Corrected biosensor images were segmented and cell edge displacements tracked as in13 (link). Sampling windows of 0.9 μm depth and 1.8 - 3μm width were constructed to follow morphological changes at a fixed distance from the cell edge. For each window, biosensor activation time courses were recorded. For windows placed at the cell edge, a time course of protrusion/retraction velocity was recorded additionally. Coupling of two activity time courses was analyzed per window by Pearson's cross-correlation function. Subsequently, for a cell the per-window correlation functions were averaged over all windows following the edge at a specific distance D (Fig. 1i ). Per-cell correlation functions were averaged over multiple cells and statistically analyzed by bootstrap sampling to determine the significance and time lag of the coupling between two activities. All procedures are detailed in Supplementary Methods .
Place Cells
Place cells are a type of neuron found in the hippocampus of the brain that fire when an animal is in a specific location within its environment.
These cells play a key role in spatial navigation and memory, encoding information about an animal's current position.
By studying place cells, researchers can gain insights into how the brain represents and processes spatial information.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help optimize place cell research by provideing easy access to relevant protocols and facilitating reproducibility through AI-driven comparisons and workflow streamlining.
This can be a valuable tool for scientists investigating the neuronal mechanisms underlying spatial cognition and memory.
These cells play a key role in spatial navigation and memory, encoding information about an animal's current position.
By studying place cells, researchers can gain insights into how the brain represents and processes spatial information.
The PubCompare.ai platform can help optimize place cell research by provideing easy access to relevant protocols and facilitating reproducibility through AI-driven comparisons and workflow streamlining.
This can be a valuable tool for scientists investigating the neuronal mechanisms underlying spatial cognition and memory.
Most cited protocols related to «Place Cells»
Biosensors
Cells
Displacement, Psychology
Physiology, Cell
Place Cells
Cells
Cold Temperature
Fluorescence
Fusions, Cell
HIV-1
inhibitors
Peptides
Place Cells
Pronase
Virus
Buffers
Cells
Dialysis
Gel Chromatography
Ligands
Place Cells
Proteins
Solvents
Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
Syringes
Training Programs
P. aeruginosa strains used in this study were derived from the sequenced strain PAO133 . All deletions were in-frame and unmarked, and were generated by allelic exchange. E. coli growth curves were conducted using BL21 pLysS cells harboring expression plasmids for tse and tsi genes. Intercellular self-intoxication and interbacterial competition assays were performed by spotting mixed overnight cultures on a nitrocellulose membrane placed on a 3% agar growth medium. Samples were incubated at 37°C (P. aeruginosa-P. aeruginosa) or 30°C (P. aeruginosa-P. putida) for 12 or 24 hours. Tse1-catalyzed P. aeruginosa lysis was measured by placing cells in a minimal buffer ± 1.5 mM EDTA containing either Tse1, Tse1* or lysozyme. The change in optical density at 600 nm following 5 min of incubation was used to calculate lysis. For determination of Tse1 and Tse3 activity, isolated E. coli peptidoglycan sacculi were incubated with the purified enzymes (100 μg/mL). The resulting peptidoglycan and soluble fragments released by the enzymes were separated by HPLC and their identities were determined using MS as described previously34 .
Agar
Alleles
Biological Assay
Buffers
Cells
Culture Media
Edetic Acid
Enzymes
Escherichia coli
Gene Deletion
Genes
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Muramidase
Nitrocellulose
Peptidoglycan
Place Cells
Plasmids
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Reading Frames
Saccule
Strains
Tissue, Membrane
Agar
Alleles
Biological Assay
Buffers
Cells
Culture Media
Edetic Acid
Enzymes
Escherichia coli
Gene Deletion
Genes
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies
Muramidase
Nitrocellulose
Peptidoglycan
Place Cells
Plasmids
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Most recents protocols related to «Place Cells»
Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass slides were used as working electrode support. First, the FTO substrates were sequentially cleaned by 10 minutes sonication in Hellamnex, MilliQ water and Isopropanol, respectively. The FTO was abundantly rinsed with MilliQ water between each sonication step. To ensure good electrical contact, a silver paste layer was added on the top of the FTO. Next, a small layer of silver epoxy was put around the silver paster layer to avoid any electrolyte to touch the electrical contact by capillary rise during the experiment. Once the FTO support was fully conditioned, a 2.2 mg mL−1 commercial Ir-black (Alfa Aesar, extensively characterized in the literature67–69 ) ink was sonicated with an ultrasonication horn (Branson, SFX 150) in an ice bath before 10 μL of the suspension was deposited on the FTO. The final Ir loadings were estimated to be of ca. 75–90 μg cm−2, based on drop-casted spot diameter analysis by laser microscopy (Keyence VK-X250). This concentration was chosen to be close to values commonly reported for Ir rotating disk electrode (RDE) testing. Next, the Ir-black on FTO was transferred in a H-cell: a glassy carbon counter electrode (CE) was placed in the opposite cell compartment, separated by a glass frit, to avoid any redeposition of iridium on it during the experiment. To monitor the dissolution rates of Ir, an auto-sampler (Liquid handler, Gilson GX-271 Prep LH) was extracting electrolyte aliquots during electrochemical treatment. One cycle consists in 2 minutes at 0 VRHE (simulation of hydrogen saturated) followed by a linear sweep to 1.385 VRHE at 20 mV s−1, 2 minutes at 1.385 VRHE (simulation of ozone saturation) and a final linear sweep to 0 VRHE at 20 mV s−1. Electrolyte aliquots were extracted at the end of the second linear sweep after the cycles number 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 75, and 100. In order to monitor potential diffusion of dissolved Ir across the H-cell compartments, aliquot samples were also extracted from the CE compartment. The potential was controlled by a Gamry potentiostat (Interface 1000B ZRA). The electrolyte solutions were made with ultrapure deionized water (Merck, MilliQ IQ 7000) and commercially available chemicals (Table S1† ).
Bath
Capillaries
Carbon
Cells
Diffusion
Electricity
Electrolytes
Epoxy Resins
Fluorine
Horns
Hydrogen
Iridium
Isopropyl Alcohol
Laser Microscopy
Ozone
Paste
Place Cells
Silver
sodium polymetaphosphate
stannic oxide
Touch
Titania
NT-based membrane candidates were fabricated by multi-step
electrochemical anodic oxidation of titanium foils (125 μm thick,
99.7% purity, Strem Chemicals, USA). Before the anodization process,
titanium foils were cut into 25 × 10 mm rectangular sheets. Then,
the sheets were cleaned within the ultrasonication bath in detergent,
ethanol, and deionized water for 20 min each, and cleansed sheets
were dried in an open atmosphere at 20 °C. Electrochemical anodic
oxidation was carried out in a cylindrical two-electrode electrochemical
cell. The electrolyte solution was prepared with 0.09 M ammonium fluoride
(NH4F) in deionized water and ethylene glycol with a volume
ratio of 2:98. The titanium working electrode and platinum mesh counter
electrode were placed in an electrochemical cell at a distance of
20 mm. The multi-step anodization process was divided into three steps.
In the first step, anodic oxidation was performed at 60 V for 2 h,
and the fabricated primary NT arrays were peeled off with a tape to
carve out the nanocavities which led to the secondary NT growth with
better orientation. Peeled off samples were cleaned in acetone in
an ultrasonication bath for half an hour to uproot residual cohesive
substances and then dried in room environment. In the second step,
electrochemical anodic oxidation was performed at 60 V for 4 h at
a solution temperature of 20 °C in the fresh electrolyte. At
the end of second-step anodization, the applied potential was suddenly
increased to 120 V and held for 5 min to form three different free-standing
NT-based membrane candidates with varying surface morphologies. To
define samples, group nomenclature was used. Group 1 was fabricated
as the post-anodization temperature was decreased near or below 20
°C for 5 min. Group 2 was fabricated as the post-anodization
temperature was decreased near or below 20 °C for 4 min and electrodes
were suddenly transferred into a preheated fresh electrolyte at 60
°C, with the same potential applied for a minute. The aforementioned
sudden electrode transfer process is schematically described, and
the experimental current–voltage–electrolyte temperature
graph is given in the Supporting Information (Figure S1 ). Group 3 was fabricated at the post-anodization
temperature of 25 °C. After all post-anodization steps, samples
were rinsed in deionized water for few seconds and dried under ambient
conditions.
Top and bottom surfaces and cross sections of fabricated
titania
NT-based membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). Crystal structures of the pristine titanium electrode, NT array,
and free-standing membrane were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis. Surface roughness of the open-end surface of NT-based membranes
was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Hydrophilicity of the
top and bottom surfaces of the synthesized NT-based membrane candidates
was characterized by water contact angle (WCA) analysis.
NT-based membrane candidates were fabricated by multi-step
electrochemical anodic oxidation of titanium foils (125 μm thick,
99.7% purity, Strem Chemicals, USA). Before the anodization process,
titanium foils were cut into 25 × 10 mm rectangular sheets. Then,
the sheets were cleaned within the ultrasonication bath in detergent,
ethanol, and deionized water for 20 min each, and cleansed sheets
were dried in an open atmosphere at 20 °C. Electrochemical anodic
oxidation was carried out in a cylindrical two-electrode electrochemical
cell. The electrolyte solution was prepared with 0.09 M ammonium fluoride
(NH4F) in deionized water and ethylene glycol with a volume
ratio of 2:98. The titanium working electrode and platinum mesh counter
electrode were placed in an electrochemical cell at a distance of
20 mm. The multi-step anodization process was divided into three steps.
In the first step, anodic oxidation was performed at 60 V for 2 h,
and the fabricated primary NT arrays were peeled off with a tape to
carve out the nanocavities which led to the secondary NT growth with
better orientation. Peeled off samples were cleaned in acetone in
an ultrasonication bath for half an hour to uproot residual cohesive
substances and then dried in room environment. In the second step,
electrochemical anodic oxidation was performed at 60 V for 4 h at
a solution temperature of 20 °C in the fresh electrolyte. At
the end of second-step anodization, the applied potential was suddenly
increased to 120 V and held for 5 min to form three different free-standing
NT-based membrane candidates with varying surface morphologies. To
define samples, group nomenclature was used. Group 1 was fabricated
as the post-anodization temperature was decreased near or below 20
°C for 5 min. Group 2 was fabricated as the post-anodization
temperature was decreased near or below 20 °C for 4 min and electrodes
were suddenly transferred into a preheated fresh electrolyte at 60
°C, with the same potential applied for a minute. The aforementioned
sudden electrode transfer process is schematically described, and
the experimental current–voltage–electrolyte temperature
graph is given in the Supporting Information (
temperature of 25 °C. After all post-anodization steps, samples
were rinsed in deionized water for few seconds and dried under ambient
conditions.
Top and bottom surfaces and cross sections of fabricated
titania
NT-based membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). Crystal structures of the pristine titanium electrode, NT array,
and free-standing membrane were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis. Surface roughness of the open-end surface of NT-based membranes
was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Hydrophilicity of the
top and bottom surfaces of the synthesized NT-based membrane candidates
was characterized by water contact angle (WCA) analysis.
Acetone
ammonium fluoride
ARID1A protein, human
Atmosphere
Bath
Detergents
Electrolytes
Ethanol
Glycol, Ethylene
Microscopy, Atomic Force
Neoplasm Metastasis
Place Cells
Platinum
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Tissue, Membrane
Titanium
X-Ray Diffraction
The pure solvent (10 g, double-distilled
water or ethanol) was placed in a beaker. The naproxen-based ILs were
successively increased by a stepwise addition to pure solvent being
initially placed in a cell for conductivity measurements. After each
addition, the solution was stirred to ensure the homogeneous mixing,
and then the electrical conductivity was recorded with a DDS-307 electrical
conductivity meter (DJS-1C platinum black electrode) at 25 and 37
°C. The increased rate of the electrical conductivity slowly
followed the concentration increase of naproxen-based ILs until the
maximum values appeared.38 (link)
water or ethanol) was placed in a beaker. The naproxen-based ILs were
successively increased by a stepwise addition to pure solvent being
initially placed in a cell for conductivity measurements. After each
addition, the solution was stirred to ensure the homogeneous mixing,
and then the electrical conductivity was recorded with a DDS-307 electrical
conductivity meter (DJS-1C platinum black electrode) at 25 and 37
°C. The increased rate of the electrical conductivity slowly
followed the concentration increase of naproxen-based ILs until the
maximum values appeared.38 (link)
Electric Conductivity
Ethanol
Naproxen
Place Cells
Platinum
Solvents
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Open the protocol to access the free full text link
Animal Ethics Committees
Animals
Bone Marrow
Bones
Cell Culture Techniques
Cells
Dental Caries
Diaphyses
Ethanol
Ethics Committees, Research
Fascia
Femur
Fetal Bovine Serum
Joint Dislocations
Knee Joint
Males
Marrow
Muscle Tissue
Neck
Penicillins
Place Cells
Rattus norvegicus
Skin
Streptomycin
Tibia
The manufacture of PV modules involves several stages, from quartz mining to PV module production, as shown in Fig. 2 . The system starts with silica sand acquisition, of which only heat and sand are added to the first stage to obtain silica sand61 . Metallurgical grade silicon, a crucial stepping stone in the refining process of silicon metals, is then yielded by a carbothermic reduction reaction from silica sand with other material inputted, including petroleum coke, wet wood chips, etc., into the second stage62 (link). After metallurgical grade silicon is obtained, electronics grade silicon is produced through the Siemens process, which involves the deposition of silicon from a mixture of purified silane with an excess of liquid hydrogen onto high purity metallurgical grade silicon. Solar grade silicon is produced through a modified Siemens process, which involves additional processing to separate the toxic and corrosive gas from the reduction process of metallurgical grade silicon63 (link),64 (link). These procedures to obtain all these types of silicons are homogeneous regardless of c-Si technology type, although the quantities needed to produce the same functional unit of three types of c-Si PV modules are different. After solar grade and electronics grade silicon are obtained, the manufacturing configurations of PV systems start to differ by the type of c-Si selected as the semiconductor material to form cells and modules. When sc-Si is the semiconductor material, the Czochralski crystal growth technique is implemented to form sc-Si crystal blocks in an inert atmosphere, such as argon in this study65 (link). These crystals then go through the wafer sawing process in that individual silicon chips are mechanically separated from each other for cell manufacturing66 (link). When r-Si is the semiconductor material, solar grade silicon and electronics grade silicon are used directly for r-Si wafer production, of which carbon-based strings are pulled upward through holes with molten silicon, and sawing loss is avoided67 (link), leading to relatively low energy required to manufacture r-Si PV module compared with sc-Si and mc-Si technologies. When mc-Si is picked as the semiconductor material, solar grade silicon and electronics grade silicon are melted and cast into quartz crucibles to form mc-Si ingots68 (link). Similar to sc-Si crystals, mc-Si ingots then go through the process of wafer sawing69 (link). Processing of silicon wafers into solar cells involves texturing, acid cleaning, diffusion, etching, etc., while electrical contacts are placed between the cells and then wired and arrayed to form modules. Despite the differences in wafer types, the cell manufacturing and module assembly processes are similar for all three types of c-Si technologies70 (link).
Acids
Argon
Atmosphere
Calculi
Carbon
Cardiac Arrest
CD3EAP protein, human
Cells
Cocaine
Corrosives
Crystal Growth
Diffusion
DNA Chips
Edema
Electricity
Hydrogen
Metals
Petroleum
Place Cells
Quartz
Silanes
Silicon
Silicon Dioxide
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Matrigel is a solubilized basement membrane preparation extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse sarcoma, a tumor rich in extracellular matrix proteins. It is widely used as a substrate for the in vitro cultivation of cells, particularly those that require a more physiologically relevant microenvironment for growth and differentiation.
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