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Motor Neurons

Motor neurons are a type of neuron that transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, enabling movement and voluntary control of the body.
These specialized cells play a crucial role in motor function, relaying information from the brain and spinal cord to the target muscles.
Understadning the biology and functioning of motor neurons is esential for advancing research in areas like neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord injury, and neuromuscular disorders.
PubCompare.ai's AI-driven comparisons help optimize motor neuron research by empowering users to efficiently navigate the latest protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents - enhancing reproducibility and accuracy to effectively advance your motor neuron studies.

Most cited protocols related to «Motor Neurons»

1
Polysome Immunoprecipitation and RNA Extraction

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Publication 2008
1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Alabaster austin Brain Stem Buffers Cells Cerebellum Chloroform Cholinergic Agents Cold Temperature Cycloheximide Deoxyribonucleases Digestion Dithiothreitol Endoribonucleases Ethanol G-substrate Goat HEPES inhibitors Isopropyl Alcohol Lipids Magnesium Chloride Mice, Laboratory Mice, Transgenic Motor Neurons Nonidet P-40 Polyribosomes Protease Inhibitors Purkinje Cells Ribosomal RNA RNA, Messenger Sodium Acetate Sodium Chloride Striatum, Corpus Teflon Tissues trizol
2
Optogenetic Manipulation of Larval Motor Neurons
Chrimson constructs were prepared with additional Golgi and ER export motifs42 (link)–45 (link) in the pJFRC7–20XUAS-IVS vector46 (link) and inserted in attP18/+;+/+;+/+. To express Chrimson in larval motor neurons, we crossed UAS-Chrimson-mVenus flies to flies containing a GAL4 driver (OK371-GAL4) that drives expresses in all glutamatergic neurons47 (link). We used the same GAL4 line to express ChR233 (link) in larval motorneurons. Gr64f-gal4 flies were obtained from J.R. Carlson34 (link), UAS-ChR2 flies from W.D. Tracey Jr.33 (link), and pBDP-Gal4 from G.M. Rubin48 (link). Control flies for adult fly experiments were obtained by crossing Chrimson virgin female flies to wild type Berlin (WTB) flies. VT031497-Gal4 flies from B. Dickson (personal communication).
Klapoetke N.C., Murata Y., Kim S.S., Pulver S.R., Birdsey-Benson A., Cho Y.K., Morimoto T.K., Chuong A.S., Carpenter E.J., Tian Z., Wang J., Xie Y., Yan Z., Zhang Y., Chow B.Y., Surek B., Melkonian M., Jayaraman V., Constantine-Paton M., Wong G.K, & Boyden E.S. (2014). Independent Optical Excitation of Distinct Neural Populations. Nature methods, 11(3), 338-346.
Publication 2014
Adult Diptera Females Golgi Apparatus Larva Motor Neurons
3
Clinicopathological Characteristics of ALS Cohort
We included 76 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ALS (Table 1) in accordance with modified El Escorial Criteria15 and a confirmed neuropathological diagnosis of ALS, who underwent autopsy in the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CNDR) at the University of Pennsylvania between 1985 and 2012. Informed written consent was obtained previously from all patients or for autopsy cases from their next of kin. Detailed clinical characteristics (age at onset, age at death, site of onset, disease duration, ALS global disease severity as measured by a functional rating score [ALSFRS-R],16 (link) the Mini Mental Status Examination,17 (link) and gender), were ascertained from an integrated clinical and autopsy database, as described previously,18 and by retrospective chart review of clinical visits within the University of Pennsylvania Health System (Table 1).
The majority of the ALS patients were seen by two neurologists (LE, LM). We excluded all ALS cases in the CNDR Brain Bank (N=35) for which clinical data relating to site of onset or disease duration was incomplete or equivocal. Also excluded were 6 cases, for which ≥ 3/22 CNS regions examined (see below) were unavailable, and 2 cases lacking pTDP-43 pathology, leaving a cohort of N=76 (N=30 females, N=46 males; age range 42-87 years; mean age ± SD: 63.0 ± 10.6 years from a total of 119 autopsy cases (Tables 1-2). For the subjects with missing data, their gender, disease duration, and age of death were compared to the other cases and no differences were found (data not shown). Different ALS syndromes were defined according to clinical onset of disease: cervical lower motor neuron (CLMN) ALS, lumbar lower motor neuron (LLMN) ALS, lumbar upper motor neuron (LUMN) ALS, bulbar lower motor neuron (BLMN) ALS, and bulbar upper motor neuron (BUMN) ALS.19 None of the cases in the cohort had cervical UMN onset of disease (Table 1). Unless otherwise specified, results of clinical testing used in this study were from the visits at initial presentation or disease onset (first occurrence of paresis or bulbar symptoms, e.g., dysarthria, dysphagia) as well as the visit most proximate to death, i.e., occurring within 3 months of death. Of the ALS cases included here, 5 (6.6%) had a clinical history of dementia (ALS-D) (Table 2), and met criteria for FTLD.20 (link)-22 (link)
Brettschneider J., Del Tredici K., Toledo J.B., Robinson J.L., Irwin D.J., Grossman M., Suh E., Van Deerlin V.M., Wood E.M., Baek Y., Kwong L., Lee E.B., Elman L., McCluskey L., Fang L., Feldengut S., Ludolph A.C., Lee V.M., Braak H, & Trojanowski J.Q. (2013). Stages of pTDP-43 pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of neurology, 74(1), 20-38.
Publication 2013
Autopsy Brain Diseases Cervix Diseases Deglutition Disorders Dementia Diagnosis Dysarthria Females Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Lumbar Region Males Medulla Oblongata Mini Mental State Examination Motor Neurons Neck Neurodegenerative Disorders Neurologists Paresis Patients Syndrome
4
ALS Diagnostic Criteria Analysis
The study had ethical approval from the institutional Research Ethics Committee (SLAM/IOP 222/02) and patients were included after informed written consent. A tertiary referral centre clinical database consisting of patients with ALS seen between 1993 and 2007 was analysed. The diagnosis was made by the referring neurologist or at the tertiary centre after full investigation to exclude other conditions. All patients met the revised El Escorial-Arlie House Criteria (Brooks et al., 2000 (link)) for ALS, and also included those with pure lower and upper motor neuron syndromes. For patients seen before 2002, the El Escorial category was reclassified retrospectively. Patients with clinically obvious dementia at onset were excluded.
Roche J.C., Rojas-Garcia R., Scott K.M., Scotton W., Ellis C.E., Burman R., Wijesekera L., Turner M.R., Leigh P.N., Shaw C.E, & Al-Chalabi A. (2012). A proposed staging system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain, 135(3), 847-852.
Publication 2012
Dementia Diagnosis Institutional Ethics Committees Motor Neurons Neurologists Patients Syndrome Vision
5
Comparing Intrapleural and Nerve Dip Techniques

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Publication 2009
Animals Choleragenoid Dextran Intramuscular Injection Motor Neurons Muscle Tissue Nervousness Phrenic Nerve Tissues Vaginal Diaphragm

Most recents protocols related to «Motor Neurons»

1
Mitochondrial Motility Regulation by Delta-2 Tubulin and Bortezomib
Not available on PMC !

EXAMPLE 4

To determine the effect bortezomib and delta-2 tubulin accumulation have on mitochondrial motility, DRG neurons were transduced with lentivirus to express wild-type tubulin or delta-2 tubulin. As shown in FIGS. 15A and B, DRG neurons that expressed delta-2 tubulin showed a significant reduction in the motility of the mitochondria in the neurons as compared to control neurons or neurons that expressed wild-type tubulin. Expression of delta-2 tubulin affected every state of mitochondrial movement analyzed except for the stationary state (STA) (FIG. 15C). The effect of CCP1 knockdown on mitochondrial movement in the presence of bortezomib was also analyzed. As shown in FIG. 15D, treatment with bortezomib greatly affected the movement of mitochondria in DRG neurons. However, the knockdown of CCP1 activity rescued the effects bortezomib had on the motility of the mitochondria (FIG. 15D-F).

US11874284B2. Delta-2-tubulin as a biomarker and therapeutic target for peripheral neuropathy (2024-01-16). THE TRUSTEES OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK [US], UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA [IT]. Inventors: Francesca Bartolini [US], Maria Elena Pero [US], Guido Cavaletti [IT].
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Patent 2024
Bortezomib delta-Tubulin Lentivirus Mitochondria Mitochondrial Inheritance Motility, Cell Motor Neurons Movement Neurons Tubulin
2
Improved Motor Function After oNPC Transplantation
Not available on PMC !

Example 12

Improvement of Motor Function without Allodynia After oNPC Transplantation

Rats received cell transplantation 2 weeks (subacute phase of injury) or 8 weeks (Chronic) following SCI. Cells were dissociated into a single-cell suspension by using Accutase [or Trypsin, or papaein] at a concentration of 5×104 cells/μl to 20×104 cells/μl in neural expansion medium, and were transplanted (2 μl) bilaterally at 4 positions caudal and rostral to the lesion epicenter, bilateral to the midline. Injections sites were situated approximately 2 mm from the midline and entered 1 mm deep into the cord. Intraparenchymal cell transplantation requires slow injections and gradual needle withdrawal to ensure cells do not reflux out of the needle tract. When inserting the needle, the entire bevel should be below the pia mater to ensure injection into the cord. When removing the needle, additional time may be required if reflux is seen. This can be modified as required.

Locomotor coordination and trunk stability using the BBB open-field locomotion scale was evaluated. BBB scores showed significantly improved functional recovery after SCI in the oNPC group compared to the vehicle group (week 7-9; p<0.05) (FIG. 14A). Further, a gait analysis using the CatWalk Digital Gait Analysis system (Noldus Inc.; FIG. 14B) was conducted. Gait analysis revealed that oNPC transplanted rats had significantly better recovery in terms of stride length and swing speed relative to the vehicle and control unpatterned-NPC group (FIGS. 14C and D). To determine whether sensory impairments occurred following cell transplantation, the tail-flick test was used to measure thermal allodynia. Notably, no significant difference was found between groups, suggesting that the transplanted cells did not contribute to post-injury sensory dysfunction (FIG. 14E).

US11859206B2. Generation of oligodendrogenic neural progenitor cells (2024-01-02). UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK [CA]. Inventors: Michael George Fehlings [CA], Mohamad Khazaei [CA].
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Patent 2024
accutase Allodynia Cells Cell Transplantation Cell Transplants Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 Gait Analysis Hyperalgesia, Thermal Injuries Locomotion Motor Neurons Needles Neurons Pia Mater Rattus norvegicus Recovery of Function Tail Transplantation Trypsin Vascular Access Ports Vision
3
Evaluating Neuroprotective Effects of E70 PRA
The transgenic motor neuron green fluorescent strain zebrafish (NBT, 270) aged 5 days (dpf) were randomly selected and feed in a beaker containing 50 ml water (30 zebrafish in each group). The hyperglycemic zebrafish model was established as described in section “2.8.1. Determination of maximum detection concentration,” following by the treatment with 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 μg/ml E70 PRA extract at 28°C for 7.5 h/day. After 2 days treatment, 10 zebrafish in each group were randomly selected and photographed with AZ100 fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Japan). The fluorescence intensity (S) of peripheral motor nerve in the area of two segments above the ventral pores of zebrafish was analyzed by NIS-Elements D 3.20. Sitagliptin (STGP, 350 μg/ml) was used as positive control, the protective effect on peripheral nerve was calculated as follows:
Zhang L., Deng M., Wang S.Y., Ding Q., Liu J.H., Xie X., Huang Y.H, & Tu Z.C. (2023). Mitigation of Paeoniae Radix Alba extracts on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells and hyperglycemia in zebrafish, and identification of phytochemical constituents. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1135759.
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Publication 2023
Animals, Transgenic Fluorescence Microscopy, Fluorescence Motor Neurons Peripheral Nerves Sitagliptin Strains Zebrafish
4
Assessing Monosynaptic Reflex Alterations in Rat Pups
We assessed alterations in the monosynaptic reflex loop using an in vitro whole spinal cord preparation on P5 to P6 to determine the early impact of MIUH on functional reorganization and excitation/inhibition balance in rat pups. The spinal cord below T8 was isolated from neonatal rats between P4 and P6, as previously described16 (link),46 (link), and transferred to a recording chamber perfused with oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) CSF composed of the following (in mM): NaCl 130, KCl 4, CaCl2 3.75, MgSO4 1.3, NaH2PO4 0.58, NaHCO3 25, and glucose 10 (pH 7.4; 24–26 °C). Extracellular stimulation and recording were performed at the level of ventral (VR5) and dorsal (DR5) roots of L5 by touching them with stainless steel electrodes insulated with petroleum jelly. AC recordings from the VR5 were amplified (× 2000) and bandpass-filtered between 70 Hz and 3 kHz. Supramaximal stimulation of the DR5 elicited a monosynaptic response in the ipsilateral homonymous VR5 in vitro, corresponding to the earliest component of motor neuron excitation. To determine the level of post-activation depression at different frequencies, we discarded responses to the first three stimulations required for the occurrence of depression. The responses were rectified, and the areas under the curves were measured. The monosynaptic response was expressed in percentage relative to the mean response at 0.1 Hz in the same series of measurements16 (link).
Tsuji M., Mukai T., Sato Y., Azuma Y., Yamamoto S., Cayetanot F., Bodineau L., Onoda A., Nagamura-Inoue T, & Coq J.O. (2023). Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cell therapy to prevent the development of neurodevelopmental disorders related to low birth weight. Scientific Reports, 13, 3841.
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Publication 2023
Bicarbonate, Sodium Glucose Infant, Newborn Motor Neurons Petrolatum Plant Roots Psychological Inhibition Rattus Reflex, Monosynaptic Sodium Chloride Spinal Cord Stainless Steel Sulfate, Magnesium
5
Dose-Dependent Screening of RSL3 in Motor Neurons
Dissociated motor neuron cells were plated onto two PLO‐coated 96‐well plates (cat. 3904; Corning, Teterboro, NJ, USA) at a density of 150 000 cells per well in a volume of 100 μL. These are the assay plates. Two days later, two empty 96‐well polypropylene plates (cat. 3365; Corning) were labeled as ‘high’ and ‘low’ and filled with 100 μL of motor neuron media except column 4 of ‘high’ plate where 200 μL of 4 μm RSL3 was transferred. Then, twofold serial dilution of the RSL3 across columns 5–11 in ‘high’ and columns 2–9 in ‘low’ was carried out by transferring 100 μL of the compound solution to the next columns successively with mixing. iNIL‐MN cells in the assay plates were treated with RSL3 in a twofold dilution series by transferring 100 μL solution from the compound plates. Finally, the assay plates were returned to the culture incubator and maintained for 24 h before starting resazurin viability assay. The final concentration of RSL3 in the assay plate starts from 2 μm, and then, twofold diluted in the next wells accordingly.
Martinez A.M., Kim A., Flores C.A., Rahman D.F, & Yang W.S. (2023). Mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived motor neurons are susceptible to ferroptosis. FEBS Open Bio, 13(3), 419-433.
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Publication 2023
Biological Assay Cells Motor Neurons Polypropylenes resazurin Technique, Dilution

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1
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GlutaMAX is a chemically defined, L-glutamine substitute for cell culture media. It is a stable source of L-glutamine that does not degrade over time like L-glutamine. GlutaMAX helps maintain consistent cell growth and performance in cell culture applications.
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Fetal bovine serum (fbs) by Thermo Fisher Scientific
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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.
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Lipofectamine 2000 is a cationic lipid-based transfection reagent designed for efficient and reliable delivery of nucleic acids, such as plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), into a wide range of eukaryotic cell types. It facilitates the formation of complexes between the nucleic acid and the lipid components, which can then be introduced into cells to enable gene expression or gene silencing studies.
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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.

More about "Motor Neurons"

Motor neurons, also known as motoneurons or efferent neurons, are a crucial component of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to the muscles, enabling movement and voluntary control of the body.
These specialized cells play a pivotal role in motor function, relaying information from the brain and spinal cord to the target muscles.
Understanding the biology and functioning of motor neurons is essential for advancing research in various fields, including neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord injury, and neuromuscular disorders.
Researchers often utilize cell culture techniques to study motor neuron development, differentiation, and function, employing a variety of media and supplements like GlutaMAX, Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Neurobasal medium, Retinoic acid, Penicillin/Streptomycin, B27 supplement, DMEM/F12, Lipofectamine 2000, and Neurobasal.
These cell culture components play crucial roles in supporting the growth, survival, and differentiation of motor neurons in vitro.
For example, GlutaMAX provides a stable source of glutamine, while FBS supplies essential growth factors and nutrients.
Neurobasal medium, combined with B27 supplement, is specifically formulated to promote the survival and maturation of neurons.
Retinoic acid is a key signaling molecule that induces the differentiation of motor neurons, and Penicillin/Streptomycin helps prevent bacterial contamination.
By optimizing their motor neuron research through the use of AI-driven comparisons and the latest protocols from published literature, preprints, and patents, researchers can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their studies, ultimately advancing our understanding of motor neuron biology and its applications in various fields of medicine and neuroscience.