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> Anatomy > Body System > Skin

Skin

Skin, the largest organ of the body, serves as a protective barrier against environmental factors, regulates temperature, and facilitates sensory perception.
It is composed of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with specialized cell types and functions.
The skin plays a crucial role in immune response, wound healing, and vitamin D synthesis.
Skin disorders, such as acne, eczema, and skin cancer, are common and can significantly impact quality of life.
Researchjng the skin and its functions is essential for understanding and treating a variety of health conditions.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help optimie the effeciency and effectiveness of skin studies by easily locating and comparing protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using advanced AI-driven comparisons.

Most cited protocols related to «Skin»

1
16S rRNA Phylometagenomic Analysis of Normal Human Microbiome
The 16S rRNA-based phylometagenomic dataset of the normal (healthy) human microbiome was made available through the Human Microbiome Project [13 (link)], and consists of 454 FLX Titanium sequences spanning the V3 to V5 variable regions obtained for 301 samples from 24 healthy subjects (12 male, 12 female) enrolled at a single clinical site in Houston, TX. These samples cover 18 different body sites, including 6 main body site categories: the oral cavity (9 samples), the gut (1 sample), the vagina (3 samples), the retroauricular crease (2 samples), the nasal cavity (1 sample) and the skin (2 samples). Detailed protocols used for enrollment, sampling, DNA extraction, 16S amplification and sequencing are available on the Human Microbiome Project Data Analysis and Coordination Center website [103 ], and are also described elsewhere [55 ,56 (link)]. In brief, genomic DNA was isolated using the Mo Bio PowerSoil kit [104 ] and subjected to 16S amplifications using primers designed incorporating the FLX Titanium adapters and a sample barcode sequence, allowing directional sequencing covering variable regions V5 to partial V3 (primers: 357F 5'-CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3' and 926R 5'-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGT-3'). Resulting sequences were processed using a data curation pipeline implemented in mothur [41 (link)], which reduces the sequencing error rate to less than 0.06% as validated on a mock community. As part of the pipeline parameters, to pass the initial quality control step, one unambiguous mismatch to the sample barcode and two mismatches to the PCR amplification primers were allowed. Sequences with an ambiguous base call or a homopolymer longer than eight nucleotides were removed from subsequent analyses, as suggested previously [105 (link)]. Based on the supplied quality scores, all sequences were trimmed when a base call with a score below 20 was encountered. All sequences were aligned using a NAST-based sequence aligner to a custom reference based on the SILVA alignment [106 (link),107 (link)]. Sequences that were shorter than 200 bp or that did not align to the anticipated region of the reference alignment were removed from further analysis. Chimeric sequences were identified using the mothur implementation of the ChimeraSlayer algorithm [108 (link)]. Unique reads were classified with the MSU RDP classifier v2.2 [58 (link)] using the taxonomy proposed by [109 ], maintained at the RDP (RDP 10 database, version 6). The 16S rRNA reads are available in the Sequence Read Archive at [110 ].
Segata N., Izard J., Waldron L., Gevers D., Miropolsky L., Garrett W.S, & Huttenhower C. (2011). Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biology, 12(6), R60.
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Publication 2011
Base Sequence Chimera Females Genome Healthy Volunteers Human Body Human Microbiome Males Nasal Cavity Nucleotides Oligonucleotide Primers Oral Cavity RNA, Ribosomal, 16S Skin Titanium Vagina
2
Frozen Tissue Immunohistochemistry Protocol
Freshly isolated and cultivated skin samples were harvested at indicated time-points, embedded in optimum cutting tissue compound (Tissue-plus; Scigen Scientific, Gardena, CA, USA), snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until further processing. Frozen tissues were sectioned (5 µm) (Cryotome–Leica Biosystems CM1850, Germany), fixed in ice-cold acetone (10 minutes) and washed with PBS. Fixed sections were stained with unconjugated and conjugated antibodies (Abs) (overnight, 4 °C) and Ab binding was detected using corresponding secondary Abs. Paraffin embedded tissues were deparaffinised by dipping them into Xylol (2x, 5 minutes), 100% ethanol (5 minutes), 70% ethanol (5 minutes) and washed in tap water (2x, 5 minutes). Then they were incubated in antigen retrieval buffer (Dako S1699, Denmark), washed in PBS and stained. Abs used are listed in Table S1.
Rakita A., Nikolić N., Mildner M., Matiasek J, & Elbe-Bürger A. (2020). Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model. Scientific Reports, 10, 1.
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Publication 2020
Acetone Antibodies Antigens Buffers Cold Temperature Ethanol Freezing Nitrogen Paraffin Skin Tissues Xylene
3
Suction Blister Induction and Wound Healing
A negative pressure instrument (Electronic Diversities, Finksburg, MD, USA) constructed to produce standard suction blisters upon application of negative pressure, was used on healthy skin (ex vivo: abdominal skin; in vivo: lower forearm). Subcutaneous fat was partially removed from ex vivo skin using a scissor. Subsequently, skin (10 × 10 cm2) was placed (not fixed, not kept in medium) on a styrofoam lid that was covered with aluminium foil to provide (at least partial) backpressure. Suction chambers with 5 openings (Ø = 5 mm) on the orifice plate were attached to skin, topped with a styrofoam lid and pressed with 1 kg weight in order to avoid movement of the plate. A pressure of 200–250 millimeter (mm) mercury (Hg) (ex vivo) or 150–200 mm Hg (in vivo) caused the skin to be drawn through the openings creating typical suction blisters of different size within 6–8 h (ex vivo) and 1–2 h (in vivo). Suction blister fluid (~110 µl/5 blisters) was collected using a syringe with a needle. Cells within the fluid were counted and placed on adhesion slides for staining and analysis. Blister roof epidermis was cut with a scissor, fixed with ice-cold acetone (10 minutes) and used for staining. For comparison and control, epidermal sheets were prepared from unwounded skin biopsy punches (Ø = 6 mm; 3.8% ammonium thiocyanate (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Germany) in PBS (Gibco, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA), 1 h, 37 °C). Removal of the blister roof created a wound area. Biopsies (Ø = 6 mm) from wounded and unwounded areas were cultivated for 12 days in either duplicates or triplicates in 12 well culture plates and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Gibco) and were cultured at the air-liquid interphase. Medium was changed every second day.
Rakita A., Nikolić N., Mildner M., Matiasek J, & Elbe-Bürger A. (2020). Re-epithelialization and immune cell behaviour in an ex vivo human skin model. Scientific Reports, 10, 1.
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Publication 2020
Abdomen Acetone Aluminum ammonium thiocyanate Biopsy Cells Cold Temperature Eagle Epidermis Fetal Bovine Serum Forearm Interphase Mercury-200 Movement Needles Penicillins Pressure Skin Streptomycin styrofoam Subcutaneous Fat Suction Drainage Syringes
4
Comprehensive Cell Line RNA Isolation
Thirty-four neuroblastoma cell lines were grown to subconfluency according to standard culture conditions. RNA was isolated using the RNeasy Midi Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Nine RNA samples from pooled normal human tissues (heart, brain, fetal brain, lung, trachea, kidney, mammary gland, small intestine and uterus) were obtained from Clontech. Blood and fibroblast biopsies were obtained from different normal healthy individuals. Thirteen leukocyte samples were isolated from 5 ml fresh blood using Qiagen's erythrocyte lysis buffer. Fibroblast cells from 20 upper-arm skin biopsies were cultured for a short time (3-4 passages) and harvested at subconfluency as described [22 (link)]. Bone marrow samples were obtained from nine patients with no hematological malignancy. Total RNA of leukocyte, fibroblast and bone marrow samples was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Vandesompele J., De Preter K., Pattyn F., Poppe B., Van Roy N., De Paepe A, & Speleman F. (2002). Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biology, 3(7), research0034.1-research0034.11.
Publication 2002
Arm, Upper Biopsy BLOOD Bone Marrow Brain Buffers Cell Lines Erythrocytes Fetus Fibroblasts Heart Hematologic Neoplasms Homo sapiens Intestines, Small Kidney Leukocytes Lung Mammary Gland Neuroblastoma Patients Skin Tissues Trachea trizol Uterus
5
Whole-Genome Sequencing of AML Tumors
We performed whole-genome sequencing of the primary tumor and matched normal skin samples from 50 patients (with data from 24 of these patients reported previously17 (link)) and exome capture and sequencing for another 150 paired samples of AML tumor and skin (see Table S3 in the Supplementary Appendix for coverage data for the 200 samples).
All 200 patients who were selected for this study were enrolled in a single-institution tissue-banking protocol approved by the human studies committee at Washington University. Written informed consent for whole-genome sequencing was obtained from all study participants.
The samples, which were banked between November 2001 and March 2010, were selected from a set of more than 400 samples to reflect a real-world distribution of subtypes. Sample inventory and quality issues also had to be considered in the selection process, since the samples were analyzed on several different platforms. We identified candidate somatic variants using several algorithms (see the Methods section in the Supplementary Appendix), and all the variants for the 200 samples were verified with the use of hybridization capture–based methods and deep digital sequencing.18 (link) We performed RNA-expression profiling on the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2 platform for 197 samples, RNA sequencing for 179 samples, microRNA (miRNA) sequencing for 194 samples, Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip profiling for 192 samples, and Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 for both tumor and normal skin samples from all 200 patients. Data sets were not completed for all samples on all platforms because of assay failures and availability and quality issues for some samples. The complete list of data sets is provided in Table S4 in the Supplementary Appendix. All data sets are available through the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data portal (https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga).
Genomic and Epigenomic Landscapes of Adult De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia. (2013). The New England journal of medicine, 368(22), 2059-2074.
Publication 2013
Biological Assay Crossbreeding Diploid Cell Exome Fingers Genome Homo sapiens Malignant Neoplasms Methylation MIRN194 microRNA, mouse Neoplasms Patients Skin Transcription, Genetic

Most recents protocols related to «Skin»

1
In Vivo Evaluation of SYN-PKU-2002 Activity
Not available on PMC !

Example 66

The activity of SYN-PKU-2002 was assessed in vivo. To prepare the cells for the study, SYN-PKU901 and SYN-PKU-2002 overnight cultures were each used to inoculate 4 2 L flasks containing 500 mL of LB with DAP100 ug/mL. These cultures were grown for 1 hr and 45 min and then moved to the anaerobic chamber supplying 90% N2, 5% CO2, and 5% H2 for 4 hours. Cells were then spun down at 4600×G for 12 min and resuspended in 10 mL of formulation buffer (Glycerol: 15% (v/v), Sucrose: 10% (w/v) (100 g/L), MOPS: 10 mM (2.1 g/L), NaCl: 25 mM (1.46 g/L)). Several 40 ul aliquots were removed to be used for cell counting and activity determination. The viability as determined by cellometer count (in quadruplicate) 6.94e10 cfu/ml (+/−5.78e9).

Activity was determined using a plate based assay. Briefly, 1×108 cfu as determined by cellometer were added to 1 ml of prewarmed assay buffer (1× M9 minimal media containing 0.5% glucose, 50 mM MOPS, and 50 mM phenylalanine) in a microfuge tube, vortexed briefly, and immediately placed in a heat block or water bath at 37 degrees Celsius for static incubation (t=0). Supernatant samples from cells re-suspended in assay buffer were analyzed for the abundance of TCA over several time points using spectrophotometer at an absorbance of 290 nm. The accurate OD290 window for TCA detection occurs in a relatively narrow concentration range. For this reason, supernatant samples were diluted to ensure that the absorbance measurement fell into the linear range for detection. Measurements were compared to a TCA standard curve. Activity was determined to be 2.72 umol/hr/le9 cfu (+/−0.15 umol/hr/le9 cfu).

Beginning 4 days prior to the study (i.e., Days −4-1), Pah ENU2/2 mice (˜11-15 weeks of age) were maintained on phenylalanine-free chow and water that was supplemented with 0.5 grams/L phenylalanine. On the day of the study, mice were randomized into treatment groups according to weight as follows: Group 1: SYN-PKU901 (n=9); Group 2: Group 2: SYN-PKU-2002 (n=9). Blood samples were collected by sub-mandibular skin puncture to determine baseline phenylalanine levels. Mice were then administered single dose of phenylalanine by subcutaneous injection at 0.1 mg per gram body weight, according to the average group weight. At 1, 2 and 3 h post Phe challenge, the bacteria (or water) were administered to mice by oral gavage (3×250 ul). Whole blood was collected via submandibular bleed at each time point. Urine collection in metabolic caging commenced immediately after the 1st bacterial dose and continued to be collected for the duration of the study (4 hours).

Blood samples were kept on ice until processing for plasma in a centrifuge (2000 g for 10 min at 4 C) within 20 min of collection. Plasma was then transferred into a 96-well plate for MS analysis. Urine was collected in 5 mL tubes and volumes were recorded before transferring samples to MS for analysis. Results are shown in FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B and show that SYN-PKU-2002 causes decreased changes in phenylalanine post-Phe injection and produces hippurate, in a similar manner as SYN-PKU-710.

US11879123B2. Bacteria for the treatment of disorders (2024-01-23). Synlogic Operating Company, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Dean Falb [US], Adam B. Fisher [US], Vincent M. Isabella [US], Jonathan W. Kotula [US], David Lubkowicz [US], Paul F. Miller [US], Yves Millet [US], Sarah Elizabeth Rowe [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Bacteria Bath Biological Assay BLOOD Buffers Cells Glucose Glycerin hippurate Mandible morpholinopropane sulfonic acid Mus Plasma Punctures Serum Skin Sodium Chloride Subcutaneous Injections Sucrose Tube Feeding Urine Urine Specimen Collection
2
Tucaresol Combination Therapy Evaluation
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

1) Tucaresol

Tucaresol (0-1200 μM) is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumors such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines. Tucaresol is studied either alone or in combination with standard-of-care agents (1-100 μM). All cell lines are grown in standard serum-containing media with an exposure time of 24-144 hours. Cell viability is measured using, for example, the Cell TiterGlo® Viability Assay. The potency (IC50) and efficacy (% cell kill) are determined from the percent cell growth of the vehicle control.

2) Tucaresol Plus PD-1 Antibody

Tucaresol (0-1200 μM) in the presence of a PD-1 antibody is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumor such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines, and the viability of the cell lines are measured as described above. The viability of the cell lines in the presence of tucaresol plus PD-1 antibody is compared to the viability of the cell lines in the presence of a CTLA-4 antibody plus the PD-1 antibody or PD-1 antibody alone.

3) CTLA-4 Antibody Plus PD-1 Antibody

CTLA-4 antibody in the presence of a PD-1 antibody is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumor such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines, and the viability of the cell lines are measured as described above.

4) Tucaresol Plus Plinabulin

Tucaresol (0-1200 μM) in the presence of Plinabulin is exposed for 72 hours to a panel of human liquid, hematological, and solid tumor such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer (squamous and adenocarcinoma), hepatocellular, renal, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines, and human non-tumor such as HUVEC, PBMC, skin fibroblast cells lines, and the viability of the cell lines are measured as described above.

The viability of the cell lines in the presence of tucaresol, tucaresol plus PD-1 antibody, CTLA-4 antibody plus the PD-1 antibody, and tucaresol plus plinabulin are compared.

US11857522B2. Compositions containing tucaresol or its analogs (2024-01-02). BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ramon Mohanlal [US], Lan Huang [US], George Kenneth Lloyd [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Adenocarcinoma Biological Assay Cell Lines Cells Cell Survival Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 Fibroblasts Homo sapiens Immunoglobulins Kidney Leukemia MCF-7 Cells Multiple Myeloma Neoplasms Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Pancreas plinabulin Serum Skin tucaresol
3
Skin Flux Assay with Human Epidermis
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

(Test 4) A skin flux assay was performed using a vertical Franz diffusion cell having a diffusion area of 0.64 cm2 and a volume of 7.5 mL. The assay was conducted at 32° C. with continuous stirring. Heat-separated human cadaver epidermis was used in the assay, the epidermis being stored at −20° C. after the heat stripping procedure. The human epidermis was thawed prior to being mounted on the diffusion cell. A test compound was applied on the skin, and the diffusion cell was closed by screw-cap. At various time intervals, whole medium or receptor medium was replaced by fresh medium. Part of the collected medium was used to calculate the skin flux of the test compound. The skin flux of various test compounds was evaluated using human epidermis from different donors. N=4 replicates were performed for each test compound tested on human epidermis from a particular donor.

Results of the skin flux assay are shown in Table 1 above. For Table 1, the code for the average skin flux of the test compounds tested on human epidermis from a particular donor is:

+=low to moderate skin flux

++=medium skin flux

+++=high skin flux

++++=very high skin flux

US11866402B2. Treprostinil derivatives and compositions and uses thereof (2024-01-09). CORSAIR PHARMA, INC. [US]. Inventors: Xiaoming Zhang [US], Meenakshi S. Venkatraman [US], Cyrus K. Becker [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Biological Assay Cadaver Cells derivatives Diffusion Donors Epidermis Homo sapiens Skin Test, Skin Tissue Donors treprostinil
4
Formulation Optimization for Transdermal Diclofenac
Not available on PMC !

Example 5

Additional formulations which vary the amounts of transcutol and ethyl alcohol were examined by the same procedure.

Formulations tested (Table 4):

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD37D38D39D40
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid08.08.08.08.0
DMSO45.516.021.016.021.0
Transcutol026.021.021.016.0
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.011.011.011.0
Poloxamer P18800000
Ethyl Alcohol31.3534.034.039.039.0
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.150000
TOTAL100100100100100

FIGS. 9, 10, and 11 depict a head-to-head comparison of Pennsaid and Formulation D34 as a delivered transdermal dose, dose retained in the skin, and calculated as percent delivery of diclofenac.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Ethanol Figs Head hydroxypropylcellulose Obstetric Delivery Oleic Acid Poloxamer Propylene Glycol Skin Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol
5
Diclofenac Topical Formulation Optimization
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

Additional formulations which vary the amounts of oleic acid, propylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol were examined by the same procedure.

Formulations tested (Table 3):

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD51D52D53D54D55
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid08.08.08.04.04.0
DMSO45.520.020.020.020.020.0
Transcutol024.524.524.524.524.5
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.06.03.011.03.0
Poloxamer P188000000
Ethyl Alcohol31.3531.536.539.535.543.5
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.1500000
TOTAL100100100100100100

FIG. 7 depicts skin permeation delivered dose data for 2% diclofenac formulations from Table 1, while FIG. 8 depicts skin permeation flux data for 2% diclofenac formulations from Table 1. As shown, these formulae can deliver equivalent amounts of diclofenac to that of Formula D1C with substantially less DMSO and at a much lower amount of the formula applied.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Ethanol hydroxypropylcellulose Oleic Acid Poloxamer Propylene Glycol Skin Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol

Top products related to «Skin»

1
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
2
Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, Canada, Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Israel, New Zealand, Ireland, Denmark, India, Poland, Sweden, Argentina, Netherlands, Brazil, Macao, Singapore, Sao Tome and Principe, Cameroon, Hong Kong, Portugal, Morocco, Hungary, Finland, Puerto Rico, Holy See (Vatican City State), Gabon, Bulgaria, Norway, Jamaica
DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.
3
Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada, France, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Israel, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Gabon, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Brazil, Macao, India, Singapore, Poland, Argentina, Cameroon, Uruguay, Morocco, Panama, Colombia, Holy See (Vatican City State), Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Mexico, Thailand, Palestine, State of, Finland, Moldova, Republic of, Jamaica, Czechia
Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
4
Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy, Australia, Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Lithuania, Denmark, Singapore, New Zealand, India, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Poland, Finland, Israel, Hong Kong, Cameroon, Sao Tome and Principe, Macao, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand
TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.
5
Penicillin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, France, Canada, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Israel, Belgium, Austria, Spain, Brazil, Netherlands, Gabon, Denmark, Poland, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, Argentina, India, Macao, Uruguay, Portugal, Holy See (Vatican City State), Czechia, Singapore, Panama, Thailand, Moldova, Republic of, Finland, Morocco
Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.
6
Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.
7
Rneasy mini kit by Qiagen
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The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.
8
L glutamine by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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L-glutamine is an amino acid that is commonly used as a dietary supplement and in cell culture media. It serves as a source of nitrogen and supports cellular growth and metabolism.
9
Trizol by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany, China, Japan, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, India, Ireland, Lithuania, Singapore, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Brazil, Argentina, Hungary, Sao Tome and Principe, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Cameroon, Philippines
TRIzol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate that is used for the isolation of total RNA from various biological samples. It is a reagent designed to facilitate the disruption of cells and the subsequent isolation of RNA.
10
Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, China, Macao, Switzerland, France, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain, Australia, Ireland, Poland, Belgium, Denmark, India, Sweden, Israel, Austria, Brazil, Czechia, Netherlands, Portugal, Norway, Holy See (Vatican City State), New Zealand, Hungary, Senegal, Argentina, Thailand, Singapore, Ukraine, Mexico
FBS, or Fetal Bovine Serum, is a commonly used cell culture supplement. It is derived from the blood of bovine fetuses and provides essential growth factors, hormones, and other nutrients to support the growth and proliferation of a wide range of cell types in vitro.

More about "Skin"

The Integumentary System: Exploring the Wonders of Skin

The skin, the body's largest organ, serves as a vital protective barrier against environmental factors, regulates temperature, and facilitates sensory perception.
Composed of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with specialized cell types and functions, the skin plays a crucial role in immune response, wound healing, and vitamin D synthesis.
Skin disorders, such as acne, eczema, and skin cancer, are common and can significantly impact quality of life.
Understanding the skin and its functions is essential for treating a variety of health conditions.
Researchers often utilize cell culture techniques, including the use of FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum), DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium), and Penicillin/Streptomycin, to study skin cells in vitro.
TRIzol reagent, a phenol-based solution, is commonly used to extract RNA from skin samples, while the RNeasy Mini Kit helps purify and concentrate the RNA for further analysis.
Compounds like Penicillin and Streptomycin are often added to cell culture media to prevent bacterial contamination, and L-glutamine provides an essential nutrient for cell growth and proliferation.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of skin studies by easily locating and comparing protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents using advanced AI-driven comparisons.
Maximize the accuracy and productivity of your skin research with the power of PubCompare.ai.
OtherTerms: Integumentary System, Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis, Acne, Eczema, Skin Cancer, Cell Culture, FBS, DMEM, Penicillin/Streptomycin, TRIzol Reagent, Penicillin, Streptomycin, RNeasy Mini Kit, L-glutamine, PubCompare.ai