardized objective tests, and questionnaires capturing various signs and symptoms.
The panel agreed upon examinations and tests used to assess ocular and oral signs and symptoms, tear and salivary function, LSG biopsy results and various serum measures of autoimmunity. The list created was based both on published results and on the clinical experience of panel members. There was discussion among the rheumatologists regarding which extra-glandular manifestations possibly associated with SS should be captured, and a consensus was achieved regarding a list of signs/symptoms that would be measured through a targeted rheumatologic examination, review of systems, careful medical history and serologic laboratory measures. Similarly, the oral medicine specialists agreed on a list of tests measuring salivary function (both stimulated parotid and UWS flow rates), and salivary gland expression of autoimmunity through biopsy of LSG, examining them for the presence of FLS, and measuring FS accordingly as described in detail elsewhere (15 (link)). The ophthalmologists agreed on tests evaluating participants for the presence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). There was consensus that, while rose Bengal had been widely used for grading conjunctival and corneal damage in patients with KCS, it is inherently toxic to epithelial cells and very painful for patients. Therefore, fluorescein was selected to grade the cornea and lissamine green the bulbar conjunctiva. Effectiveness for grading KCS is established for both (16 (link)). They agreed on a standardized quantitative grading system that would be easily reproducible and could be used in clinical practice in the future (17 (link)). Ocular staining score (OSS) is the sum of a 0–6 score for fluorescein staining of the cornea and a 0–3 score for lissamine green staining of both nasal and temporal bulbar conjunctivae, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 12. Alternative established tests for dryness used in prior criteria, such as tear break-up time (TBUT) and unanesthetized Schirmer test, were also included.
The final list of criteria items that was agreed upon by the end of the first meeting included nearly all those previously reported in the relevant literature. It has been described previously (12 (link)) and is available at http://sicca.ucsf.edu.
Shiboski S., Shiboski C., Criswell L., Baer A., Challacombe S., Lanfranchi H., Schiødt M., Umehara H., Vivino F., Zhao Y., Dong Y., Greenspan D., Heidenreich A., Helin P., Kirkham B., Kitagawa K., Larkin G., Li M., Lietman T., Lindegaard J., McNamara N., Sack K., Shirlaw P., Sugai S., Vollenweider C., Whitcher J., Wu A., Zhang S., Zhang W., Greenspan J, & Daniels T. (2012). American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Data-Driven, Expert Consensus Approach in the SICCA Cohort. Arthritis care & research, 64(4), 475-487.
Publication 2012
Autoimmunity Biopsy Conjunctiva Conjunctiva, Bulbar Cornea Cornea Injuries Diagnosis Eligibility Determination Epidemiologists Epithelial Cells Eye Face Fast Green FCF Fluorescein Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Nose Ophthalmologists Pain Parotid Gland Patients Physical Examination Rheumatologist Rose Bengal Salivary Glands Serum Signs and Symptoms Specialists Target Population Tears
5
Sjögren's Syndrome Evaluation Protocol
The participating subjects were evaluated in the Sjögren's Research Clinic at Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation or at a similar clinic at the University of Minnesota. Participants were self or physician-referred. Each potential clinic participant was interviewed by phone by trained personnel who assessed the presence of ocular and oral symptoms by asking the six standardized and validated [17 (link)] questions in the subjective criteria of the revised AECG Classification Criteria (Table 1).[19 (link)] In order to be eligible for an appointment at the clinic, at least one ocular and one oral question had to be answered affirmatively. The exclusion criteria for evaluation at the clinic were also based on the recommendations of the AECG (Table 1).[19 (link)] In addition, we excluded individuals that presented with known current pregnancy or inability to provide informed consent.
With very few exceptions, participants were evaluated in a single morning clinic visit using standardized protocols. Patients underwent an oral exam consisting of measurement of stimulated and timed whole unstimulated salivary flow (WUSF), a lip biopsy and collection and storage of saliva. Participant evaluation did not include sialography or scintigraphy. The ocular specialist performed ocular surface staining with lissamine green and fluorescein, a unanesthesized Schirmer's I test, and collection and storage of tears. The ocular vital dye score was determined using the quantitative dot-counting method [23 ] rather than by descriptive features [24 (link)] and the score for each section was recorded independently before generating a final score for each eye. Blood samples were collected for general laboratory tests and extraction of DNA, RNA, and serum. A physician completed a detailed history and physical examination, including general medical, rheumatological and neurological evaluations. If patients gave a history of a past diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, systemic sclerosis, myositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, or systemic lupus erythematosus, classification criteria for these illnesses were specifically ascertained by history, medical record review and testing for the corresponding autoantibodies.
All procedures were approved by the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Minnesota Institutional Review Boards. Each participant provided written informed consent prior to entering the study.
Rasmussen A., Ice J.A., Li H., Grundahl K., Kelly J.A., Radfar L., Stone D.U., Hefner K.S., Anaya J.M., Rohrer M., Gopalakrishnan R., Houston G.D., Lewis D.M., Chodosh J., Harley J.B., Hughes P., Maier-Moore J.S., Montgomery C.G., Rhodus N.L., Farris A.D., Segal B.M., Jonsson R., Lessard C.J., Scofield R.H, & Moser Sivils K.L. (2013). Comparison of the American-European Consensus Group Sjögren's syndrome classification criteria to newly proposed American College of Rheumatology criteria in a large, carefully characterized sicca cohort. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 73(1), 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203845.
Publication 2013
Autoantibodies Biopsy BLOOD Clinic Visits Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Fluorescein Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Multiple Sclerosis Myositis Neurologic Examination Patients Physical Examination Physicians Pregnancy Primary Biliary Cholangitis Radionuclide Imaging Rheumatoid Arthritis Saliva Serum Sialography Systemic Scleroderma Tears Vision

Most recents protocols related to «Tears»

1
Dictyostelium Cell Death by Sparagmosis
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

The expression of RasCQ62L in pten− cells maintained for an additional 16-28 hours resulted in cells that underwent a catastrophic fragmentation and death (FIG. 6). It was verified that 98% of the induced cells were dead by Trypan Blue staining and their failure to form foci on re-plating. The surviving 2% of cells were not flattened, indicating that they lost expression of RasCQ62L. This observed mode of cell death has not been elucidated before in either Dictyostelium or in mammalian cells. This mechanism was named “sparagmosis” from the Greek sparasso, meaning “tear, rend, or pull to pieces.” Other pairwise combinations of perturbations that generated flattened cells such as expression of RasCQ62L in RAM mutants or expression of Rap1AG12V in pten− also led to similar cell death by fragmentation.

US11878045B2. Inducing cell death by hyperactivation of motility networks (2024-01-23). The Johns Hopkins University [US]. Inventors: Peter Devreotes [US], Huaqing Cai [US], Marc Edwards [US], Jun Liu [US], Thomas Lampert [US], Yu Long [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Cell Death Cells Dictyostelium Mammals PTEN protein, human Signal Transduction Tears Trypan Blue
2
Silicone Rubber Base Preparation
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Both end dimethylvinylsiloxy-capped dimethylpolysiloxane having an average DOP of 1,800, 65 parts, was mixed with 40 parts of fumed silica having a BET specific surface area of 300 m2/g (Aerosil 300 by Nippon Aerosil Co.), 8 parts of hexamethyldisilazane, 0.1 part of 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane (vinyl content 0.0116 mol/g), and 2.0 parts of water at 25° C. for 30 minutes. The mixture was heated at 150° C., continuously stirred for 3 hours, and cooled, obtaining a silicone rubber base. This silicone rubber base had a very high viscosity and was difficult to handle, with any further study interrupted.

TABLE 1
Comparative
ExampleExample
12341234
Hardness,2221232521232017
Durometer
type A
Tear strength, 2024201720221224
kN/m
Surface feeltack-tack-tack-tack-tack-tack-tack-tacky
(finger touch)freefreefreefreefreefreefree

TABLE 2
Comparative
Hexane ExampleExample
extraction test12341234
Extractives during 16.516.916.917.225.511013.518.0
first 7 hr, mg/inch2
Extractives during  1.8 3.6 2.9 3.213.0 45 1.9 6.5
succeeding
2 hr, mg/inch2

US11866583B2. Addition-curable liquid silicone rubber composition and molded silicone-rubber object (2024-01-09). SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO., LTD. [JP]. Inventors: Nobu Kato [JP].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
1,3-butadiene A 300 Aerosil dimethicone Feelings Fingers hexamethyldisilazane n-hexane Polyvinyl Chloride Silicon Dioxide Silicone Elastomers Tears Touch Viscosity
3
Dry Content Verification Study
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

A verification study for dry content levels of the fibre composition of the invention is presented herein.

The physical-mechanical properties of the body, also referred to as volume-to-mass ratio, (cm3/g), tensile index (Nm/g), bursting index (KPam2/g) and tear index (mNm2/g) for different dry content (%) were analyzed.

The results obtained in this study are portrayed in FIGS. 34, 35, 36 and 37.

Through the results, it was concluded that there was a significant body, also referred to as volume-to-mass ratio, gain after 30% dry content and a loss of tensile strength after 30% dry content. Additionally, it was observed that the dry content did not significantly affect the tear strength. Regarding the bursting rate, no significant changes were observed between the dry content levels of 10, 20, 30, and 50%. Therefore, it is clear that redispersibility was achieved up to a maximum of 50% dry content.

US11879213B2. Fibre composition, use of said composition and article comprising said composition (2024-01-23). SUZANO S.A. [BR]. Inventors: Elenice Pereira Maia [BR], Fábio Carucci Figliolino [BR].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
A Fibers Debility Fibrosis Figs Human Body Physical Processes Tears
4
PSA Sheet with Tear-Aiding Structure
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

The PSA composition A1 was applied to the adhesive face-side surface of the substrate S1 and allowed to dry at 80° C. for one minute to form a 10 μm thick PSA layer. The resultant was cut to a 60 cm long, 30 cm wide rectangular shape to obtain a non-processed PSA sheet (free of a tear-aiding structure). Here, the vertical direction of the PSA sheet was in the MD (i.e. the extrusion direction) of the substrate. Subsequently, in the central part of the non-processed PSA sheet, Pattern 1 described later was formed by machining, by a process to form a tear-aiding structure, along a rectangular tear-off line (20 cm long, 10 cm wide). A processed PSA sheet according to the present Example was thus obtained.

With respect to the PSA sheet of Example 1 and the PSA sheets according to Examples 2 to 7 and 9 to 17 below, in addition to one of Patterns 1 to 7 as a tear-aiding structure, a round through hole of 10 mm diameter was also formed at each corner of one edge of the length direction (one widthwise edge) of each PSA sheet as a positioning assistant.

US11866613B2. Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet (2024-01-09). NITTO DENKO CORPORATION [JP]. Inventors: Takeshi Igarashi [JP], Yasunori Yamamoto [JP].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Face Pressure Tears
5
Tick Feeding Capsule Design and Attachment for Deer
Ticks were acquired from the Oklahoma State Tick Rearing Facility (OSU) (Stillwater, OK, USA). Equal numbers of each sex and species (I. scapularis and A. americanum) were obtained. For each lot of I. scapularis and A. americanum and prior to shipment to the study site, OSU screened a subsample of ticks (n = 10) for pathogens using standardized PCR assays. Ixodes scapularis were screened for B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Amblyomma americanum were screened for the presence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Francisella tularensis and Rickettsia rickettsii. All PCR-screened ticks were negative for the above pathogens. Once ticks arrived at the study site, they were housed in an industry-standard desiccator with the relative humidity maintained at > 90% until enclosed in a feeding capsule for attachment to deer.
The feeding capsules utilized in this study were specifically designed for holding blood-feeding I. scapularis and A. americanum. Feeding capsules allow for the containment and localization of ticks and aid in facilitating blood-feeding [40 (link)]. The traditional stockinet sleeve method for feeding ticks on cattle [41 (link)–43 ] was determined to be inadequate for white-tailed deer. We instead developed a feeding capsule for deer application, which was in part based upon feeding capsules for ticks (referred to hereafter as tick feeding capsules) previously designed for tick-feeding on rabbits and sheep [44 ]. To make each capsule, sheets of ethylene–vinyl acetate foam were cut into three square pieces. Each square had a different outside area, allowing for flexibility (base, approx. 12 × 12 cm; middle, approx. 9 × 9 cm; top, approx. 7 × 7 cm), and had a combined depth of approximately 18 mm. The center of each square was cut away, creating an opening. The inner surface areas of the base and middle piece openings were each approximately 7 × 7 cm; the top piece had a smaller opening (approx. 1.5 × 1.5 cm) through which the ticks were to be inserted, which decreased the probability that ticks would escape through the top of the capsule (Additional file 3: Figure S2).
Deer were anesthetized using an intramuscular injection of telazol and xylazine at dosages of approximately 3 mg/kg and approximately 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. Once fully anesthetized, deer were weighed to the nearest 0.1 kg using a certified balance. Prior to blood collection and capsule attachment, large patches of fur on the neck were trimmed using electric horse clippers (Wahl®; Wahl Clipper Corp., Sterling, IL, USA). Prior to capsule attachment, 10 ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein of each deer using a 20-gauge needle. The blood from each individual deer was immediately placed into a vacutainer containing EDTA and was centrifuged for 10 min at 7000 revolutions/min. The plasma was transferred to 1.5-ml centrifuge tubes, which were then stored at − 20 °C until analysis.
Two identical tick feeding capsules were attached to opposing sides of the neck of each deer using a liberal amount of fabric glue (Tear Mender, St. Louis, MO, USA). Each capsule was held firmly in place for > 3 min to allow it to adhere to the skin and fur. For each deer, 20 I. scapularis mating pairs were placed within one capsule, and 20 A. americanum mating pairs were placed within the second capsule. Prior to tick attachment, 20 ticks (all same species and sex) were placed into a modified 5-ml syringe. Ticks were chilled in ice for approximately 5–10 min to slow movement. The 20 mating pairs were then carefully plunged into the capsules and a fine mesh lid was applied and reinforced with duct tape. Representative photos and video of the tick attachment process are presented in Fig. 2 and Additional file 4: Video S1, respectively. The capsules were further secured to deer by wrapping the neck with a veterinary bandage (3 M Company, St. Paul, MN, USA).

Tick capsule attachment and tick attachment. a Female ticks being plunged into capsule, b plunger being removed prior to mesh lid being secured, c completed, secured capsule being checked to ensure all corners are adhered to the neck, d closeup of completed capsule containing 20 Ixodes scapularis mating pairs

After completion of capsule and tick attachment, deer were given tolazine via intramuscular injection at a dose of 4 mg/kg to reverse the effects of the anesthetic. Deer were then housed in individual pens, observed closely until they were mobile and moving normally and monitored routinely for the remainder of the day.
Poché D.M., Wagner D., Green K., Smith Z., Hawthorne N., Tseveenjav B, & Poché R.M. (2023). Development of a low-dose fipronil deer feed: evaluation of efficacy against two medically important tick species parasitizing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) under pen conditions. Parasites & Vectors, 16, 94.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2023
Amblyomma americanum Anaplasma phagocytophilum Anesthetic Effect ARID1A protein, human Bandage Biological Assay BLOOD Capsule Cattle Deer Edetic Acid Ehrlichia chaffeensis Electricity Equus caballus Ethylenes Females Francisella tularensis Humidity Intramuscular Injection Ixodes scapularis Jugular Vein Movement Neck Needles Odocoileus virginianus Oryctolagus cuniculus pathogenesis Plasma Rickettsia rickettsii Sheep Skin Syringes Tears Telazol Ticks vinyl acetate Xylazine

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More about "Tears"

Tears are the clear, saline fluid produced by the lacrimal glands in the eyes.
They serve a vital role in eye health and vision by lubricating, protecting, and nourishing the eyes.
Tears contain a complex composition of water, electrolytes, proteins, and other substances that help prevent infection and support the immune system.
Factors like the Keratograph 5M, SPSS software, Filler 031DU40, Pentacam HR, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Filler 920DU40, Microcaps, Refresh Tears, SL-17, and SAS version 9.4 can influence tear production, composition, and overall eye health.
Understanding the function and properties of tears is a key area of ophthalmological research and clinical care, as conditions like dry eye, eye infections, and vision problems can be caused by imbalances in tear production or quality.
Maintaining proper tear film and composition is essential for comfortable, healthy eyes and clear, crisp vision.
By exploring the latest advancements in tear research and incorporating AI-driven tools like PubCompare.ai, researchers and clinicians can optimize their studies and make informed decisions to propel the field of ophthalmology forward.