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Neuron, Afferent

Neuron, Afferent: A type of neuron that transmits signals from sensory receptors or other neurons to the central nervous system.
Afferent neurons convey information about the internal and external environments, enabling the brain to perceive and respond to stimuli.
These neurons play a crucial role in sensory processing, including the senses of touch, sight, hearing, taste, and smell.
Afferent neurons are essential for maintaining homeostasis and facilitating appropriate physiological and behavioral responses.

Most cited protocols related to «Neuron, Afferent»

Comprehensive Neuronal Tracing and Characterization

For in situ hybridization analysis, cryostat sections were hybridized using digoxigenin-labeled probes [45 (link)] directed against mouse TrkA or TrkB, or rat TrkC (gift from L. F. Parada). Antibodies used in this study were as follows: rabbit anti-Er81 [14 (link)], rabbit anti-Pea3 [14 (link)], rabbit anti-PV [14 (link)], rabbit anti-eGFP (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oregon, United States), rabbit anti-Calbindin, rabbit anti-Calretinin (Swant, Bellinzona, Switzerland), rabbit anti-CGRP (Chemicon, Temecula, California, United States), rabbit anti-vGlut1 (Synaptic Systems, Goettingen, Germany), rabbit anti-Brn3a (gift from E. Turner), rabbit anti-TrkA and -p75 (gift from L. F. Reichardt), rabbit anti-Runx3 (Kramer and Arber, unpublished reagent), rabbit anti-Rhodamine (Molecular Probes), mouse anti-neurofilament (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, United States), sheep anti-eGFP (Biogenesis, Poole, United Kingdom), goat anti-LacZ [14 (link)], goat anti-TrkC (gift from L. F. Reichardt), and guinea pig anti-Isl1 [14 (link)]. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) to detect apoptotic cells in E13.5 DRG on cryostat sections was performed as described by the manufacturer (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Quantitative analysis of TUNEL⁺ DRG cells was performed essentially as described [27 (link)]. BrdU pulse-chase experiments and LacZ wholemount stainings were performed as previously described [46 (link)]. For anterograde tracing experiments to visualize projections of sensory neurons, rhodamine-conjugated dextran (Molecular Probes) was injected into single lumbar (L3) DRG at E13.5 or applied to whole lumbar dorsal roots (L3) at postnatal day (P) 5 using glass capillaries. After injection, animals were incubated for 2–3 h (E13.5) or overnight (P5). Cryostat sections were processed for immunohistochemistry as described [14 (link)] using fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:1,000, Molecular Probes). Images were collected on an Olympus (Tokyo, Japan) confocal microscope. Images from in situ hybridization experiments were collected with an RT-SPOT camera (Diagnostic Instruments, Sterling Heights, Michigan, United States), and Corel (Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States) Photo Paint 10.0 was used for digital processing of images.

Hippenmeyer S., Vrieseling E., Sigrist M., Portmann T., Laengle C., Ladle D.R, & Arber S. (2005). A Developmental Switch in the Response of DRG Neurons to ETS Transcription Factor Signaling. PLoS Biology, 3(5), e159.

Publication 2005

Anabolism Animals Antibodies Apoptosis Bromodeoxyuridine Calbindins Calretinin Capillaries Cavia Cells Diagnosis Digoxigenin DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase Domestic Sheep Goat Immunohistochemistry In Situ Hybridization In Situ Nick-End Labeling LacZ Genes Lumbar Region Mice, House Microscopy, Confocal Molecular Probes Neurofilaments Neuron, Afferent Pulse Rate Rabbits Rhodamine rhodamine dextran Root, Dorsal Staining transcription factor PEA3 tropomyosin-related kinase-B, human

Isolation of Sensory DRG Neurons from Rats

Sensory DRG neurons from Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated as described previously.^{9 (link),39 ,87 (link)} Dorsal root ganglia were excised aseptically and placed in Hank buffered salt solution (HBSS, Life Technologies) on ice. The ganglia were dissociated enzymatically with collagenase A (1 mg/mL, 25 minutes, Roche) and collagenase D (1 mg/mL, Roche) with papain (30 U/mL, Roche) for 20 minutes at 37°C. To eliminate debris, 70 μm (BD Biosciences) cell strainers were used. The dissociated cells were resuspended in DMEM/F12 (Life Technologies) containing 1× pen-strep (Life Technologies), 1× GlutaMax, 3 μg/mL 5-FDU (Sigma), 7 μg/mL uridine (Sigma), and 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone). The cells were seeded on poly-d-lysine–coated coverslips (BD Falcon) and incubated at 37°C in a humidified 95% air/5% CO₂ incubator.

François-Moutal L., Wang Y., Moutal A., Cottier K.E., Melemedjian O.K., Yang X., Wang Y., Ju W., Largent-Milnes T.M., Khanna M., Vanderah T.W, & Khanna R. (2015). A membrane-delimited N-myristoylated CRMP2 peptide aptamer inhibits CaV2.2 trafficking and reverses inflammatory and postoperative pain behaviors. Pain, 156(7), 1247-1264.

Publication 2015

Cells collagenase 1 Fetal Bovine Serum Ganglia Ganglia, Spinal Hemoglobin, Sickle Lysine Neuron, Afferent Papain Poly A Rats, Sprague-Dawley Sodium Chloride Streptococcal Infections Uridine

Isolation and Culture of Rat Sensory Neurons

Sensory DRG neurons from Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated as described previously [8 ; 21 (link)]. Dorsal root ganglia (from thoracic 2 to lumbar 6 spinal levels) were excised aseptically and placed in Hank buffered salt solution (HBSS, Life technologies) containing penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 µg/mL, Cat# 15140, Life technologies) on ice. The ganglia were dissociated enzymatically by a 45 min incubation (37°C) in a DMEM (Cat# 11965, Life technologies) solution containing neutral protease (3.125 mg.ml⁻¹, Cat#LS02104, Worthington) and collagenase Type I (5 mg.ml⁻¹, Cat# LS004194, Worthington). The dissociated cells were resuspended in complete DRG medium, DMEM containing penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 µg/mL), 30 ng.ml⁻¹ nerve growth factor and 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone). For Ca²⁺ imaging, the cells were seeded on poly-D-lysine (Cat# P6407, Sigma) coated glass coverslips (Cat# 72196-15, electron microscopy sciences) as a drop of 20 µl on the center of each coverslip, then placed in a 37°C, 5 % CO₂ incubator for 45–60 min to allow cells to attach. Then the cultures were flooded by gently adding complete DRG medium on the edge of each well to avoid detaching any weakly adherent cell. For immunoblotting, dissociated DRG neurons from 1 rat, were plated in a poly-D-lysine coated 12 well plate and placed in a 37°C, 5 % CO₂ incubator. All cells were used within 24 hours after seeding

Moutal A., Chew L.A., Yang X., Wang Y., Yeon S.K., Telemi E., Meroueh S., Park K.D., Shrinivasan R., Gilbraith K.B., Qu C., Xie J.Y., Patwardhan A., Vanderah T.W., Khanna M., Porreca F, & Khanna R. (2016). (S)-Lacosamide inhibition of CRMP2 phosphorylation reduces postoperative and neuropathic pain behaviors through distinct classes of sensory neurons identified by constellation pharmacology. Pain, 157(7), 1448-1463.

Publication 2016

Cells collagenase 1 DRG1 protein, human Electron Microscopy Fetal Bovine Serum Ganglia Ganglia, Spinal Hemoglobin, Sickle Lumbar Region Lysine Neprilysin Nerve Growth Factors Neuron, Afferent Neurons Penicillins Poly A Rats, Sprague-Dawley Sodium Chloride Streptomycin

Astrocyte Differentiation and Neural Lineage

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Publication 2013

accutase Astrocytes Cells Dopaminergic Neurons Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Growth Factor Heparin Laminin Motor Neurons Neuron, Afferent Neurons Oligodendroglia Ornithine Poly A polyornithine Striatum, Corpus

Intracellular Recordings of Sensory Neurons in Acutely Isolated DRG

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Publication 2012

Action Potentials Animals ARID1A protein, human Bicarbonate, Sodium Cells C Fibers Egtazic Acid Electric Conductivity Enzymes Epineurium Ganglia Glucose HEPES Inflammation Mediators Magnesium Chloride Microelectrodes Microscopy Neuron, Afferent Neurons Nylons Protoplasm Pulses Root, Dorsal Satellite Glia Sodium Chloride Suction Drainage Ventral Roots

Most recents protocols related to «Neuron, Afferent»

Tissue-Specific Inactivation of Adam23 in Parvalbumin-Positive Cells

In this mouse model, the Cre-mediated recombination of Adam23 was tissue-specific and confined to Parvalbumin (Pv)-positive cells such as the interneurons in the brain and the large-diameter proprioceptive afferent sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (de Nooij et al., 2015 (link)). The parvalbumin promoter of the Cre knockin allele directs Cre recombinase expression in Pv-expressing cells (Hippenmeyer et al., 2005 (link)). The allele, originally denoted as Pvalb^tm1(cre)Arbr is referred to here as PvCre. Mice expressing PvCre were crossed with Adam23^LoxP/LoxP mice, leading to Cre-mediated recombination of Adam23 in Pv-positive tissue. PvCre:Adam23^LoxP/LoxP mice are referred to as Adam23^PvKO/PvKO.

Kozar-Gillan N., Velichkova A., Kanatouris G., Eshed-Eisenbach Y., Steel G., Jaegle M., Aunin E., Peles E., Torsney C, & Meijer D.N. (2023). LGI3/2–ADAM23 interactions cluster Kv1 channels in myelinated axons to regulate refractory period. The Journal of Cell Biology, 222(4), e202211031.

Publication 2023

Alleles Brain Cells Cre recombinase Ganglia, Spinal Interneurons Mice, Laboratory Neuron, Afferent Parvalbumins Proprioception Recombination, Genetic Tissues Tissue Specificity

Spiking Neuron Model for Temporal Coding

Here, the current-based leaky integrate-and-fire (C-LIF) neuron model (Gütig, 2016 (link)) is used as the basic computational unit in SCTN. Assuming there are N afferent neurons, the voltage of the C-LIF spiking neuron can be calculated as:

\begin{array}{l} V_{t} = L_{t} - E_{t} \end{array}

\begin{array}{l} L_{t} = \sum_{i = 1}^{N} w_{i} \sum_{t_{i}^{j} < t} K (t - t_{i}^{j}) \end{array}

\begin{array}{l} E_{t} = ϑ \sum_{t_{s}^{j} < t} exp (- \frac{t - t_{s}^{j}}{α_{m}}) \end{array}

\begin{array}{l} K (t - t_{i}^{j}) = V_{0} [exp (- \frac{t - t_{i}^{j}}{α_{m}}) - exp (- \frac{t - t_{i}^{j}}{α_{s}})] \end{array}

where w_i is the synaptic efficacy,

t_{i}^{j}

denotes the time of the j-th input spike from the i-th afferent neuron, and

t_{s}^{j}

denotes the time of the j-th firing spike. Each spike at time

t_{i}^{j}

contributes a postsynaptic potential (PSP), whose shape is determined by the double exponential kernel function

K (t - t_{i}^{j})

. V₀ is a normalization factor that normalizes the maximum value of the kernel to 1. α_m, α_s mean the time decay factors, which are learnable parameters in SCTN. ϑ denotes the threshold of the neuron and it is equal to 0.5 in our experiments. L_t is the dynamics of the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model (Gerstner and Kistler, 2002 (link)), which describes the input synaptic current from N presynaptic neurons. Compared with the LIF model, the C-LIF model has one more reset item E_t, indicating that each output spike will suppress the voltage for a moment. For C-LIF model, a spike is triggered when V_t exceeds ϑ and then V_t is reset.

Ji M., Wang Z., Yan R., Liu Q., Xu S, & Tang H. (2023). SCTN: Event-based object tracking with energy-efficient deep convolutional spiking neural networks. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 17, 1123698.

Publication 2023

Neuron, Afferent Neurons Postsynaptic Potentials

Analyzing Neuron Response Patterns

We used two-tailed, paired t tests to compare the mean signal during stimulus presentation with an unstimulated period of identical length within the same neuron. Neurons were tested for both ON and OFF responses. The P values were corrected for multiple testing using false discovery rate (76 ). To test for asymmetric neuron responses, we used two-tailed, two-sample t tests (unpaired). Sensory neuron responses to all conditions are publicly available at this data repository, together with plots of average responses, phase trajectories, and time trace correlation matrices.

Lin A., Qin S., Casademunt H., Wu M., Hung W., Cain G., Tan N.Z., Valenzuela R., Lesanpezeshki L., Venkatachalam V., Pehlevan C., Zhen M, & Samuel A.D. (2023). Functional imaging and quantification of multineuronal olfactory responses in C. elegans. Science Advances, 9(9), eade1249.

Publication 2023

Conditioned Reflex Neuron, Afferent Neurons

Decoding Chemosensory Neuron Responses in C. elegans

The primary objective of the study was to understand how the 11 chemosensory neuron pairs in C. elegans encode odorant identity and intensity. We developed a transgenic nematode in which all of the ciliated sensory neurons were fluorescently labeled with GCaMP, allowing the activity of the 11 chemosensory neuron pairs to be recorded from simultaneously. We assembled a broad panel of 23 volatile odorants and five pheromones and used a microfluidic device to present these stimuli to nematodes. We used confocal microscopy to record from chemosensory neurons as odorant stimuli at multiple concentrations were presented.

Publication 2023

Animals, Transgenic Microchip Analytical Devices Microscopy, Confocal Nematoda Neuron, Afferent Neurons Odorants Pheromone

Centipede Antennal Neuron Calcium Imaging

The antennal nerves of centipedes were isolated. The sensory neurons were acutely dissociated and harvested in a serum-free medium for enzymatic digestion (a combination of collagenase and trypsin) according to procedures as previously described (25 (link)). These isolated neurons were incubated at 27 °C for 6 h (5% CO₂) before calcium imaging. The antennal neurons or HEK293 cells (described below) were loaded with Fluo-4 acetoxymethyl in 2 mM Ca²⁺ Ringer’s solution, which contained 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM glucose, 2 mM CaCl₂, and 10 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (pH 7.2). Fluorescence images of antennal neurons and HEK293 cells were acquired with an Olympus IX73 microscope with a Hamamatsu R2 charge-coupled device camera controlled by MetaFluor software (Molecular Devices). The bathing solution with different pH values (135 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM glucose, 4 mM CaCl₂, and 10 mM HEPES) was used to elicit calcium signals. Fluo-4 was excited using an light emitting diode light source (X-Cite 120LED, Lumen Dynamics) with a 500/20-nm excitation filter, while fluorescence emission was detected with a 535/30-nm emission filter. Fluorescence images were acquired with automated routines written in MetaMorph software (Molecular Devices) and analyzed with Igor Pro (WaveMetrics). To heat the cells by perfusion, temperature control was achieved by perfusion of preheated solutions. Solutions were heated with an SHM-828 heater controlled by a CL-100 temperature controller (Harvard Apparatus). The glass slide or patched pipette was placed about 1 mm from the solution output port. A TA-29 miniature bead thermistor was placed right next to the pipette to ensure accurate monitoring of local temperature. The thermistor’s temperature readout was fed into an analog input of the patch amplifier and recorded simultaneously with current.

Yao Z., Yuan L., Chen X., Wang Q., Chai L., Lu X., Yang F., Wang Y, & Yang S. (2023). A thermal receptor for nonvisual sunlight detection in myriapods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(8), e2218948120.

Publication 2023

Acids Calcium Chilopoda Collagenase Digestion Enzymes Fluo 4 Fluorescence Glucose HEK293 Cells HEPES Light Magnesium Chloride Medical Devices Microscopy Nervousness Neuron, Afferent Neurons Perfusion Ringer's Solution Serum Sodium Chloride Trypsin

Top products related to «Neuron, Afferent»

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L-glutamine is an amino acid that is commonly used as a dietary supplement and in cell culture media. It serves as a source of nitrogen and supports cellular growth and metabolism.

Pclamp 10 by Molecular Devices

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PClamp 10 software is a data acquisition and analysis platform for electrophysiology research. It provides tools for recording, analyzing, and visualizing electrical signals from cells and tissues.

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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Neurobasal medium is a cell culture medium designed for the maintenance and growth of primary neuronal cells. It provides a defined, serum-free environment that supports the survival and differentiation of neurons. The medium is optimized to maintain the phenotypic characteristics of neurons and minimizes the growth of non-neuronal cells.

Laminin by Merck Group

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Trypsin-EDTA is a solution used in cell culture applications to dissociate adherent cells from their growth surface. It contains the proteolytic enzyme trypsin and the chelating agent EDTA, which work together to break down the cellular adhesions and allow the cells to be harvested and passaged.

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DMEM/F12 is a cell culture medium developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a balanced salt solution that provides nutrients and growth factors essential for the cultivation of a variety of cell types, including adherent and suspension cells. The medium is formulated to support the proliferation and maintenance of cells in vitro.

What is the role of afferent neurons in the body?

Afferent neurons play a crucial role in sensory processing, transmitting information about the internal and external environments to the central nervous system. These neurons enable the brain to perceive and respond to various stimuli, including touch, sight, hearing, taste, and smell. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis and facilitating appropriate physiological and behavioral responses.

Can you explain the different types or variations of afferent neurons?

Afferent neurons can be classified based on the type of sensory information they convey. For example, there are mechanosensory afferents that transmit information about touch, pressure, and movement, and chemosensory afferents that convey information about taste and smell. Additionally, there are thermal afferents that detect temperature changes and nociceptive afferents that transmit pain signals.

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What are some common usage challenges with afferent neuron research?

One of the key challenges in afferent neuron research is ensuring the reproducibility and accuracy of experimental protocols. Researchers often need to sift through a vast amount of published literature to find the most appropriate protocols for their specific research objectives. This can be a time-consuming and error-prone process. Additionally, comparing the effectiveness of different protocols can be difficult, as there may be subtle differences in methodology that can impact the results.

How can PubCompare.ai help address these challenges?

PubCompare.ai can assist researchers in overcoming the challenges associated with afferent neuron research. The platform allows you to screen protocol literature more efficently and leverages AI to pinpoint critical insights. This helps researchers identify the most effective protocols related to afferent neurons for their specific research goals. The platform's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuaracy.

More about "Neuron, Afferent"

Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons or receptor neurons, are a type of neuron that transmit signals from sensory receptors or other neurons to the central nervous system.
These neurons play a crucial role in sensory processing, enabling the brain to perceive and respond to both internal and external stimuli.
They are essential for maintaining homeostasis and facilitating appropriate physiological and behavioral responses.
Afferent neurons convey information about various senses, including touch, sight, hearing, taste, and smell.
They transmit signals from receptors, such as mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, and chemoreceptors, to the central nervous system, where the information is processed and interpreted.
In addition to their sensory functions, afferent neurons are also involved in proprioception, the awareness of the position and movement of the body.
They receive inputs from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors, providing the brain with information about the body's position and movement.
The study of afferent neurons and their function is crucial for understanding various neurological and sensory disorders, as well as for developing treatments and therapies.
Techniques such as L-glutamine, PClamp 10 software, and the use of Neurobasal medium, Laminin, and Poly-D-lysine are commonly employed in the research and analysis of afferent neurons.
Furthermore, the application of NGF (Nerve Growth Factor), Trypsin-EDTA, HBSS, and DMEM/F12 media are also important in the culturing and maintenance of afferent neurons for experimental purposes.
By understanding the role and function of afferent neurons, researchers can gain valuable insights into the mechanisms of sensory perception, neural communication, and the overall functioning of the nervous system.