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Dendrites

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that receive and integrate signals from other cells, conveying these signals toward the cell body.
They play a crucial role in the processing and transmission of information within the nervous system.
Dendrites exhibit a diverse morphology, with complex branching patterns that increase the surface area for receiving inputs.
Understanding the structure and function of dendrites is essential for elucidating neuronal communication and synaptic plasticity, processes fundamental to cognition, memory, and neurological disorders.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of dendrites, their role in neuronal signalling, and their relevance to neuroscience research.

Most cited protocols related to «Dendrites»

1
Intracellular Labeling of Cortical Neurons
Four 9 month old male mice (C57Bl/SJL) were used. Animals were anesthetized with choral hydrate (15% aqueous solution, i.p.) and were perfused transcardially with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.125% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer saline (PBS; pH 7.4). The brains were then carefully removed from the skull and postfixed for 6 hours. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Uses Committee.
For intracellular injections, brains were coronally sectioned at 200 µm on a Vibratome (Leica, Nussloch, Germany). The sections were then incubated in 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), a fluorescent nucleic acid stain, for 5 minutes, mounted on nitrocellulose filter paper and immersed in PBS. Using DAPI as a staining guide, individual layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the frontal cortex were loaded with 5% Lucifer Yellow (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) in distilled water under a DC current of 3–8 nA for 10 minutes, or until the dye had filled distal processes and no further loading was observed [45] (link), [49] (link). Tissue slices were then mounted and coverslipped in Permafluor. Dendritic segment and spine imaging was performed using a Zeiss 410 confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss, Thornwood, NY, USA) using a 488 nm excitation wavelength, using a 1.4 N.A. Plan-Apochromat 100× objective with a working distance of 170 µm and a 5× digital zoom. After gain and offset settings were optimized, segments were digitally imaged at 0.1 µm increments, along the optical axis. The confocal stacks were then deconvolved with AutoDeblur (MediaCybernetics, Bethesda, MD, USA).
Supporting Information is available online (Box S1)
Rodriguez A., Ehlenberger D.B., Dickstein D.L., Hof P.R, & Wearne S.L. (2008). Automated Three-Dimensional Detection and Shape Classification of Dendritic Spines from Fluorescence Microscopy Images. PLoS ONE, 3(4), e1997.
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Publication 2008
Animals Animals, Laboratory Brain Buffers Cranium DAPI Dendrites Epistropheus Fingers Glutaral Lobe, Frontal lucifer yellow Males Mice, House Microscopy, Confocal Molecular Probes Nitrocellulose Nucleic Acids paraform Phosphates Protoplasm Pyramidal Cells Saline Solution Stains Tissues Vertebral Column Vision
2
Sparse Labeling of Cortical Neurons for Imaging
Constructs used to produce AAV included pGP-AAV-syn-GCaMP-WPRE and the Cre recombinase-activated construct pGP-AAV-syn-flex-GCaMP-WPRE. Virus was injected slowly (30 nL in 5 minutes) at a depth of 250 μm into the primary visual cortex (two sites, 2.5 and 2.9 mm lateral from the lambda suture). For population imaging and electrophysiology (Fig 2-3), AAV2/1-syn-GCaMP-WPRE virus (titer: ∼1011 (link) -1012 (link) genomes/mL) was injected into the visual cortex of C57BL/6J mice (1.5-2 months old)6 (link). For dendritic imaging (Fig 4, 5 and 6a-f), sparse labeling was achieved by injecting a mixture of diluted AAV2/1-syn-Cre particles (titer: ∼1012 (link) genomes/mL, diluted 8000-20,000 fold in PBS) and high titer, Cre-dependent GCaMP6s virus (∼8×1011 (link) genomes/mL). This produces strong GCaMP6 expression in a small subset of neurons (∼3-5 cells in a 250 μm × 250 μm × 250 μm volume), defined by Cre expression56 (link). Both pyramidal (Fig. 4-5) and GABAergic (Fig. 6) neurons were labeled using this approach, but they could be distinguished based on the presence or absence of dendritic spines. Post hoc immunolabeling further identified the imaged cells. For specific labeling of parvalbumin interneurons (Fig. 6g and Supplementary Fig. 12), Cre-dependent GCaMP6s AAV was injected into the visual cortex of PV-IRES-Cre mice57 (link). Individual somata (Supplementary Fig. 12) and dendritic segments could be recognized (Fig. 6 g, h, total length of imaged dendrite: 2.86 mm), but the high labeling density made it difficult to track individual dendrites over long distances.
Chen T.W., Wardill T.J., Sun Y., Pulver S.R., Renninger S.L., Baohan A., Schreiter E.R., Kerr R.A., Orger M.B., Jayaraman V., Looger L.L., Svoboda K, & Kim D.S. (2013). Ultra-sensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity. Nature, 499(7458), 295-300.
Publication 2013
Cells Cre recombinase Dendrites Dendritic Spines Genome Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Interneurons Mice, Inbred C57BL Neurons Parvalbumins Striate Cortex Sutures TCL1B protein, human Virus Visual Cortex
3
Single-Cell RNA-seq Data Integration

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Publication 2019
Cells Dendrites Mesothelium
4
In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging of Mouse Brain
Mice were placed on a warm blanket (37°C) and kept anesthetized with 0.5% isoflurane and sedated with chlorprothixene (20-40 μL at 0.33 mg/ml, i.m.)30 (link). Imaging was performed using a custom-built two-photon microscope (designs available at research.janelia.org/Svoboda) equipped with a resonant galvo scanning module (Thorlabs), controlled by ScanImage (scanimage.org)60 (link). The light source was a Mai Tai femtosecond pulsed laser (Spectra-Physics) running at 940 nm. The objective was a 16× water immersion lens (Nikon, 0.8 NA, 3 mm working distance). The power used was 35-50 mW for full field imaging (Fig. 2) and 20-40 mW for higher zoom imaging (Fig. 3-6).
Images were collected at 15 Hz (512 × 512 pixels, 250 μm × 250 μm; Fig. 2) or 60 Hz (256 × 256 pixels, 30 μm × 30 μm; Fig. 3), or 15 Hz (512 × 512 pixels, 30 μm × 30 μm; Fig. 4-5), or 15 Hz (512 × 512 pixels, 30 μm × 30 μm - 100 μm × 100 μm; Fig. 6). For dendritic imaging experiments (Fig. 4-6), fields of view were chosen so that extended dendritic segments were in one focal plane. At the end of each imaging session, z-stacks (1 μm step size) of the recorded cells were acquired. The coordinates of the imaged dendrites relative to the parent somata were recorded. The orientation, curvature, and the branching pattern of the dendrites together with the constellation of spines, helped to precisely identify the same field of view in long-term imaging experiments.
Chen T.W., Wardill T.J., Sun Y., Pulver S.R., Renninger S.L., Baohan A., Schreiter E.R., Kerr R.A., Orger M.B., Jayaraman V., Looger L.L., Svoboda K, & Kim D.S. (2013). Ultra-sensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity. Nature, 499(7458), 295-300.
Publication 2013
Carisoprodol Cells Chlorprothixene Dendrites Isoflurane Lens, Crystalline Light Microscopy Mus Submersion Vertebral Column
5
Comparative Techniques for Neural Activity Monitoring
One commonly used approach to image fluorescently reported neuronal dynamics is 2-photon microscopy30 (link). This technique utilizes low energy near infrared (IR) photons to penetrate highly light-scattering brain tissue up to 600–700 μm below the surface of the brain31 (link). A significant advantage of 2-photon microscopy is the ability to selectively excite fluorophores within a well-defined focal plane, resulting in a spatial resolution capable of resolving cellular activity within precisely defined anatomical sub-regions of neurons, such as dendrites and axonal boutons30 (link). Notably, although this imaging modality provides superior spatial resolution, it requires the head fixation of animals and, in the absence of a microendoscope or optical cannula, 2-photon imaging is limited to superficial layers of the brain32 (link),33 (link). Together, these behavioral and optical limitations greatly reduce the scope of scientific questions that can be examined with 2-photon microscopy.
Implantation of small, lightweight fiber optics above a region of interest, such as with fiber photometry, circumvents optical and behavioral limitations posed by 2-photon microscopy34 (link). However, unlike 2-photon microscopy, fiber photometry lacks cellular level resolution and provides only aggregate activity within the field of view (i.e., bulk changes in fluorescent signal)22 . Thus, this method is better suited for monitoring dynamic activity within neural projection fields35 (link). In addition to limitations in optical resolution, fiber photometry requires the test subject to be secured to a rigid fiber optic bundle, which can be difficult for small mammals, such as mice, to maneuver34 (link). Thus, while fiber photometry increases the depth in which neural activity can be monitored, it presents significant limitations in optical resolution, restricts the natural behavioral repertoire of an animal, and limits the animal models that can be optimally utilized.
Large-scale recordings of neural activity within freely behaving mammals36 (link) can also be conducted with techniques that do not rely on the use of fluorescence indicators of neural activity, such as in vivo electrophysiological recordings2 (link). Importantly, compared to in vivo Ca2+ imaging, electrophysiology provides superior temporal resolution, allowing for more accurate spike timing estimations17 (link),37 (link),38 (link) as well as the correlation of neural activity with precisely defined temporal events. In addition, in vivo electrophysiology can be combined with optogenetic perturbations of genetically defined neuronal populations to permit the identification (although not unequivocally) and manipulation of defined neuronal populations39 –41 (link). The ability to monitor and subsequently manipulate a circuit is particularly important to the study of brain function as it allows the causal role of identified computations to be elucidated. Thus, compared to freely behaving in vivo optical imaging methods, in vivo electrophysiology methods offer advantages in the domain of temporal resolution as well as technological integration. One notable limitation of this method is that the spatial location of monitored cells cannot be visualized, making it difficult to assert that an identified cell is similar or unique across recording sessions1 (link). Moreover, because in vivo electrophysiology relies on waveform shapes to differentiate individual cells from each other, it can be challenging to detect cells with sparse firing patterns or that are located within densely populated networks. Finally, the number of cells that can be detected with in vivo electrophysiology methods is often far less than the number of cells that can be monitored with the optical imaging methods described in this protocol29 (link),42 (link). Taken together, these limitations in cell identification and statistical power pose a significant disadvantage for studies that require chronic monitoring of neural activity.
Resendez S.L., Jennings J.H., Ung R.L., Namboodiri V.M., Zhou Z.C., Otis J.M., Nomura H., McHenry J.A., Kosyk O, & Stuber G.D. (2016). Visualization of cortical, subcortical, and deep brain neural circuit dynamics during naturalistic mammalian behavior with head-mounted microscopes and chronically implanted lenses. Nature protocols, 11(3), 566-597.
Publication 2016
Animal Model Animals Axon Body Regions Brain Cannula Cells Dendrites Dietary Fiber Electric Stimulation Therapy Fibrosis Fluorescence Head Light Mammals Microscopy Mus Muscle Rigidity Nervousness Neurons Optogenetics Ovum Implantation Photometry Population Group Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Dendrites»

1
Electrodeposition of Ni-Cu Dendrites on Porous Ni Foam
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

A planar conducting substrate, such as Ni and Cu foils, or a 3-D Ni foam was immersed in 1M H2SO4 to remove the oxide layer and then transferred to Ni—Cu electrolyte (0.1 M nickel chloride, 0.5 M nickel sulfamate, 0.0025 M copper chloride and 0.323 M boric acid). After electrodeposition at a current of −350 mA for 150 coulombs, the sample was turned upside down, and the surface pointing to the reference electrode was also reversed. Then another deposition is continued. Totally four such depositions were carried out on each sample. Next, the obtained Ni—Cu dendrites on porous nickel foam were enforced by annealing in nitrogen (50 SCCM) and hydrogen (5 SCCM) gas atmosphere at the temperature of 1000° C. for 5 min.

US11858816B2. Dendritic materials with hierarchical porosity (2024-01-02). BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US]. Inventors: Weigu Li [US], Donglei Fan [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Atmosphere boric acid Chlorides Copper Dendrites Electrolytes Electroplating Hydrogen Lanugo Nickel nickel chloride Nitrogen Oxides sulfamate
2
Cu-Ni Dendrite Deposition on Porous Foams
Not available on PMC !

Example 8

The diverging Cu—Ni dendrites were electrodeposited on the obtained porous Cu—Ni foams at a potential of −1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for 150 coulombs from an electrolyte made of nickel sulfamate [Ni(SO3NH2)2, 0.5M], nickel chloride (NiCl2, 0.1M), copper chloride (CuCl2, 0.0025M), and boric acid (H3BO3, 0.323M) with nickel foil (Alfa Aesar, MA, USA) working as the counter electrode. The electrodeposition was sequentially repeated four times with the porous Cu—Ni foam substrate rotated upside-down each time to ensure an even coverage of the dendrites. The electrolyte was also replaced every two depositions to replenish the copper ions available for the formation of diverging branches. Upon completion of all four electrodepositions, the Cu—Ni foams were rinsed with deionized water and annealed at 1000° C. in a gas mixture (H2, 5 sccm and N2, 50 sccm) for 5 min to enhance the adhesion between the Cu—Ni dendrites and Cu—Ni foam struts.

US11858816B2. Dendritic materials with hierarchical porosity (2024-01-02). BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US]. Inventors: Weigu Li [US], Donglei Fan [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
boric acid Chlorides Copper cupric chloride Dendrites Electrolytes Electroplating Ions Lanugo Nickel nickel chloride sulfamate
3
Dendritic Graphite Foam Supercapacitor
Not available on PMC !

Example 11

A dendritic graphite foam (8 h) sample (1 by 2 cm2 in area) was affixed to Au (100 nm) coated polyester (PET) film (0.08 mm thickness, ePlastics, CA, USA) with silver epoxy, serving as a half electrode. Then, a LiCl/PVA (polyvinylalcohol) (mass ratio, 8.5:4) gel electrolyte was infiltrated to the RPGM/Au-PET composite followed by 20 min of degassing. Finally, two pieces of RPGM/Au-PET was sandwiched together, followed by drying in an oven at 50° C. overnight, to form an all-solid-stated symmetric supercapacitor.

US11858816B2. Dendritic materials with hierarchical porosity (2024-01-02). BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US]. Inventors: Weigu Li [US], Donglei Fan [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Dendrites Electrolytes Epoxy Resins Graphite Polyesters Polyvinyl Alcohol Silver
4
Potentiation of T Cell Response
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Five groups including tucaresol, tucaresol plus PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, tucaresol plus CTLA-4 antibody, CTLA-4 antibody plus PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody, and tucaresol plus plinabulin are tested to determine the potentiation of T cell proliferative response.

Markers for cell maturation (CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC II) are measured by FACS analysis in the SP37A3 immature mouse dendritic cell (DC) cell line after 20 hours of incubation with the test compounds. The assays are performed as described by Martin et al., Cancer Immuno Immunothe (2014) 63(9):925-38. (2014) and Müller et al, Cancer Immunol Res (2014) 2(8), 741-55. Compounds are prepared as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO and subsequently diluted to the final concentration in cell culture medium for use in the cell line studies and were examined using serial dilution over a concentration range of 1 nM to 10 μM.

US11857522B2. Compositions containing tucaresol or its analogs (2024-01-02). BeyondSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Ramon Mohanlal [US], Lan Huang [US], George Kenneth Lloyd [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Biological Assay CD274 protein, human Cell Culture Techniques Cell Lines Cells Culture Media Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 Dendrites GZMB protein, human Immunoglobulins Malignant Neoplasms Mus plinabulin Sulfoxide, Dimethyl T-Lymphocyte Technique, Dilution tucaresol
5
Synthesis of Dendritic Porous Graphite
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

A piece of dendritic nano structures from Examples 1, 2 and 3 were loaded into a stable heating zone of a quartz tube furnace at 700° C. in the flow of H2 (20 SCCM) for 40 min to clean the surface. Then C2H4 (10 SCCM) was introduced into the reaction zone to grow graphite on the Ni catalysts for 2.5-15 hour. Next, the sample was slowly cooled to the ambient temperature and then immersed into the mixed solution of 1 M iron chloride (FeCl3) and 2 M hydrochloride (HCl) at room temperature for overnight etching. After rinsing the sample with deionized water several times and drying at 60° C. for 4 hours, a freestanding flexible dendritically porous graphite (GF) thin film (or 3-D foam) was obtained.

US11858816B2. Dendritic materials with hierarchical porosity (2024-01-02). BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US]. Inventors: Weigu Li [US], Donglei Fan [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Anabolism Dendrites ferric chloride Graphite Quartz

Top products related to «Dendrites»

1
Fd rapid golgistain kit by FD NeuroTechnologies
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The FD Rapid GolgiStain Kit is a laboratory tool designed for the rapid and efficient staining of neuronal morphology in biological samples. It utilizes a modified Golgi staining technique to selectively visualize the intricate structures of individual neurons within a given tissue.
2
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GM-CSF is a laboratory reagent used for cell culture applications. It is a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor that promotes the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells.
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Neurolucida is a software application developed by MBF Biosciences. It is used for the reconstruction and analysis of microscopic images, particularly those related to neuroscience research. The core function of Neurolucida is to provide tools for the accurate tracing and quantification of neuroanatomical structures, such as neurons and their processes, within digital images.
5
Neurolucida software by MBF Biosciences
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Neurolucida is a software suite for 3D reconstruction and analysis of neuroanatomical structures. It provides tools for tracing and quantifying neurons, dendrites, and other morphological features from microscope images.
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Neurolucida is a software application designed for three-dimensional reconstruction and analysis of neuroanatomical structures. It provides tools for tracing and digitizing microscopic images, allowing users to create detailed models of neurons, blood vessels, and other biological features.
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Lsm 510 by Zeiss
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The LSM 510 is a laser scanning microscope (LSM) developed by Zeiss. It is designed for high-resolution imaging and analysis of biological samples. The LSM 510 utilizes a laser light source and a scanning mechanism to capture detailed images of specimens.

More about "Dendrites"

Dendrites are the branching, tree-like projections of neurons that receive and integrate signals from other cells.
These dendritic structures play a crucial role in the processing and transmission of information within the nervous system, contributing to cognitive functions like memory and learning.
Understanding the complex morphology and signaling dynamics of dendrites is essential for elucidating the fundamentals of neuronal communication and synaptic plasticity.
Researchers often leverage specialized techniques and tools to study dendrites in detail.
The FD Rapid GolgiStain Kit, for example, is a histological staining method that can visualize the intricate branching patterns of dendrites.
Complementary approaches, such as using the Neurolucida software for 3D reconstruction and analysis, help characterize dendritic structure and function.
Additionally, various cellular components and culture conditions can influence dendrite development and maintenance.
Growth factors like GM-CSF, as well as culture media like RPMI 1640 supplemented with FBS, provide the necessary nutrients and signaling cues.
Imaging techniques, such as those enabled by the LSM 510 confocal microscope, allow researchers to capture high-resolution images of dendritic morphology and interactions.
Computational tools, including MATLAB, also play a role in dendrite research by enabling sophisticated modeling and simulations of dendritic signaling and plasticity.
Further, the exploration of immune-related molecules, like the cytokine IL-4, can shed light on the interplay between neuroinflammation and dendrite structure/function.
By leveraging these diverse research tools and techniques, scientists can gain deeper insights into the pivotal role of dendrites in neuronal communication, cognitive processing, and the potential disruptions that may contribute to neurological disorders.
PubCompare.ai can help optimize dendrite research by facilitating the identification of the most effective protocols and procedures from the scientific literature, pre-prints, and patents.