Detailed materials and methods are listed in the Supplementary Material (9 ). In brief, we analyzed genetic data from 15 GWAS of MS. For the autosomal non-MHC genome, we applied a partitioning approach to create regions of ±1Mbps around the most statistically significant SNP. Then we performed stepwise conditional analyses within each region to identify statistically independent effects (n=4,842). We replicated these effects in two large-scale replication cohorts: i) nine (9 ) data sets genotyped with the MS Replication Chip, and ii) eleven (11 (link)) data sets genotyped with the ImmunoChip. Chromosomes X and Y were analyzed jointly across all the data sets, i.e. the discovery and replication. The extended MHC region was also analyzed jointly across all data sets. We further imputed HLA class I and II alleles and corresponding amino acids. Statistically independent effects in the autosomal non-MHC genome were group into 4 categories post-replication: i) genome-wide effects (GW), ii) suggestive effects (S), iii) non-replicated (NR), and iv) no replication data (ND). Narrow sense heritability was estimated for various combinations of these effects, and the extended MHC region, to quantify the amount of the heritability our findings could explain. Next, we leveraged enrichment methods and tissue/cell reference data sets to characterize the potential involvement of the identified MS effects in the immune and central nervous system, at the tissue and cellular level. We developed an ensemble approach to prioritize genes putative associated with the identify effects, leveraging cell-specific eQTL studies, network approaches, and genomic annotations. Pathway analyses were performed to characterize canonical pathways statistically enriched for the putative causal genes. Finally, we leveraged protein-protein interaction networks to quantify the degree of connectivity of the putative causal genes and identify new mechanisms of action.
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Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the core component of the nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord.
It is responsible for integrating sensory information, coordinating motor responses, and regulating various physiological processes.
The CNS plays a crucial role in cognitive functions, such as perception, memory, and decision-making.
It also oversees the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
Disorders affecting the CNS can lead to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression.
Researchers studying the CNS must employ rigorous, reproducible protocols to advance our understanding of this complex system and develop effective treatments for associated diseases.
It is responsible for integrating sensory information, coordinating motor responses, and regulating various physiological processes.
The CNS plays a crucial role in cognitive functions, such as perception, memory, and decision-making.
It also oversees the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.
Disorders affecting the CNS can lead to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression.
Researchers studying the CNS must employ rigorous, reproducible protocols to advance our understanding of this complex system and develop effective treatments for associated diseases.
Most cited protocols related to «Central Nervous System»
Alleles
Amino Acids
Cells
Central Nervous System
DNA Chips
DNA Replication
Drug Kinetics
Genes
Genome
Genome-Wide Association Study
Reproduction
Tissues
X Chromosome
Animals
Central Nervous System
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Leeches
Monkeys
Nervousness
Operative Surgical Procedures
Premotor Cortex
Vision
Optical recordings from the isolated leech central nervous system were made by K. Briggman and W. Kristan and have been described previously24 (link),25 (link). We recorded neural activity from trained monkeys using both single- and multi-electrode techniques. We recorded from the arm representation of premotor cortex using a wireless system while the monkey walked to obtain juice from the front of a treadmill. We recorded from the arm representation of motor and premotor cortex while monkeys reached to targets projected onto a vertically oriented screen, also for juice reward. All surgical and animal care procedures were performed in accordance with National Institutes of Health guidelines and were approved by the Stanford University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Animals
Central Nervous System
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees
Leeches
Monkeys
Nervousness
Operative Surgical Procedures
Premotor Cortex
Vision
6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency
Adult
Brain
Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System Sensitization
Cesium
Chronic Condition
Diagnosis
Diagnosis, Psychiatric
Ethics Committees, Research
Fibromyalgia
Injuries
Malignant Neoplasms
Management, Pain
Mental Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis
Nervous System Disorder
Pain
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Physical Examination
Physicians
Psychiatrist
Psychophysiologic Disorders
Spinal Cord Injuries
Student
Tests, Diagnostic
Widespread Chronic Pain
Animals
Central Nervous System
Ethanol
Hypersensitivity
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Intrathecal Injection
Lumbar Region
Mice, House
Needles
Nitroglycerin
Normal Saline
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Propylene Glycol
Sumatriptan
Topiramate
Most recents protocols related to «Central Nervous System»
Example 9
An analysis of gene ontology (GO) categories associated with ADAR1 dependent cells revealed that NCI-H1650 and HCC366 (“HCC-366”), two ADAR1 dependent cell lines, both have elevated basal expression of interferon inducible genes (
In light of the correlation between ADAR1 dependency and the expression of interferon-inducible genes, additional cancer cell lines from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) (Liberzon et al. (2015) Cell Systems 1:417-425) was examined. Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) clustering was performed based on the Type I/Interferon-a gene set, which contained 97 genes including PKR. The resulting cluster included HCC366, NCI-H1650 and 9 additional lung cell lines. Among these cell lines, HCC1438 and NCI-H596 were sensitive to knockout of ADAR1 by lentiviral CRISPR-Cas9 (
All the above-identified ADAR1 dependent cancer cell lines showed elevated interferon signaling markers, e.g., phosphorylation of STAT1 and expression of interferon-stimulated gene (ISGs) (
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CD274 protein, human
Cell Lines
Cells
Central Nervous System
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Gene Expression
Genes
Hypersensitivity
Interferon-alpha
Interferons
Interferon Type I
Light
Lung
Malignant Neoplasms
Phosphorylation
secretion
STAT1 protein, human
Example 6
The organ bath system represents an ex vivo system lacking central nervous system (CNS) connections. Gastrointestinal motility is investigated using mice as an animal model. Experiments are performed to measure colonic contractility in conscious germ free (GF) and colonized mice with infusion of tryptamine by enema as well as following colonization of GF with tryptamine producing E. coli. The effect of tryptamine on epithelial biology also is determined.
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Animal Model
Bath
Central Nervous System
Colon
Consciousness
Enema
Escherichia coli
Gastrointestinal Motility
Mus
Muscle Contraction
Tryptamines
Paris cohort enrolled a total of 212 patients who had undergone CSF analysis at the Centre of Cognitive Neurology at Lariboisière Fernand-Widal University Hospital between March 2014 and December 2019, including participants with subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n=21), non-AD mild cognitive impairment (non-AD MCI, n=45), AD-MCI (n=40), AD dementia (n=75) and non-AD dementia (n=31). Non-AD dementia patients encompassed patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n=12), frontotemporal dementia (FTD, n=15), vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID, n=3) and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (n=1). Patients underwent a thorough clinical examination involving personal medical and family histories, treatment, neurological examination, extensive neuropsychological assessment, APOE genotyping, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) extensive neuropsychological evaluation, MRI, APOE genotyping, blood and CSF analysis and fluid sampling for collection (blood and CSF). The diagnosis for each patient was made during multidisciplinary consensus meetings (including neurologists, neuropsychologists, gerontologists, neuroradiologist and biochemists) considering results of validated CSF biomarkers and according to clinical diagnostic criteria for AD dementia [3 (link)], MCI due to AD (AD-MCI) [26 (link)], DLB [27 (link)] and FTD [28 (link)]. AD patients displayed CSF biomarkers on the AD continuum [3 (link)]. MCI of other causes (non-AD MCI) included patients with psychiatric disorder, sleep apnea, or systemic disease. Non-AD MCI presented with normal CSF biomarkers or suspected non-Alzheimer pathophysiology (normal Aβ1-42/40, high p-tau and/or high t-tau). Included SCD participants were individuals with several years of clinical follow-up for a clinical complaint, presenting with normal cognitive testing and no abnormalities at imaging and CSF examinations [29 (link), 30 (link)].
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ApoE protein, human
Biological Markers
BLOOD
Blood Vessel
Brain
Central Nervous System
Cognition
Congenital Abnormality
Diagnosis
Disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disorders, Cognitive
Geriatricians
Lewy Bodies
Mental Disorders
Neurologic Examination
Neurologists
Neuropsychological Tests
Patients
Physical Examination
Pick Disease of the Brain
Presenile Dementia
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
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Adult
Ankle
Arthropathy
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Blood Transfusion
Central Nervous System
Coxa
Desmopressin
Epistaxis
Health Personnel
Hemarthrosis
Hematuria
Hemophilia A
Joints
Joints, Elbow
Knee
Muscle Tissue
Operative Surgical Procedures
Pain Measurement
Patients
Physical Examination
Shoulder
Therapy, Hormone Replacement
Tooth Extraction
Wounds
Wounds and Injuries
This study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital (Approval number: EC-KT-202210). All the participants provided written informed consent. All participants were recruited from the prenatal diagnosis center of Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital from June 2021 to March 2022. Inclusion criterion: Pregnant women who had an indication for amniocentesis, including structural anomalies and a positive result from maternal serum screening or non-invasive prenatal testing. Exclusion criteria: (1) abnormal karyotype or chromosomal microarray analysis results; gestational age beyond 140-154 days; (3) multiple pregnancies; (4) other risk factors for prenatal diagnoses. Finally, 294 participants were included and separated into the discovery (n= 137, from June 2021 to October 2021) and validation (n= 157, from November 2021 to March 2022) cohorts. Fetuses with structural anomalies were categorized into three phenotypic groups based on abnormalities in different organ systems detected by ultrasound, including cardiac, central nervous systems, and renal anomalies. The control group in this study included women with singleton pregnancies whose fetuses had no structural malformations, but who had indications for amniocentesis, including a positive result from maternal serum screening or non-invasive prenatal testing.
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Amniocentesis
Central Nervous System
Children's Health
Chromosomes
Congenital Abnormality
Ethics Committees
Fetal Anomalies
Fetus
Gestational Age
Heart
Intrauterine Diagnoses
Kidney
Microarray Analysis
Mothers
Phenotype
Pregnancy
Pregnant Women
Serum
Ultrasonics
Woman
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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
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The RNeasy Micro Kit is a laboratory tool designed for the isolation and purification of total RNA from small amounts of starting material, such as cultured cells or tissue samples. The kit employs a silica-membrane-based technology to efficiently capture and purify RNA, allowing for subsequent analysis or downstream applications.
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The LSM 510 confocal microscope is a high-resolution imaging system designed for advanced microscopy applications. It utilizes laser scanning technology to capture detailed, three-dimensional images of samples with high contrast and resolution.
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The LSM 710 is a laser scanning microscope developed by Zeiss. It is designed for high-resolution imaging and analysis of biological and materials samples. The LSM 710 utilizes a laser excitation source and a scanning system to capture detailed images of specimens at the microscopic level. The specific capabilities and technical details of the LSM 710 are not provided in this response to maintain an unbiased and factual approach.
More about "Central Nervous System"
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the core component of the neural network, comprising the brain (encephalon) and spinal cord (medulla spinalis).
It plays a crucial role in integrating sensory data, coordinating motor responses, and regulating various physiological processes.
The CNS oversees cognitive functions like perception, memory, and decision-making, as well as the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, respiration, and digestion.
Disorders affecting the CNS can lead to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression.
Researchers studying the CNS often utilize rigorous, reproducible protocols and cutting-edge tools like the LSM 510 and LSM 710 confocal microscopes, QikProp software, and LabChart analysis software to advance their understanding of this complex system.
To ensure accuracy and reproducibility in CNS research, scientists may employ techniques like TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, the DAPI stain for nuclear visualization, and the RNeasy Micro Kit for purification.
Cell culture media like FBS (fetal bovine serum) can also be used to support neural cell growth and development.
The power of AI-driven comparisons, like those offered by PubCompare.ai, can help researchers identify the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ultimately optimizing their Central Nervous System studies and contributing to the development of effective treatments for associated diseases.
It plays a crucial role in integrating sensory data, coordinating motor responses, and regulating various physiological processes.
The CNS oversees cognitive functions like perception, memory, and decision-making, as well as the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, respiration, and digestion.
Disorders affecting the CNS can lead to a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression.
Researchers studying the CNS often utilize rigorous, reproducible protocols and cutting-edge tools like the LSM 510 and LSM 710 confocal microscopes, QikProp software, and LabChart analysis software to advance their understanding of this complex system.
To ensure accuracy and reproducibility in CNS research, scientists may employ techniques like TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, the DAPI stain for nuclear visualization, and the RNeasy Micro Kit for purification.
Cell culture media like FBS (fetal bovine serum) can also be used to support neural cell growth and development.
The power of AI-driven comparisons, like those offered by PubCompare.ai, can help researchers identify the best protocols and products from literature, pre-prints, and patents, ultimately optimizing their Central Nervous System studies and contributing to the development of effective treatments for associated diseases.