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Photosystem II

Photosystem II is a key component of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, responsible for the light-driven oxidation of water and the reduction of plastoquinone.
This multisubunit protein complex is located in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria, algae, and plant chloroplasts.
Photosystem II plays a crucial role in the oxygenic photosynthesis process, catalyzing the light-dependent splitting of water molecules and the release of oxygen as a byproduct.
Researchers investigating Photosystem II can leverage the innovative PubCompare.ai platform to effiiciently identify the best protocols and prodcts from literature, preprints, and patents, enhancing the accuracy and efficiencey of their scientific investigations.

Most cited protocols related to «Photosystem II»

Desiccation Kinetics and Rehydration of Interfilum Strains

For the desiccation experiments, a new standardized set-up was developed to follow the kinetics of controlled dehydration and subsequent rehydration on the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) using noninvasive pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry. All PAM measurements were done on low-light acclimated samples (35–40 μmol photons · m⁻² · s⁻¹). In addition, the effect of increasing temperatures on photosynthesis and respiration was recorded using an oxygen optode.
Cells of each Interfilum strain were concentrated on four replicate Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters (Whatman, Dassel, Germany). Onto each filter, exactly 200 μL of the cell suspension (∼1–2 mg chl a · L⁻¹; parallel filters for chl a concentration were determined using dimethyl formamide [DMF] as described below) was concentrated in the center as a light green spot using an Eppendorf Pipette. These moist filters were positioned on perforated metal grids (hole diameter: 1 mm; distance between holes: 1.5 mm) on top of four glass columns inside a transparent 200 mL polystyrol box, which was filled with 100 g of freshly activated silica gel (Silica Gel Orange, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and sealed with a transparent top lid (Fig.1). To record the relative air humidity (RAH) conditions inside the chambers, a PCE-MSR145S-TH mini data logger for air humidity and temperature was employed (PCE Instruments, Meschede, Germany; Fig.1). The boxes were kept under ambient room temperatures at 22°C ± 1°C and 40 μmol photons · m⁻² · s⁻¹ PAR (Osram light sources see above).
The effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm') of PSII was regularly determined during the dehydration period (350–470 min depending on the strain) using a pulse amplitude modulated fluorimeter (PAM 2500; Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) according to the approach of Genty et al. (1989) . was calculated as with F as the fluorescence yield of light-treated algal cells (40 μmol photons · m⁻² · s⁻¹) and as the maximum light-adapted fluorescence yield after employing a 800 ms saturation pulse as described by Schreiber and Bilger (1993) . The PAM light probe was positioned outside the cover lid of the boxes (always 2 mm distance) to guarantee undisturbed RAH conditions inside, i.e., all fluorescence measurements were done through the polystyrol lids (Fig.1). The distance from the PAM light probe to the algal sample onto the glass fiber filters was always kept constant at 10 mm.
After the dehydration period, the dried glass fiber filters were transferred to a new polystyrol box which was filled with 100 mL tap water instead of silica gel to create a high humidity atmosphere (>95%). The filters were rehydrated by adding 200 μL of the standard growth medium to each filter and recovery of was followed with the same methodology as described (i.e., at 22°C ± 1°C and 40 μmol photons · m⁻² · s⁻¹).

Karsten U., Herburger K, & Holzinger A. (2014). Dehydration, temperature, and light tolerance in members of the aeroterrestrial green algal genus Interfilum (Streptophyta) from biogeographically different temperate soils. Journal of Phycology, 50(5), 804-816.

Publication 2014

Atmosphere Cell Respiration Cells Cultured Cells Culture Media Dehydration Desiccation Dimethylformamide DNA Replication Fluorescence Fluorometry Humidity Kinetics Light Metals Methyl Green Oxygen Photosynthesis Photosystem II Polystyrenes Pulse Rate Rehydration Silica Gel Strains Training Programs

Chloroplast Transformation in Chlamydomonas

Chloroplast transformation was based on a previously described method (Kindle et al. 1991 (link)) and involved the agitation of an algal/DNA suspension with glass beads of 400–625 μm diameter. A 400-ml culture grown to early log phase (approx. 2 × 10⁶ cells/ml) was concentrated by centrifugation and resuspended in TAP medium to 4 ml. Three hundred microliters of cells were added to a sterilized 5-ml test tube containing 300 mg sterile glass beads, followed by 5–10 μg circular plasmid DNA. The mixture was agitated vigorously at the maximum speed of a Vortex Genie II (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) for 15 s. The cells were spread on selective agar plates (TAP + spectinomycin at 100 μg/ml for aadA selection; HSM for psbH selection) after mixing with 0.5 % molten (42 °C) agar of the same selective medium. The plates were incubated at 25 °C in dim light (~2 μE/m²/s) overnight then transferred to a moderate light (~50 μE/m²/s) the next day. Transformant colonies were picked after 2–3 weeks and restreaked to single colonies several times on selective media to ensure homoplasmicity, although this was often achieved after the first streaking. Homoplasmy was determined by PCR using a combination of three primers (Table S1). Total genomic DNA was extracted from a loopful of cells using the Chelex 100 method as described by Werner and Mergenhagen (1998 (link)), and PCR amplification was carried out with Phusion DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The photosystem II-deficient phenotype of TN72 was confirmed by measuring the photosynthetic capacity through chlorophyll fluorescence (Maxwell and Johnson 2000 (link)). Putative transformant lines were spotted onto TAP agar plates, incubated for 5 days and scanned using a pulse-modulated imaging fluorometer (FluorCam 700MF, Photon Systems Instruments, Czech Republic) as described by Wingler et al. (2004 (link)).

Wannathong T., Waterhouse J.C., Young R.E., Economou C.K, & Purton S. (2016). New tools for chloroplast genetic engineering allow the synthesis of human growth hormone in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 5467-5477.

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Publication 2016

Agar Cells Centrifugation Chelex 100 Chlorophyll Chloroplasts DNA, Algal DNA, Circular DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase Fluorescence Genie Genome Homoplasmy Light Oligonucleotide Primers Phenotype Photosynthesis Photosystem II Plasmids Pulse Rate Spectinomycin Sterility, Reproductive

Simultaneous Photosynthesis Measurements

Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and P700 redox state were measured simultaneously with a GFS-3000 and a Dual-PAM-100 measuring systems (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) in the uppermost, fully expanded new leaves of 60- to 80-day-old plants as described15 (link). After leaves were dark-adapted for 30 min, a saturating pulse was applied to obtain the maximum fluorescence and the maximum change in P700. Several photosynthetic parameters were measured every 20 s at a CO₂ concentration of 400 μmol mol^–1 under either constant high light or fluctuating light. The quantum yield of PSI (Y(I)) was calculated as Y(I) = 1 – Y(ND) – Y(NA), where Y(ND) corresponds to the fraction of P700 that is already oxidized by actinic light and Y(NA) corresponds to the fraction of P700 that are closed owing to acceptor side limitation. Since it has been reported that the signal of P700 is slightly affected by plastocyanin-dependent signal31 , the parameters of P700 may be slightly affected although it should not be so significant. The quantum yield of photosystem II [Y(II) = (F_m′–F′)/F_m′], photochemical quenching [qP = (F_m′–F′)/(F_m′–F_o′)], non-photochemical quenching [NPQ = (F_m–F_m′)/F_m′], and the fraction of PSII centers in the open state (with plastoquinone oxidized) [qL = qP × (F_o′/F′)] were calculated. The electron transport rate (ETR) was calculated as ETR I (or ETR II) = 0.5 × abs I × Y(I) (or Y(II)), where 0.5 is the fraction of absorbed light reaching PSI or PSII, and abs I is absorbed irradiance taken as 0.84 of incident irradiance.

Yamori W., Makino A, & Shikanai T. (2016). A physiological role of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I in sustaining photosynthesis under fluctuating light in rice. Scientific Reports, 6, 20147.

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Publication 2016

Actins Chlorophyll Electron Transport Fluorescence Light Oxidation-Reduction Photosynthesis Photosystem II Plants Plastocyanin Plastoquinone Pulse Rate

Desiccation Kinetics and Photosystem II

Δ F ∕ F_{m}^{'}

was calculated as

(F_{m}^{'} - F) ∕ F_{m}^{'}

with F as the fluorescence yield of light-treated algal cells (40 μmol photons · m⁻² · s⁻¹) and

F_{m}^{'}

as the maximum light-adapted fluorescence yield after employing a 800 ms saturation pulse as described by Schreiber and Bilger (1993) . The PAM light probe was positioned outside the cover lid of the boxes (always 2 mm distance) to guarantee undisturbed RAH conditions inside, i.e., all fluorescence measurements were done through the polystyrol lids (Fig. 1). The distance from the PAM light probe to the algal sample onto the glass fiber filters was always kept constant at 10 mm.
After the dehydration period, the dried glass fiber filters were transferred to a new polystyrol box which was filled with 100 mL tap water instead of silica gel to create a high humidity atmosphere (>95%). The filters were rehydrated by adding 200 μL of the standard growth medium to each filter and recovery of

(F_{m}^{'} - F) ∕ F_{m}^{'}

was followed with the same methodology as described (i.e., at 22°C ± 1°C and 40 μmol photons · m⁻² · s⁻¹).

Publication 2014

Monitoring PSII Desiccation and Rehydration

For monitoring changes in effective quantum yields of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm′; PSII) during desiccation and subsequent rehydration, a standardized set-up was used as described in Karsten et al. 2014 . Briefly, algal filaments (c. 1–1.5 mg chlorophyll a L⁻¹) from agar plates were transferred to Whatman GF/F glass fibre filters that were moistened with 20 μL of BBM (four replicates). This was performed independently with algal cultures of three different ages (1, 6 and 15 months). Prepared filters were adjusted on perforated metal grids in a transparent 200-mL polystyrol box (d = 12 cm), which was filled with 150 mL of saturated KCl solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) for setting relative air humidity (RH) inside the chamber to ~84 % (Greenspan 1977 (link)). Additionally, RH was recorded by using a PCEMSR145S-TH mini data logger (PCE Instruments, Meschede, Germany). The boxes were placed under a halogen lamp (40 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR) at ambient room temperature (23 ± 1 °C). A PAM 2500 was used to determine ΔF/Fm′ of PSII (Genty et al. 1989 (link); Schreiber and Bilger 1993 ) continuously during dehydration (60–120 min), whereas the PAM light probe was adjusted outside the sustained sealed chamber with a 2-mm distance to the cover lid. This resulted in a total distance from the PAM light probe to the algal sample of constant 12 mm. Subsequently after dehydration, filters were rehydrated by adding 20 μL of the standard growth medium to each algal sample and transferred to a polystyrol box containing 100 mL tap water to create a higher RH (~96 %). Measuring recovery of ΔF/Fm′ was performed analogously as described above.

Herburger K., Lewis L.A, & Holzinger A. (2014). Photosynthetic efficiency, desiccation tolerance and ultrastructure in two phylogenetically distinct strains of alpine Zygnema sp. (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta): role of pre-akinete formation. Protoplasma, 252(2), 571-589.

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Publication 2014

Agar chlorophyll a' Cultural Evolution Culture Media Cytoskeletal Filaments Dehydration Desiccation Halogens Humidity Light Metals Photosystem II Polystyrenes Rehydration

Most recents protocols related to «Photosystem II»

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement Protocol

After the photosynthetic parameters were measured, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the labelled leaves were measured using a portable fluorometer (PAM-2500, Heinz Walz GmbH, Germany) at the panicle initiation and heading stage and 20 days after the heading stage. After the leaves were dark-adapted for 30 min using dark-adapted leaf clips (DLC-B), the measurement light was turned on, and the dark-adapted initial fluorescence (F_o) and maximum fluorescence (F_m) were measured to obtain the maximum quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) of the dark-adapted photosystem II (PSII). Then, the photochemical light was turned on (PAR=617 μmol·m^-2·s^-1), and the actual photochemical quantum efficiency (Y(II)), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN) of the leaves were measured under the corresponding light intensity, with three replicates for each treatment. The calculation formulas are defined as follows:
where F_v/F_m, Y(II), qP, and qN are the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII, actual photochemical quantum efficiency, photochemical quenching, and non-photochemical quenching of the leaf, respectively, and F_m’, F_t, F_o, and F_m are the maximum fluorescence yield, actual fluorescence intensity at any time, initial fluorescence, and maximum fluorescence yield, respectively, when the PSII reaction centres are all in the off state at saturation pulses under light.

Zhao L., Tang Q., Song Z., Yin Y., Wang G, & Li Y. (2023). Increasing the yield of drip-irrigated rice by improving photosynthetic performance and enhancing nitrogen metabolism through optimizing water and nitrogen management. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1075625.

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Publication 2023

Chlorophyll Clip Diet, Formula Fluorescence Light Photosynthesis Photosystem II Plant Leaves Pulse Rate

Photosynthesis Assessment via Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Photosynthesis was assessed by measuring the chlorophyll a fluorescence using a portable fluorometer (FluorPen FP100 PAM, Photo System Instruments, Czech Republic). After dark adaptation (for at least 30 min), the minimum fluorescence was measured by applying a weak-intensity modulated light and the maximum fluorescence in the dark was measured after using a saturating pulse of light. Then, leaves were adapted to light conditions. The steady-state fluorescence was established, and the maximum fluorescence in light was assessed after a saturating light pulse. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), the effective quantum efficiency of PSII (Φ_PSII), the photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were calculated according to van Kooten and Snel (1990) (link).
Chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), carotenoids and anthocyanins were quantified as described by Sims and Gamon (2002) (link). For the photosynthetic pigments’ extraction, leaf discs were homogenized with an acetone:50 mM Tris (80:20) buffer, and for the anthocyanins’ extraction, leaf discs were homogenized with a methanol/HCL/H₂O (90:1:1) solution. After centrifugation (5 000 g for 5 min at 4°C), the absorbance of the acetone extracts was read at 470, 537, 647 and 663 nm and the methanolic extracts were read at 529 and 650 nm using a Jenway 7305 spectrophotometer. The contents of pigments were calculated according to Sims and Gamon (2002) (link).

Castro H., Dias M.C., Castro M., Loureiro J, & Castro S. (2023). Impact of genome duplications in drought tolerance and distribution of the diploid-tetraploid Jasione maritima. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1144678.

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Publication 2023

Acetone Anthocyanins Buffers Carotenoids Centrifugation Chlorophyll A chlorophyll b Dark Adaptation Debility Fluorescence Light Methanol Photosynthesis Photosystem II Pigmentation Plant Leaves Pulse Rate Tromethamine

Physiological Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress

Plant height was measured from the base of the shoot to the tip of the tallest leaf. Main root length was measured from the base of the shoot to the end of the root, and leaf area was calculated using the formula: leaf area = leaf length (leaf base notch to leaf tip) × leaf width (the widest part of the leaf) × 0.87. Each treatment of the above indexes had 15 replicates. Leaf water content (LWC) was measured by taking 5–10 leaves from the top of the plant, immediately determining the fresh weight, and then placing them in an 80 ° C oven for 16 h to measure their dry weight. The LWC was calculated with the following equation: LWC = (fresh weight – dry weight)/fresh weight × 100 (Song X. Y. et al., 2021 (link)). Relative electrical conductivity (REC) was analyzed as described by Quan et al. (2015) (link). The detached leaves were placed in 50 ml tubes containing 15 ml ddH₂O and gently shanked for 6 h at room temperature. Then, the leaves were boiled at 100°C for 20 min. When the leaves were cooled to room temperature, measured by the formula REC (%) = (C_i /C_max) × 100, where C_i and C_max, respectively, represent the conductivity before and after boiling of the detached leaves. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves representing the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) were measured with a Handy PEA (Hansatech, England). Leaves were incubated in the dark for 30 min before fluorescence measurements. Chlorophyll content was determined by spectrophotometry, as described by Jiao et al. (2017) (link). Chl in leaves was extracted with 80% acetone The extract was centrifuged for 10 min at 5300 × g and the supernatant liquid was used to test absorbance under 645 mm and 663 mm wavelengths, respectively. The level of lipid peroxidation, an indicator of cellular damage, was determined from the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) content resulting from thiobarbituric acid reaction, as described by Christou et al. (2013) (link). 0.5 g sample was added 5 ml TCA and ground them into homogenate. After centrifugation, removed supernatant, added 2 ml TBA, mixed, bath at 95°C for 25 min, and then cooled to room temperature, reading at a wavelength of 450, 532, and 600 nm. Free proline content was determined using the ninhydrin reaction according to the method of Bates et al. (1973) (link). Proline was extracted with 3% (w/v) sulfosalicylic acid, and the extractions were injected to the compounds of ninhydrin reagent and glacial acetic acid. Then, the mixture was boiled at 100°C for 40 min. When it cooled to the room temperature, the proline content was assayed through the absorbance of 520 nm and determined from a proline standard curve. Soluble protein concentration was determined according to Bradford (1976) (link) using bovine serum albumin as a standard. 100 mg fresh leaves were ground well in 10 ml of 50 mM cooled phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). The homogenate was centrifuged at 6000 × g for 20 min at 4°C. The supernatant was used to determine the total soluble proteins. Catalase (CAT) activity was assayed by monitoring H₂O₂ reduction by following the methodology of Maehly and Chance (1954) (link). The reaction mixture consisted of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7), 10 mM H₂O₂, and 150 μl enzyme extract to a final volume of 1.5 ml. Each treatment of the above indexes was repeated three times.

Fan W., Tang F., Wang J., Dong J., Xing J, & Shi F. (2023). Drought-induced recruitment of specific root-associated bacteria enhances adaptation of alfalfa to drought stress. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1114400.

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Publication 2023

Acetic Acid Acetone Bath Buffers Catalase Cells Centrifugation Chlorophyll Electric Conductivity Enzymes Fluorescence Lipid Peroxidation Malondialdehyde Ninhydrin Peroxide, Hydrogen Phosphates Photosystem II Plant Roots Plants potassium phosphate Proline Proteins Serum Albumin, Bovine Spectrophotometry sulfosalicylic acid thiobarbituric acid

Photosynthetic Activity in Pot-grown Plants

Due to their greater development in comparison to plants grown in rhizoboxes, the photosynthetic activity was measured at 27 DAS only in plants grown in pots by means of an infrared gas analyzer LI-6800 (Li-COR Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). PSII Photosynthetic Efficiency (Fv′/Fm′), stomatal conductance, electron transport rate (ETR) and CO₂ Net Assimilation (A) were determined following Murchie and Lawson (2013) (link).
The Fv′/Fm′ ratio was measured as an index of efficiency in energy harvesting by the oxidized (open) reaction centres of photosystem II (PSII) in the last developed leaf, where Fv′ and Fm′ represent variable and maximal fluorescence, respectively. As Fm′ includes minimal fluorescence (F₀′) of a dark-adapted leaf, Fv′ is calculated as Fm′ – F₀′. Dark adaptation was set with the use of a far-red light to excite photosystem I (PSI), thus forcing electrons to drain from PSII. Only a few seconds of far-red light are needed to obtain this effect. The fluorimeter provides a “dark pulse” routine used to determine F₀′. Five Fv′/Fm′ records were registered for each leaf of each replicate.
Leaf area was assessed after plant harvest at the end of both rhizobox and pot trials, by means of the LI-3100C Area Meter (Li-COR Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). Shoot dry biomass was determined after oven-drying for 48 h at 105°C.

Panozzo A., Barion G., Moore S.S., Cobalchin F., Di Stefano A., Sella L, & Vamerali T. (2023). Early morpho-physiological response of oilseed rape under seed applied Sedaxane fungicide and Rhizoctonia solani pressure. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1130825.

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Publication 2023

Dark Adaptation DNA Replication Electrons Electron Transport Fluorescence Light Neoplasm Metastasis Photosynthesis Photosystem I Photosystem II Plant Development Plant Leaves Plants Pulse Rate Surgical Stoma

Photosynthetic Performance of Cryopreserved Microalgae

The photosynthetic performances of both the cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved B. psygmophilum and E. voratum culture isolates were measured using a PAM fluorometer (PHYTO-EDF; Heinz Walz GmbH, Germany) equipped with a fibreoptics probe. The gain of the culture isolates was determined before measurements began and set using a corresponding healthy culture for each of the culture isolates. In each experiment, sub-samples (1.4 mL) of each culture isolate were transferred into sterile two mL vials (Agilent Technologies, Beijing, China) wrapped with an aluminium foil (Emperor, New Zealand) and then incubated in the dark for 5 min to allow the full oxidation of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers and electron transport chain. Five replicates (n = 5) of each culture isolate for both the cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved were used.
Rapid light curves (RLCs) were used to generate and extract detailed information on the saturation characteristics of PSII (Ralph & Gademann, 2005 (link); White, Anandraj & Trois, 2013 (link)). Fluorescence variables and PSII quantum yield (F_v/ F_m = (F_m − F₀)/F_m) were measured where: F₀ = initial fluorescence intensity, and F_m = maximal intensity under saturating light conditions, and F_v = F_m - F₀(Long et al., 2018 (link)). The quantum yield of PSII was then calculated as F_v/ F_m (Strasser, Srivastava & Tsimilli-Michael, 2000 ). Relative ETR = F_v/ F_m × PAR ×0.5 × 0.84 where F_v/ F_m estimates the quantum yield of PSII, PAR = quantum flux density of incident photosynthetically active radiation (the actinic irradiance in μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹), 0.5 = a multiplication factor based on the assumption that 50% of the absorbed quanta are distributed to PSII, 0.84 = An assumption that an average of 84% of incident PAR is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the cell (Beer et al., 1998 (link); Schreiber, 2004 (link)). All PAM data and generation of RLCs were done using Phyto-Win software (v 1.45). The rapid light curves were generated by calculating maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) through PSII for each level of actinic light as a function of irradiance (PAR). The measurements from the two different culture isolates were taken on days 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 during their normal incubation period from late exponential to stationary growth phases. The photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum yield and the maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) of the cryopreserved and the control isolates were assessed and compared during the two main time points in their growth curve. First, during late exponential phase (day 12) when the Symbiodiniaceae isolates had the highest photosynthetic activity and second, during stationary phase (day 36) when they had low photosynthesis levels.

Kihika J.K., Wood S.A., Rhodes L., Smith K.F., Butler J, & Ryan K.G. (2023). Assessment of the recovery and photosynthetic efficiency of Breviolum psygmophilum and Effrenium voratum (Symbiodiniaceae) following cryopreservation. PeerJ, 11, e14885.

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Publication 2023

Actins Aluminum Beer Cells Chlorophyll Cultural Evolution Electron Transport Fluorescence Light Photosynthesis Photosystem II Photosystem II Reaction Center Radiation Sterility, Reproductive

Top products related to «Photosystem II»

Pam 2500 by Walz

Sourced in Germany

The PAM-2500 is a laboratory equipment product designed for analytical purposes. It serves as a versatile tool for researchers and scientists in various fields. The core function of the PAM-2500 is to perform precise measurements and analyses, though the specific intended use may vary depending on the application.

Li 6400 by LI COR

Sourced in United States

The LI-6400 is a portable photosynthesis system designed for measuring gas exchange in plants. It is capable of measuring net carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange, as well as environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light levels.

Imaging pam by Walz

Sourced in Germany

The Imaging PAM is a laboratory instrument used for the measurement and analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence in plant samples. It provides a non-invasive, real-time assessment of the photosynthetic activity and efficiency of photosynthetic organisms.

Mini pam by Walz

Sourced in Germany

The Mini-PAM is a laboratory equipment device that measures the photosynthetic activity of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. It provides a reliable and quantitative assessment of photosynthetic performance.

Li 6400xt by LI COR

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom

The LI-6400XT is a portable photosynthesis system designed for measuring gas exchange in plants. It is capable of measuring net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and other physiological parameters. The system consists of a control unit and a leaf chamber that encloses a portion of a plant leaf.

Fms 2 by Hansatech

Sourced in United Kingdom

The FMS-2 is a lab equipment product designed for general measurement and analysis purposes. It serves as a versatile tool for researchers and scientists in various fields. The core function of the FMS-2 is to provide accurate and reliable data collection and measurement capabilities. However, a detailed description of the product's features and intended use cannot be provided in an unbiased and factual manner within the given constraints.

Fluorpen fp100 by Photon Systems Instruments

Sourced in Czechia

The FluorPen FP100 is a portable and versatile fluorescence measurement device designed for a wide range of applications. It provides accurate and reliable measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, a parameter widely used in plant physiology and environmental studies.

Handy pea by Hansatech

Sourced in United Kingdom

The Handy PEA is a portable, lightweight, and user-friendly chlorophyll fluorescence measurement system designed for assessing the photosynthetic performance of plant samples. It provides a rapid and non-destructive way to evaluate the efficiency of photosystem II in plants.

Diving pam by Walz

Sourced in Germany

The Diving-PAM is a portable, underwater pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer designed for the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence in aquatic environments. It is capable of providing information on the photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton and other aquatic phototrophs.

Os 30p by Opti-Sciences

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, China

The OS-30p is a portable chlorophyll fluorometer designed for rapid, non-invasive measurement of plant photosynthetic activity. It measures the fluorescence of chlorophyll molecules in plant leaves, providing insights into the efficiency of the photosynthetic process.

What is Photosystem II and what is its role in photosynthesis?

How can PubCompare.ai help with Photosystem II research?

PubCompare.ai allows researchers to screen protocol literature more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. The platform's AI-driven analysis can help identify the most effective protocols related to Photosystem II for your specific research goals, highlighting key differences in protocol effectiveness and enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy.

What are some common challenges in working with Photosystem II?

One of the main challenges in working with Photosystem II is ensuring the stability and integrity of the protein complex during experimental procedures. Proper isolation, purification, and handling techniques are crucial to maintain the functionality of Photosystem II. Additionally, researchers may face difficulties in accurately measuring the activity and kinetics of this complex multisubunit system, which can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors.

Are there different types or variations of Photosystem II?

Yes, there are several variants of Photosystem II that can be found in different organisms. For example, cyanobacteria and algae may have slightly different subunit compositions or accessory proteins in their Photosystem II complexes compared to plant chloroplasts. These variations can affect the overall structure, function, and efficiency of the photosynthetic process. Understanding the unique characteristics of Photosystem II in different species can help researchers tailor their investigations and select the most appropriate experimental models.

What specific applications can Photosystem II be used for?

Photosystem II is a key target for various applications in renewable energy, environmental remediation, and biotechnology. Researchers are exploring the use of Photosystem II in biofuel production, where the oxygen-evolving capability of this complex can be harnessed to generate hydrogen or other biofuels. Additionally, Photosystem II has potential applications in water purification and carbon dioxide sequestration, as it can be utilized to remove pollutants or capture atmospheric carbon through photosynthetic processes. Furthermore, the unique light-driven reactions of Photosystem II are being investigated for developing innovative solar energy conversion technologies.

More about "Photosystem II"

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