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Microglia

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), playing crucial roles in brain development, homeostasis, and pathology.
These highly dynamic cells actively survey the brain environment, responding to changes and insults by undergoing morphological and functional transformations.
Microglia are involved in a wide range of neurological processes, including synaptic pruning, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
Understanding the complex biology of microglia is essential for advancing our knowledge of CNS function and developing effective treatments for neurological disorders.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse roles and characteristics of these important glial cells.

Most cited protocols related to «Microglia»

Marker Genes for Human Cortical Layers and Cell Types

Markers of human cortical layers were obtained from He et al.^{21 (link)}. Marker genes of cell-type clusters were obtained from Lake et al.^{18 (link)}. Disease-associated microglia cell state signatures where obtained from Mathys et al.^{23 (link)} and Keren-Shaul et al.^{25 (link)}.

Mathys H., Davila-Velderrain J., Peng Z., Gao F., Mohammadi S., Young J.Z., Menon M., He L., Abdurrob F., Jiang X., Martorell A.J., Ransohoff R.M., Hafler B.P., Bennett D.A., Kellis M, & Tsai L.H. (2019). Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer’s disease. Nature, 570(7761), 332-337.

Publication 2019

Adrenal Cortex Cells Gene Clusters Homo sapiens Microglia

Purification and Culture of Human Brain Cells

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Publication 2015

Antibodies Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Astrocytes Brain Cell Culture Techniques Cells Endothelial Cells Fetus Gray Matter Homo sapiens Hybridomas Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Lectin Lysine Macrophage Microglia Neurons Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Oligodendroglia Papain Poly A Protease Inhibitors RNA-Seq Serum Thy-1 Antigens Tissues Trypsin

Quantification of Microglial Cell Growth

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Publication 2014

Cells CSF1 protein, human Culture Media, Conditioned Luminescent Measurements Microglia

Isolation of Microglia from Mouse Brain

Microglial cells were isolated from brains as we described previously [17 (link)]. The overview of the method is depicted in Figure 1. Briefly, after perfusion with ice-cold PBS, brains were dissected, weighed, and enzymatically digested using Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany) for 35 min at 37°C (if necessary, the digestion can be performed on ice, but this extends the digestion time). Further processing was performed at 4°C. Tissue debris was removed by passing the cell suspension through a 40 μm cell strainer. After myelin removal (see below), cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD11b antibodies (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany) in IMAG buffer (PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA and 2 mM EDTA) for 10 minutes followed by incubation for 15 minutes with anti-PE magnetic beads. CD11b⁺ cells were separated in a magnetic field using MS columns (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany). The amounts of antibodies and magnetic beads were calculated based on the number of cells obtained after myelin removal, using the manufacturer’s guidelines. Both the CD11b⁺ and CD11b^- (effluent) fractions were collected and used for further analyses.

Nikodemova M, & Watters J.J. (2012). Efficient isolation of live microglia with preserved phenotypes from adult mouse brain. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 9, 147.

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Publication 2012

Anti-Antibodies Antibodies Brain Buffers Cells Cold Temperature Digestion Edetic Acid ITGAM protein, human Magnetic Fields Microglia Myelin Sheath Nerve Tissue Perfusion Tissues

Advancing White Matter Imaging Techniques

Though the vast majority of recent MRI studies of white matter have focused on diffusion, MT or relaxometry, there are other techniques that may provide complementary information. One of the oldest methods is MR spectroscopy, which may be used to characterize specific metabolites in the tissue including NAA (N-acetylaspartate), creatine, choline and neurotransmitters like GABA and glutamine/glutamate. Each of these metabolites reflects different physiological processes and have unique spectral signatures. Of significant interest in white matter is NAA, which is a marker of the presence, density and health of neurons including the axonal processes. In fact, NAA may be one of the most specific markers of healthy axons and, as such, it is surprising that it is not used more widely for the investigation of white matter in the brain. This may be due in part to the fact that MR spectroscopy is extremely sensitive to the homogeneity of the magnetic field, which makes it challenging to apply in areas near air or bone interfaces. The concentrations of the metabolites are also in the micromolar range (compare with multiple molar for water), thus, large voxels must be used and the acquisition speed is slow. Therefore, MR spectroscopy studies are often limited by poor coverage, poor resolution, and long scan times.
The recent push towards ever higher magnetic fields makes quantitative MRI methods more challenging. Imaging distortions in DTI studies increase proportional to the field strength. The RF power deposition (SAR – specific absorption rate) increases quadratically with the magnetic field strength, which limits the application of MT pulses and can also limit the flip angles used in steady state imaging. However, susceptibility weighted imaging is one method that greatly benefits from higher magnetic field strengths. Recent studies have observed interesting contrast in white matter tracts as a function of orientation and degree of myelination (Liu et al., 2011 ). Stunning images of white matter tracts have recently been obtained in ex vivo brain specimens (Sati et al., 2011 ). Techniques for characterizing white matter in the human brain are only beginning to be developed.
Other white matter cellular components are the glia, which include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. In general, there are no specific markers of changes in either oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Recent evidence suggests that hypointense white matter lesions on T1w imaging may indicate reactive astrocytes (Sibson et al., 2008 (link)). Increases in microglia often accompany inflammation, which can be detected using contrast agents, either gadolinium or superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles. Recent studies have suggested that SPIO particles are preferentially taken up by macrophages in inflammatory regions. The impact of these contrast agents on other quantitative MRI measures have not (Oweida et al., 2004 (link)) been widely studied, thus multimodal imaging studies must be designed carefully.

Alexander A.L., Hurley S.A., Samsonov A.A., Adluru N., Hosseinbor A.P., Mossahebi P., Tromp D.P., Zakszewski E, & Field A.S. (2011). Characterization of Cerebral White Matter Properties Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stains. Brain Connectivity, 1(6), 423-446.

Publication 2011

Astrocytes Axon Bones Brain Cellular Structures Choline Contrast Media Creatine Diffusion ferric oxide Gadolinium gamma Aminobutyric Acid Glutamate Glutamine Homo sapiens Inflammation Macrophage Magnetic Fields Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Microglia Molar Myelin Sheath N-acetylaspartate Neuroglia Neurons Neurotransmitters Oligodendroglia Physiological Processes Pulses Radionuclide Imaging Susceptibility, Disease Tissues White Matter

Most recents protocols related to «Microglia»

Microglial Phagocytosis in Neurodegeneration

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Example 7

WT or STAT1−/− microglia cells were incubated with fluorescent beads to test their phagocytotic ability. To examine the effect of secreted factors in medium, both cells were kept in medium from WT cells or in medium from STAT1−/− cells. Imaging and quantification showed phagocytosis was similar in all conditions tested (FIGS. 17A and 17B). We also measured mRNA of SV2a and CCR2, key genes involved in phagocytosis process. Their expression levels were similar between APP/PS1 and APP/PS1/STAT1−/− (FIG. 17C and FIG. 17D).

US11873321B2. Compositions and methods for treating alzheimer's disease (2024-01-16). Generos Biopharma Ltd. [CN]. Inventors: Xin-Yuan Fu [US], Yi Zhou [SG].

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Patent 2024

Cells Genes Microglia Phagocytosis RNA, Messenger STAT1 protein, human

Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering of Transcriptomic Data

The integrated data matrix (restricted to the genes chosen as integration anchors) was then used for dimensionality reduction, visualization and clustering. Dimensionality reduction was done with principal component analysis (PCA, using RunPCA method Seurat). After PCA, significant principal components (PCs) were identified using the elbow method, plotting the distribution of standard deviation of each PC (ElbowPlot in Seurat). In the VAT analysis: 30 PCs were used. In the hippocampus analysis: 45 PCs for analysis of all cells, 20 PCs for astrocytes, 20 for microglia, and 10 for oligodendrocytes. Within the top PC space, transcriptionally similar nuclei were clustered together using a graph-based clustering approach. First, a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) graph is constructed based on the Euclidean distance. For any two nuclei, edge weights were refined by the shared overlap of the local neighborhoods using Jaccard similarity (FindNeighbors method Seurat, with k = 60). Next, nuclei were clustered using the Louvain algorithm^{108 (link)} which iteratively grouped nuclei and located communities in the input k-NN graph (FindClusters method Seurat, with resolution 0.5). Note that for the doublet detection stage on all cell types, we first used 45 PCs with a higher resolution clustering of 1.3 on data matrices that were merged based on the batch (see Doublet detection section). The obtained clusters were hierarchically clustered and re-ordered (using BuildClusterTree method Seurat). For visualization, the dimensionality of the datasets was further reduced by UMAP, using the same top principal components as input to the algorithm (using the RunUMAP method Seurat). Note that the distribution of samples within each cluster was examined to eliminate that clusters were driven by batch or other technical effects. Clusters with low-quality cells (low number of genes detected, and missing or low-key cell-type marker genes and house-keeping genes such as Malat1), doublet clusters expressing markers of multiple cell types, and neuronal clusters from neighboring region of the hippocampal subiculum that appeared in an uneven form across samples, were removed from the analysis, leaving the hippocampus dataset with 237,631 (for n = 28 mice, across all mouse genotype and diet groups). Data visualization using UMAP showed that the clusters displayed a mixture of nuclei from all technical and biological replicates, with a variable number of genes, meaning the clustering was not driven by a technical effect.

Suzzi S., Croese T., Ravid A., Gold O., Clark A.R., Medina S., Kitsberg D., Adam M., Vernon K.A., Kohnert E., Shapira I., Malitsky S., Itkin M., Brandis A., Mehlman T., Salame T.M., Colaiuta S.P., Cahalon L., Slyper M., Greka A., Habib N, & Schwartz M. (2023). N-acetylneuraminic acid links immune exhaustion and accelerated memory deficit in diet-induced obese Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Nature Communications, 14, 1293.

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Publication 2023

Astrocytes Biopharmaceuticals Cell Nucleus Cells Diet Elbow Genes Genes, Housekeeping Genotype Microglia Mus Neurons Oligodendroglia Seahorses Subiculum

High-Resolution Cell Type Analysis

Specific cell types (i.e. microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, DG neurons, macrophages in the adipose tissue) were subsetted from the main dataset for a high-resolution analysis. For each such subset another cycle of clean-up was performed, removing doublet clusters based on different thresholds. Cells were clustered in high-resolution and clusters were then annotated and merged based on marker expression.

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Publication 2023

Astrocytes Cells Macrophage Microglia Neurons Oligodendroglia Tissue, Adipose

Pathway Analysis of Microglia and Astrocyte Subsets

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Publication 2023

ADORA2B protein, human ADRB1 protein, human ApoE protein, human Astrocytes ATP2A2 protein, human ATP2B3 protein, human ATP5B protein, human ATP8A2 protein, human B3GNT5 protein, human c-Mer Tyrosine Kinase C3AR1 protein, human CAMKII gamma protein, human cardiotrophin-like cytokine Caspase 3 CCR5 protein, human CHRM3 protein, human CRKL protein CSF1 protein, human CTSB protein, human CTSD protein, human CTSL protein, human CTSS protein, human CUL1 protein, human CYBB protein, human DNM1L protein, human DRD1 protein, human EGR1 protein, human EMP1 protein, human ENO2 protein, human Esterase Inhibitor, C1 FRAP1 protein, human Galectin 3 Gene, c-fms Genes GPR56 protein, human GZMB protein, human IGF1 protein, human IGFBP5 protein, human IL1A protein, human IL1B protein, human MAFB protein, human Metabolism Microglia Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II OPA1 protein, human PARP2 protein, human PDPK1 protein, human phosphoglycerate mutase 1, human PPP3CB protein, human PPP3R1 protein, human PRF1 protein, human PRKACB protein, human PRKCI protein, human PSMB8 protein, human PTGS2 protein, human PTK2B protein, human PTPN1 protein, human Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I SMAD3 protein, human SPARC protein, human SPI1 protein, human SPP1 protein, human STAT1 protein, human TGFB1 protein, human TICAM1 protein, human Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 TJP1 protein, human TLR2 protein, human TREM2 protein, human VDAC1 protein, human

Quantifying Brain Amyloid and Tau in Mice

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Publication 2023

Antibodies Biological Assay Brain Brain Edema Buffers Centrifugation Clone Cells Cortex, Cerebral Detergents Egtazic Acid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Fingers Formalin Freezing Guanidine Mice, Laboratory Microglia Neurons Paraffin Plaque, Amyloid Seahorses Stains Sucrose Technique, Dilution Tissues Triton X-100 Tromethamine

Top products related to «Microglia»

Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem) by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.

Penicillin streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Lipopolysaccharides (lps) by Merck Group

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The LPS laboratory equipment is a high-precision device used for various applications in scientific research and laboratory settings. It is designed to accurately measure and monitor specific parameters essential for various experimental procedures. The core function of the LPS is to provide reliable and consistent data collection, ensuring the integrity of research results. No further details or interpretations can be provided while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach.

Streptomycin by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.

Penicillin by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.

Dmem f12 by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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DMEM/F12 is a cell culture medium developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a balanced salt solution that provides nutrients and growth factors essential for the cultivation of a variety of cell types, including adherent and suspension cells. The medium is formulated to support the proliferation and maintenance of cells in vitro.

Trizol reagent by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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TRIzol reagent is a monophasic solution of phenol, guanidine isothiocyanate, and other proprietary components designed for the isolation of total RNA, DNA, and proteins from a variety of biological samples. The reagent maintains the integrity of the RNA while disrupting cells and dissolving cell components.

Rneasy mini kit by Qiagen

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The RNeasy Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment designed for the purification of total RNA from a variety of sample types, including animal cells, tissues, and other biological materials. The kit utilizes a silica-based membrane technology to selectively bind and isolate RNA molecules, allowing for efficient extraction and recovery of high-quality RNA.

Rabbit anti iba1 by Fujifilm

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Rabbit anti-Iba1 is a primary antibody that targets the Iba1 protein, which is a marker for microglia and other myeloid cells. It can be used in various immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence applications to detect and visualize these cell types.

What are the key functions of microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, play crucial roles in brain development, homeostasis, and pathology. These highly dynamic cells actively survey the brain environment, responding to changes and insults by undergoing morphological and functional transformations. Microglia are involved in a wide range of neurological processes, including synaptic pruning, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Understanding the complex biology of microglia is essential for advancing our knowledge of CNS function and developing effective treatments for neurological disorders.

What are some common challenges in working with microglia?

One of the key challenges in working with microglia is their highly dynamic and responsive nature. Microglia can rapidly change their morphology and function in response to various stimuli, making it difficult to maintain consistent and reproducible experimental conditions. Additionally, the heterogeneity of microglia populations, which can vary depending on brain region and disease state, can add complexity to experimental design and data interpretation.

How can PubCompare.ai assist in optimizing microglia research?

PubCompare.ai can help optimize microglia research in several ways. First, it allows researchers to screen protocol literature more efficiently, saving time and resources. Second, the platform's AI-driven analysis can help identify critical insights, pinpointing the most effective protocols related to microglia for specific research goals. This can enable researchers to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy, enhancing the reliability of their experimental results. By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai, researchers can take their microglia research to new heights and advance our understanding of these important glial cells.

Are there different types or variations of microglia?

Yes, there are different types and variations of microglia. Microglia can exhibit a range of phenotypes and functional states, depending on factors such as brain region, developmental stage, and disease context. For example, some microglia may adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype during neuroinflammation, while others may exhibit a more anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective phenotype during brain development or repair. Understanding these different microglia subtypes and their specific roles is an active area of research, as it may help in the development of targeted therapies for neurological disorders.

How can PubCompare.ai help researchers find the best microglia protocols?

PubCompare.ai can assist researchers in finding the best microglia protocols by leveraging its AI-driven comparisons. The platform can help users efficiently screen protocol literature, including published papers, pre-prints, and patents, to identify the most effective protocols related to microglia research. The AI analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling researchers to choose the option that is most likely to deliver reliable and reproducible results for their specific research goals. By using PubCompare.ai, researchers can save time, enhance the accuracy of their experiments, and ultimately advance our understanding of microglia and their role in the central nervous system.

More about "Microglia"

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role in brain development, homeostasis, and pathology.
These highly dynamic cells actively survey the brain environment, responding to changes and insults by undergoing morphological and functional transformations.
Microglia are involved in a wide range of neurological processes, including synaptic pruning, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
Understanding the complex biology of these glial cells is essential for advancing our knowledge of CNS function and developing effective treatments for neurological disorders.
In cell culture experiments, microglia are often isolated and maintained using specific media and reagents.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) are commonly used to culture microglia, along with antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin to prevent bacterial contamination.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common stimulant used to induce an inflammatory response in microglia.
Researchers studying microglia may utilize techniques like immunohistochemistry (using Rabbit anti-Iba1 antibody) or gene expression analysis (with TRIzol reagent and RNeasy Mini Kit) to characterize their phenotype and function.
By optimizing experimental protocols and leveraging the latest research, scientists can gain deeper insights into the diverse roles of microglia and their implications for neurological health and disease.