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Pituitary-Adrenal System
Pituitary-Adrenal System
The pituitary-adrenal system is a complex neuroendocrine axis that regulates the body's stress response.
It involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.
The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
This, in turn, promots the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids like cortisol.
This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to environmental challanges.
Dysregulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis has been implicated in various disorders, including Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and depression.
Understanding the intricate workings of this system is essential for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
It involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.
The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.
This, in turn, promots the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids like cortisol.
This system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to environmental challanges.
Dysregulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis has been implicated in various disorders, including Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and depression.
Understanding the intricate workings of this system is essential for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Most cited protocols related to «Pituitary-Adrenal System»
Biological Assay
Biological Markers
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cholesterol
C Reactive Protein
Epinephrine
Fibrinogen
Glucose
Hemoglobin, Glycosylated
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Homeostasis
Hormones
Hydrocortisone
Hypothalamus
Index, Body Mass
Inflammation
Insulin Resistance
Interleukin-6
Lipids
Low-Density Lipoproteins
Metabolism
Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic Nervous System
physiology
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Plant Roots
Plasma
Prasterone
Pressure, Diastolic
Pulse Rate
Rate, Heart
SELE protein, human
Serum
Sympathetic Nervous System
Systole
Triglycerides
Urine
Waist-Hip Ratio
This phase 2b, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted between April 15, 2016, and April 4, 2017, at 58 centers in Australia, Canada, Germany, Hungary, and the United States (NCT02780167 ) (trial protocol in Supplement 2 ). A 35-day screening period was followed by a 12-week double-blinded, placebo-controlled treatment period and a 4-week follow-up (eFigure 2 in Supplement 1 ). The study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki15 (link) and all International Council for Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. All local regulatory requirements were followed. This research was approved by institutional review boards or ethics committees at each study site (eTable 1 in Supplement 1 ). All patients provided written informed consent.
Eligible patients were men or women aged 18 to 75 years with a clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe AD (percentage of affected body surface area [%BSA] ≥10; Investigator’s Global Assessment [IGA] score ≥3; and Eczema Area and Severity Index [EASI] score ≥12) for 1 year or more before day 1 of the study and inadequate response to topical medications (topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors) for 4 weeks or more (based on investigator’s judgment) or inability to receive topical treatment within 12 months before the first dose of study drug because it was medically inadvisable (eg, application to a large %BSA, which is associated with increased risk for systemic absorption and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cutaneous adverse effects such as burning or stinging sensations with topical calcineurin inhibitors or skin atrophy, purpura, telangiectasia, and striae with chronic use of topical corticosteroids). Patients who had used topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors within 1 week of the first dose of study drug were excluded (see eAppendix inSupplement 1 for detailed eligibility criteria). Patients were permitted to use oral antihistamines and nonmedicated emollient (CeraVe lotion [CeraVe]; or Aquaphor [Beiersdorf Inc]) and sunscreen (both provided by the sponsor) during the study. Patients who received prohibited systemic or topical medication for AD before week 12 were discontinued from treatment.
Eligible patients were men or women aged 18 to 75 years with a clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe AD (percentage of affected body surface area [%BSA] ≥10; Investigator’s Global Assessment [IGA] score ≥3; and Eczema Area and Severity Index [EASI] score ≥12) for 1 year or more before day 1 of the study and inadequate response to topical medications (topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors) for 4 weeks or more (based on investigator’s judgment) or inability to receive topical treatment within 12 months before the first dose of study drug because it was medically inadvisable (eg, application to a large %BSA, which is associated with increased risk for systemic absorption and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cutaneous adverse effects such as burning or stinging sensations with topical calcineurin inhibitors or skin atrophy, purpura, telangiectasia, and striae with chronic use of topical corticosteroids). Patients who had used topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors within 1 week of the first dose of study drug were excluded (see eAppendix in
Administration, Topical
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Atrophy
Body Surface Area
Diagnosis
Dietary Supplements
Eczema
Eligibility Determination
Emollients
Ethics Committees
Ethics Committees, Research
Histamine Antagonists
Hypothalamus
Inhibitor, Calcineurin
Patients
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Placebos
Purpura
Skin
Striae Distensae
Systemic Absorption
Woman
Amyloid Proteins
Body Fat
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Cardiovascular System
Cognition
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Executive Function
Exercise, Aerobic
Glucose
Homeostasis
Hydrocortisone
Hypothalamus
IGF1 protein, human
Insulin Sensitivity
Lipids
Memory
Mini Mental State Examination
neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human
Obesity
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Plasma
The Department of Neurosurgery of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) admitted a total of 146 acromegaly patients from January to December in 2013. The study group consisted of 108 patients who were recruited strictly according to the inclusion criteria, which were as follows: (1) pathologically diagnosed with acromegaly; (2) of any age and of either gender presenting with elevated GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and normal levels of other hormones, including thyroxin, hormones of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and gonadal hormones; (3) no history of surgery, radiotherapy, or medical treatment of somatostatin analogs before hospital admission; (4) no history of treatment with hormonal replacement for pituitary deficit; and (5) no known cardiac disorders. The control cases, who were gender- and age-matched with the study group, were selected from the Department of Physical Examination Center of PUMCH in 2013. Patients in the control group had normal pituitary function, no previous endocrine diseases, and no known cardiac disorders.
The diagnosis of acromegaly was based on the following criteria [11 (link), 12 (link)]: (1) typical symptoms of acromegaly, for example, enlarged hand/foot and thickening of the soft tissue; (2) lack of suppression of GH to below 1.0 ng/mL after oral administration of 75 g glucose; (3) a high level of fasting GH (>2.5 ng/mL); and (4) a high level of serum IGF-1 controlled for age and gender. After documentation of their disease information, all patients underwent hormone assays, MRI evaluation, and echocardiography after admission.
The diagnosis of acromegaly was based on the following criteria [11 (link), 12 (link)]: (1) typical symptoms of acromegaly, for example, enlarged hand/foot and thickening of the soft tissue; (2) lack of suppression of GH to below 1.0 ng/mL after oral administration of 75 g glucose; (3) a high level of fasting GH (>2.5 ng/mL); and (4) a high level of serum IGF-1 controlled for age and gender. After documentation of their disease information, all patients underwent hormone assays, MRI evaluation, and echocardiography after admission.
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Acromegaly
Administration, Oral
Age Groups
Biological Assay
Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Endocrine System Diseases
Fibrinogen
Foot
Glucose
Gonadal Hormones
Heart Diseases
Hormones
Hyperinsulinism
Hypothalamic Hormones
IGF1 protein, human
Neurosurgical Procedures
Operative Surgical Procedures
Patients
Physical Examination
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Radiotherapy
Serum
Somatostatin
Thyroxine
Tissues
Analgesics
Autoimmune Diseases
Caffeine
Chronic Condition
Chronic Pain
Coffee
Cor Pulmonale
Drug Abuse
Drugs, Non-Prescription
Endocrine System Diseases
Ethanol
Hearing Impaired Persons
Hypothalamus
Index, Body Mass
Malignant Neoplasms
Nervous System, Autonomic
Pain
Pain-Free
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Twins
Tylenol
Visually Impaired Persons
Woman
Most recents protocols related to «Pituitary-Adrenal System»
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Open the protocol to access the free full text link
Auditory Perception
Clinic Visits
Cognition
Cushing's Disease
Dementia
Disorders, Cognitive
Hydrocortisone
Hypothalamus
Memory
Neuropsychological Tests
Patients
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Stress Disorders, Traumatic
After the 10th day of administration, all rats were fasted but had free access to water for 12 h while urine samples were collected. The 12 h urines of all rats were collected into a 50 mL centrifuge tube containing 20 µL of 1% sodium azide (NaN3). After centrifugation at 4,500 rpm min−1 for 10 min in a 4°C low-temperature centrifuge, the supernatant was taken and stored at −80°C until metabonomics analysis. Afterwards, blood samples were drawn from the orbit and collected in two 2 mL centrifuge tubes, one of which contained 20 µL heparin sodium solution for preparing plasma samples, the other for preparing serum samples. Then, centrifugation was performed at 4,000 rpm min−1 for 10 min in a 4°C low-temperature centrifuge, and the supernatant was taken to obtain plasma samples and serum samples. The plasma and serum samples were stored at −80°C until plasma metabonomics analysis and serum biochemical analysis.
Biochemical indicators included the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in kidney-yang deficiency rats (Chen and Wang, 2015 (link); Liu et al., 2016 (link); Zhang et al., 2020 (link)): CORT, ACTH and 17-OHCS; Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis related indicators: T3, T4, and TSH; Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis related indicators: LH, T, and FSH.
Thereafter, all rats were euthanized in parallel. The kidney tissues were quickly excised, directly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for subsequent quantitative real-time PCR assays. Simultaneously, the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, testis and kidney of all rats were collected and fixed in formalin solution for histopathological analysis.
Biochemical indicators included the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in kidney-yang deficiency rats (Chen and Wang, 2015 (link); Liu et al., 2016 (link); Zhang et al., 2020 (link)): CORT, ACTH and 17-OHCS; Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis related indicators: T3, T4, and TSH; Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis related indicators: LH, T, and FSH.
Thereafter, all rats were euthanized in parallel. The kidney tissues were quickly excised, directly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for subsequent quantitative real-time PCR assays. Simultaneously, the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland, testis and kidney of all rats were collected and fixed in formalin solution for histopathological analysis.
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Adrenal Glands
Aftercare
Biological Assay
BLOOD
Centrifugation
Cold Temperature
Cortisone
Epistropheus
Formalin
Freezing
Heparin Sodium
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Hypothalamus
Kidney
Nitrogen
Orbit
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Plasma
Rattus
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Serum
Sodium Azide
Testis
Thyroid Gland
Tissues
Urine
Yang Deficiency
The study participants were MS patients who belonged to different MS associations in the Valencian region of Spain, which were contacted to present the project to them. The associations sent the information to all their members. A total of 72 MS patients, diagnosed by neurologists with the McDonald test, showed their interest in participating. The inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years of age, diagnosed with RRMS or SPMS at least for a year, treated with glatiramer and interferon beta, who had not had a relapse in the previous 6 months. Pregnant women or women who were breastfeeding, patients with dementia, patients being treated with antidepressants and patients with any hormonal disease with alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) were excluded.
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Antidepressive Agents
Glatiramer
Hypothalamus
Interferon, beta
Neurologists
Patients
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Pregnant Women
Presenile Dementia
Relapse
RNA Recognition Motif
Woman
Ten milliliters of peripheral venous blood was collected from each patient to measure the hormones of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axes at 8:00 am, the day after enrolment, and the measurement was repeated at the end of the 16-week treatment period. The seven detected hormones were adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (COR), thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH), 3-triiodothyronine (TT3), thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4). ACTH levels were measured using radioimmunoassay, and TSH levels were measured using the electrochemiluminescence double-antibody sandwich method. COR, TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4 levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence quantitative assays. The normal ranges of the seven hormones levels is as follows: TSH: 0.27–4.2 mU/L, TT3: 1.3–3.1 nmol/L, FT3: 3.6–7.5 pmol/L, TT4: 62–164 nmol/L, FT4: 12–22 pmol/L, ACTH: 5.0–78 ng/L, COR (8:00 am): 147.3–609.3 nmol/L. Hormone levels above or below the reference range were both defined as “abnormal”. Patients were considered to have an abnormal HPA axis if they had at least one abnormal value of ACTH and COR levels, while they were considered to have an abnormal HPT axis if they had at least one abnormal value of TSH, TT3, FT3, TT4, and FT4 levels.
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Biological Assay
BLOOD
Corticotropin
Epistropheus
Hormones
Hydrocortisone
Hypothalamic Hormones
Hypothalamus
Immunoglobulins
Liothyronine
Patients
Pituitary-Adrenal System
Pituitary Hormones
Radioimmunoassay
Thyroid Diseases
Thyroid Gland
Thyrotropin
Thyroxine
Veins
In order to assess if exposure to residential green space affects methylation sites previously associated with maternal stress, we performed a look-up analysis of CpGs annotated to seven hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis candidate genes (NR3C1, FKBP5, 11β-HSD2, CRH, CRHBP, SLC6A4, and OXT) (Benjamini et al., 2001 (link)).
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cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine
FKBP5 protein, human
Genes
Hypothalamus
Methylation
Mothers
Pituitary-Adrenal System
SLC6A4 protein, human
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More about "Pituitary-Adrenal System"
The pituitary-adrenal axis, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is a complex neuroendocrine system that plays a crucial role in the body's stress response and homeostasis.
This intricate network involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, working together to regulate the production and release of key hormones like corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
The hypothalamus secretes CRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH.
ACTH, in turn, promots the adrenal glands to produce and release glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol.
This cascade of hormonal interactions is essential for the body's ability to adapt to environmental challenges and maintain physiological balance.
Dysregulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis has been implicated in various disorders, including Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and depression.
Understanding the intricate workings of this system is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Researchers can optimize their pituitary-adrenal system studies by utilizing tools like Salivette, a device used for the collection of saliva samples, and the B6.Cg-tg(Prnp-ITM2B/APP695*42) A12Emcg/J mouse model, which can be used to investigate the role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in neurological conditions.
The FLUOstar Galaxy microplate reader and DetectX Corticosterone Enzyme Immunoassay Kit can also be valuable for analyzing hormone levels and assessing pituitary-adrenal function.
By leveraging the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their pituitary-adrenal system research by identifying the most effective protocols and products from the literature, preprints, and patents, saving time and improving the reproducibility of their studies.
With the right tools and resources, researchers can unravel the intricacies of this critical neuroendocrine system and advance our understanding of its role in health and disease.
This intricate network involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, working together to regulate the production and release of key hormones like corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
The hypothalamus secretes CRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH.
ACTH, in turn, promots the adrenal glands to produce and release glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol.
This cascade of hormonal interactions is essential for the body's ability to adapt to environmental challenges and maintain physiological balance.
Dysregulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis has been implicated in various disorders, including Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and depression.
Understanding the intricate workings of this system is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.
Researchers can optimize their pituitary-adrenal system studies by utilizing tools like Salivette, a device used for the collection of saliva samples, and the B6.Cg-tg(Prnp-ITM2B/APP695*42) A12Emcg/J mouse model, which can be used to investigate the role of the pituitary-adrenal axis in neurological conditions.
The FLUOstar Galaxy microplate reader and DetectX Corticosterone Enzyme Immunoassay Kit can also be valuable for analyzing hormone levels and assessing pituitary-adrenal function.
By leveraging the power of AI-driven platforms like PubCompare.ai, researchers can optimize their pituitary-adrenal system research by identifying the most effective protocols and products from the literature, preprints, and patents, saving time and improving the reproducibility of their studies.
With the right tools and resources, researchers can unravel the intricacies of this critical neuroendocrine system and advance our understanding of its role in health and disease.