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> Anatomy > Cell > Retinal Cone

Retinal Cone

Retinal Cone: Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision and high-acuity daylight vision.
They are cone-shaped and contain opsins sensitive to different wavelengths of light, allowing the brain to perceive a wide range of colors.
Retinal cones play a crucial role in visual perception and are essential for activities requiring fine detail and color discrimination.
Optimizing research protocols and techniques for studying retinal cones can enhance reproducibility and accuracy, leading to advancements in our understanding of human vision and retinal function.

Most cited protocols related to «Retinal Cone»

1
In Vitro Synthesis of COX-2 Inhibitors
To investigate the COX-2 isozyme templated synthesis, each 5-azido-pyraozle (5, 14, 27, and 31, 1 µl of 3 mM DMSO solution) and alkyne (6a–6f, 15a–15e, 1 µl of 20 mM DMSO solution) were pairwise mixed with human recombinant COX-2 isozyme (95 µl COX-2) in 1 µl of 1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. The each reaction mixture was vortexed for 1 min, and then incubated at room temperature (For temperature dependency of COX-2 enzyme activity, see Supplementary Fig. 16). Final reagent concentrations were as follows: COX-2 (7 µM), azide (30 µM) alkyne (200 µM). After 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 h each sample was analyzed in triplicate by injecting (10 µl) into the LC/MS instrument with SIM mode (Water’s Micromass ZQTM 4000 LC−MS instrument, operating in the ESI-positive mode, equipped with a Water’s 2795 separation module). Calibration curve for hit compounds 18 and 21 is given in Supplementary Fig. 17. Summaries of all LC/MS data are presented in Supplementary Tables 3–7. Separations were performed in triplicate using a Kromasil 100-5-C18 (100 μm pore size, 5 μm particle size) reverse phase column (2.1 mm diameter × 50 mm length), preceded by a Kromasil 100-5-C18 2.1 × guard column. Separations were effected using a gradient MeCN/H2O (0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA))/MeOH in 40/30/30, v/v/v over 15 min at flow rate 0.25 ml min−1. Operating parameters were as follows: capillary voltage = 3.5 kV; cone voltage = 20 V; source temperature = 140 °C; sesolvation temperature = 250 °C; cone nitrogen gas flow = 100 l h−1; desolvation nitrogen gas flow = 550 l h−1. The identities of triazole products (retention time of 6.73 min for 18), (retention time of 4.56 min for 21), and the internal standard (retention time of 10.89 min) were confirmed by molecular weight and comparison of the retention times of the authentic products formed from copper catalyzed reactions. Control experiments in the presence of BSA (1 mg mL−1) instead of the COX-2 enzyme as well as in the absence of COX-2 enzyme and the known COX-2 selective inhibitor (1 µl of celecoxib, 100 µM final concentration) were run as described above. For multicomponent in situ click chemistry reactions, each azide (5, 14, 27, and 31, 1 µL of 3 mM DMSO solution) and eleven alkynes (6a–6f and 15a–15e, 1 µl of 20 mM DMSO solution) were thoroughly mixed together in the presence of COX-2 isozyme (95 µl COX-2) in 1 µl of 1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 and incubated at room temperature. After 24 h each sample was analyzed in triplicate by injecting (10 µl) into the LC/MS instrument by following the procedure described above, except the ions are monitored for all possible masses. The cyclo addition products were identified by their molecular weights and by comparison of the retention times of authentic products prepared through Cu-catalyzed reactions. Control experiments using BSA (1 mg ml−1) in place of COX-2 isozyme and in the absence of COX-2 isozyme were run consecutively.
Bhardwaj A., Kaur J., Wuest M, & Wuest F. (2017). In situ click chemistry generation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Nature Communications, 8, 1.
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Publication 2017
Alkynes Anabolism Azides Capillaries Celecoxib compound 18 Copper Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors enzyme activity Enzymes Homo sapiens Ions Isoenzymes Nitrogen PTGS2 protein, human Retention (Psychology) Retinal Cone Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Triazoles Trifluoroacetic Acid Tromethamine
2
Rapid Pepsin Digestion and Cooled UPLC-MS
Unlabeled proteins, highly deuterated peptides and cytochrome c were analyzed using the UPLC system and conventional HPLC. In both LC-systems, labeled samples (50 µLs) were injected at a flow rate of 100 µL/min into a 2.1 mm × 50 mm stainless steel column that was packed with pepsin immobilized on POROS-20AL beads [prepared as described in8 (link), 9 (link)]. Under these conditions, the digestion time was approximately 30 seconds.
In the HPLC experiments, a Shimadzu HPLC (LC-10ADvp) system was used. Peptic peptides eluting from the online pepsin digestion step were trapped and desalted on a 1 mm × 8 mm C-18 peptide trap (Michrom Biosciences) and desalted for 3 min. The trap was placed inline with the analytical column, a Zorbax C-18, 3.5 µm 300 Å, 1.0 mm × 50 mm column (Agilent Technologies), and eluted into the mass spectrometer with a gradient of 15 to 30% acetonitrile in 6 min at a flow rate of 40 µL/min. HPLC mobile phases contained 0.05 % trifluoroacetic acid. The C-18 peptide trap and analytical column, as well as the injection and switching valves were placed in an ice-bath to maintain the required 0 °C. The mobile phases were kept in a separate ice-bath and then flowed through pre-cooling stainless steel loops (located before the gradient mixing tee) in the main ice-bath to ensure that they were cool prior to meeting deuterated sample. The pepsin column was held above the ice bath at approximately 15 °C9 (link).
In the UPLC experiments, peptic peptides from online pepsin digestion were trapped and desalted on a VanGuard Pre-Column (2.1 mm × 5 mm, ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18, 1.7 µm) for 3 min. The trap was placed in-line with an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 1.7 µm 1.0 × 100 mm column (Waters Corp.) and eluted into the mass spectrometer with a 8–40 % gradient of acetonitrile over 6 min at a flow rate of 40 µL/min. The volume of the system from the mixer to the head of the analytical column was ~ 30 µL which includes ~ 8 µL volume of the trap column in line. All mobile phases for the UPLC system contained 0.1 % formic acid.
Mass spectral analyses were carried out on a Waters LCT classic or QToF Premier. The LCT was used for initial validation of the cooled UPLC module chromatography and not for any analyses of deuterium incorporation. LCT classic instrument settings were: 3.2kV cone and 40 V capillary voltages. The LCT source and desolvation temperatures were 150 and 175 °C, respectively with a desolvation gas flow of 1024 L/hour and a cone gas flow of 99 L/hour. LCT mass spectra were acquired using a 0.50 sec scan time and 0.1 sec interscan delay time. QTof instrument settings were: 3.5kV cone and 40 V capillary voltages. The QTof source and desolvation temperatures were 80 and 175 °C, respectively with a desolvation gas flow of 600 L/hour. QTof mass spectra were acquired using a 0.450 sec scan time and 0.050 sec interscan time. All QTof data were collected in ESI (+) and V mode. Deuteration levels were calculated by subtracting the centroid of the isotopic distribution for peptide ions of undeuterated sample from the centroid of the isotopic distribution for peptide ions from the deuterium labeled sample. Deuterium levels were not corrected for back-exchange and are therefore reported as relative 1 (link).
Wales T.E., Fadgen K.E., Gerhardt G.C, & Engen J.R. (2008). High-speed and high-resolution UPLC separation at zero degrees Celsius. Analytical chemistry, 80(17), 6815-6820.
Publication 2008
acetonitrile ARID1A protein, human Bath C-Peptide Capillaries Chromatography Cytochromes c Deuterium Digestion formic acid Head High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Ions Isotopes Mass Spectrometry Neoplasm Metastasis Pepsin A Peptides Proteins Radionuclide Imaging Retinal Cone Stainless Steel Steel Thrombin Receptor Activating Peptides Trifluoroacetic Acid
3
PACT-based Tissue Clearing and Staining

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Publication 2014
Acid Hybridizations, Nucleic Acrylamide Antibodies Buffers Equus asinus Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins, Fab Nitrogen paraform PEGDMA Hydrogel Phosphates Propane RBBP8 protein, human Serum Sodium Azide Tissues
4
Retinal Histology Database and Imaging
Original literature from 1900 until 2009 describing the histology of the retina were reviewed to find relevant information for a database of representative values (Table 1). Repetitive or derivative works were not used. This assembled information, along with the photomicrographs in the publications, was used to create drawings of the outer retina using CorelDRAW X5 (Corel Corporation, Ottawa, Canada). The drawings were made to scale, with equal horizontal and vertical scaling. Three representations were made of photoreceptors: cones from the central fovea and rods and a cone from the perifoveal region (as per Polyak,35 2 mm temporal to the fovea). In the drawing, junctional complexes between the Muller cells and the photoreceptors, which in aggregate form the ELM, were labeled as the ELM. Similarly the junctional complexes girdling the RPE cells were labeled “Verhoeff membrane” to be consistent with past histologic nomenclature.
Drawings were compared with a representative scan obtained of one of us (R.F.S.) using the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA+OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Vista, CA) in high-resolution mode. This instrument has an axial resolution of approximately 7 μm. A longitudinal reflectance profile (LRP) from a horizontal scan taken through the fovea center was created by averaging pixels across at each level of 10 adjacent A-scans using ImageJ (Version 1.44f; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA). Additional scans were obtained of other subjects that did not differ from what is shown in this report and scans obtained with the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA), which also showed similar results. Therefore, only one scan will be shown in the comparison to the model. The LRPs were determined from the display information of the Heidelberg Spectralis.
SPAIDE R.F, & CURCIO C.A. (2011). ANATOMICAL CORRELATES TO THE BANDS SEEN IN THE OUTER RETINA BY OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY: Literature Review and Model. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 31(8), 1609-1619.
Publication 2011
Cells Intercellular Junctions Photomicrography Photoreceptor Cells Radionuclide Imaging Retina Retinal Cone Rod Photoreceptors Tissue, Membrane
5
Accelerated Knee MRI with 3D Cones and Multispoke Techniques
Volunteer imaging was performed on a healthy male volunteer (age 70 years) using an eight-channel knee coil on a 3T GE HDxt clinical MR scanner. The 3D Cones sequence uses a unique k-sampling trajectory that samples data along twisting evenly spaced paths on cone surfaces in 3D (11 (link)). It samples data starting from the center of k-space and twists outward from there with the data acquisition starting as soon as possible after the RF excitation. Both RF and gradient spoiling are used to crush the remaining transverse magnetization after each data acquisition. Inversion preparation and excitation was performed using a 8.6 ms Silver-Hoult adiabatic inversion pulse (12 ) with a bandwidth of ∼1.5 kHz, and 300 μs duration hard excitation RF pulse, respectively. The TI was set to approximately the null point of fat at θ = 50°. Relevant sequence parameters were field of view (FOV) = 15 cm, matrix 256 × 256, slice thick = 5 mm, TE = 30 μs, TR = 50 ms, N = 5, τ = 5 ms, TI = 20 ms, and θ = 10° –80°.
Further experiments were performed on the same volunteer (but during a separate scan session) to highlight the scan time savings that can be acquired using the multispoke approach. To minimize scan time, anisotropic FOV encoding together with slab-selection excitation was used to excite and encode only regions of interest. The slab selective RF pulse was a 600 μs minimum-phase Shinnar–Le Roux pulse with peak RF power near the end of the pulse. Using the same number of k-space spokes, several inversion prepared images were obtained using different values of N. Relevant sequence parameters were FOV = 15 cm, matrix 256 × 256, slice thick = 5 mm, 10 slices, TE = 30 μs, TR = 80 ms, τ = 5 ms, θ = 30°, and TI = optimum. SNR of the images was measured as the mean signal in a region of interest (ROI), divided by the standard deviation of the noise.
Carl M., Bydder G.M, & Du J. (2015). UTE Imaging with Simultaneous Water and Fat Signal Suppression Using a Time-Efficient Multispoke Inversion Recovery Pulse Sequence. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 76(2), 577-582.
Publication 2015
Anisotropy Healthy Volunteers Inversion, Chromosome Knee Males Pulse Rate Radionuclide Imaging Retinal Cone Silver Voluntary Workers

Most recents protocols related to «Retinal Cone»

1
Hydrolysis of 5-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)quinoline-2-Carbonitrile
Not available on PMC !

Example 284

[Figure (not displayed)]

A mixture of compound 5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)quinoline-2-carbonitrile (30.0 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) in cone. HCl (1 mL, 12M) was stirred at 70° C. for 16 hours. LC-MS showed starting material was consumed completely and one main peak with desired MS was detected. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25° C., and then the suspension was filtered to give a residue as a white solid. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give the title compound (11.43 mg, 31.8% yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS (ESI): RT=0.887 min, mass calcd. for C17H10F3NO2 417.26, m/z found 418.0 [M+H]+; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.35 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03-7.90 (m, 3H), 7.85-7.72 (m, 3H).

US11866431B2. Bicyclic compounds (2024-01-09). Vivace Therapeutics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Andrei W. Konradi [US], Tracy Tzu-Ling Tang Lin [US].
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Patent 2024
1H NMR fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies Lincomycin quinoline Quinolinic Acid Retinal Cone Sulfoxide, Dimethyl
2
Chromatic Aberration Regulation for Myopia Control
Not available on PMC !

Example 24

In this example, an alternate method of correction of the exemplary −2D myopic model eye is provided using two pairs of spectacle lenses (FIG. 36 and FIG. 37). By alternating the pairs of these spectacle lenses over a defined time period, the prescription introduces a temporal variation in the longitudinal and/or transverse chromatic aberration experienced at the M and/or L cone receptors, which contribute towards contradictory optical signals at the retinal level that may inhibit/control the progression of myopia. In other exemplary embodiments, the defined time period may be 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours or 48 hours.

Other exemplary embodiments are set forth in the following examples.

US11874532B2. Devices, systems and/or methods for myopia control (2024-01-16). Brien Holden Vision Institute Limited [AU]. Inventors: Ravi Chandra Bakaraju [AU], Klaus Ehrmann [AU], Cathleen Fedtke [AU], Padmaja Sankaridurg [AU], Arthur Ho [AU].
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Patent 2024
Cardiac Arrest Eyeglasses Lens, Crystalline Myopia Myopia, Progressive Retina Retinal Cone Vision
3
Formulation of Polymer-Stabilized Solution
Not available on PMC !

EXAMPLE 1

A mixer, equipped with an electric mixer that has three prop-style mixing blades in series on a central shaft is used to produce a composition in accordance with the present disclosure. The tank itself is a stainless-steel cone-bottom tank with a 33 degree slope with a set of four baffles to allow for turbulent laminar flow.

36% w/w of dimethyl sulfoxide and 15% w/w of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer are added to the tank, heated to 160° F., and mixed for one hour or until dissolved. 17% dicyandiamide is then added, and mixing continued for another hour or until dissolved. 15% monoethanolamine (MEA) is added with stirring and the resulting solution is allowed to cool to 100° F. Once cooled, 17% N-(N-butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) is added with mixing for 45 minutes or until dissolved. The resulting solution is passed through a 5 micron filter, and samples are taken from both the top and the bottom of the reactor for testing. The resulting solution is reddish-orange and has a sulfur-like odor.

US11866384B2. Compositions and their use in agricultural applications (2024-01-09). SYNSUS PRIVATE LABEL PARTNERS, LLC [US]. Inventors: Douglas Hocking [US], Robert Munion [US].
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Patent 2024
dicyandiamido Electricity Ethanolamine Odors Retinal Cone Stainless Steel Styromal Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Sulfur
4
Lithium Extraction from Brine using Coated Ion Exchange Particles
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

Lithium is extracted from a brine using coated ion exchange particles. The brine is an aqueous chloride solution containing 100,000 mg/L Na, 200 ppm Li, and other species including Ca, Mg, and B. The coated ion exchange particles are comprised of an ion exchange material and a coating material. The ion exchange material is Li2MnO3 and the coating material is titanium dioxide. The particles are comprised of 95 wt. % active material and 5 wt. % of coating material. The particles have a mean diameter of 200 microns. The particles are created by first synthesizing Li2MnO3 via a solid state method and then the coating is deposited from a Ti-propoxide precursor onto the surface of the Li2MnO3 material.

The ion exchange particles are loaded into an ion exchange reactor shown in FIG. 10. The ion exchange reactor comprises a cone-bottom tank with a thinner cylindrical column connected and mounted at the bottom of the cone-bottom tank (1001), a polypropylene 100 um mesh mounted at the bottom of the column (1002) to allow fluid to be pumped into and out of the tank through the mesh while the ion exchange particles are retained inside the tank, an overhead stirrer (1003), a pH controller (1004), an internal filter comprising a polypropylene 100 micron pore size mesh (1005), and a spraying system (not shown) at the top of the tank with one or more nozzles positioned to spray water to wash ion exchange particles off the sides of the tank and down to the bottom of the tank.

The particles are loaded into the tank as a dry material. 1.5 N sulfuric acid is pumped into the tank and stirred with the ion exchange particle to yield a lithium sulfate eluate solution. During acid treatment, the particles absorb hydrogen while releasing lithium. The coating allows diffusion of hydrogen and lithium respectively to and from the active material while providing a protective barrier that protects the active material. After 40 minutes, the eluate solution is collected from the tank through the mesh, dewatered, purified using sodium carbonate precipitation and resin ion exchange beads to remove trace Mg/Ca, and processed into lithium carbonate through addition of sodium carbonate solution at 90 degrees Celsius.

After treatment in acid, the protonated particles are treated with brine wherein the particles absorb lithium while releasing hydrogen. The brine is pumped into the tank and stirred with the ion exchange particles, and the particles are converted from a protonated state to a lithiated state with a lithium-enriched composition. An aqueous solution of NaOH is added to the tank to maintain the pH of the brine at 6. After 4 hours, the spent brine is removed from the tank through the meshes. The ion exchange particles form a settled bed in the column. The ion exchange particles are washed continuously with water, which flows through the column to efficiently remove residual brine from the ion exchange particles. After washing, the residual wash water is drained from the bottom of the column through the mesh, leaving a moist bed of the ion exchange particles at the bottom of the column with minimal entrainment of brine and minimal entrainment of water.

The lithiated material is then treated again with acid to yield lithium in solution as described previously. The cycle of protonation and lithiation is repeated to extract lithium from the brine and yield a lithium sulfate solution. Degradation of the ion exchange particles is limited due to the coating providing a protective barrier.

US11865531B2. Ion exchange reactor with particle traps for lithium extraction (2024-01-09). Lilac Solutions, Inc. [US]. Inventors: David Henry Snydacker [US], Alexander John Grant [US].
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Patent 2024
Acids Aftercare brine Chlorides Diffusion Hydrogen Ion Exchange Lithium Lithium Carbonate lithium sulfate Polypropylenes Resins, Plant Retinal Cone sodium carbonate Sulfuric Acids titanium dioxide
5
Electrostatic Spray Coating for Porous Polymer Membranes
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Each of the prepared slurries was electrostatic sprayed to deposit a polymer coating layer on a silicon substrate. At this time, spraying in the cone-jet mode was carried out for 30 minutes in nitrogen atmosphere while the flow rate of the slurry was 3 mL/hr, the distance between the nozzle and the substrate was 12 cm, and the applied voltage (DC) was maintained in the range of 13 kV to 14 kV.

FIG. 6 is a vertical SEM image of the result of Coating Layer Preparation Example 1 using the slurry obtained according to Slurry Preparation Example 9, and FIG. 7 is a vertical SEM image of the result of Coating Layer Preparation Example 1 using the slurry obtained according to Slurry Comparative Example 1.

Referring to FIG. 6, it can be seen that particles having a diameter of 100 nm to 5 μm are stacked on the substrate to a thickness of about 10 μm, and the particles are connected to each other and at the same time, pores exist between the particles. The particles stacked on the substrate appear to have increased size more than about 10 times compared to the particle size of the polymer particles precipitated in the dispersion, which is presumed to be due to further precipitation of the polymer dissolved in the dispersion through solvent evaporation during the spraying process. In addition, the connections formed between the particles are also presumed to be due to further precipitation of the polymer dissolved in the dispersion through solvent evaporation during the spraying process or after the polymer particle being stacked on the substrate.

Referring to FIG. 7, a rather dense film, not having particles, was laminated to a thickness of about 4 μm. This was presumably because the polymer was laminated on the substrate in a state where the polymer was completely dissolved in the solution, that is, in the liquid state, or was laminated on the substrate in a state in which the polymer was minimally precipitated in the spraying process to have very small particles.

On the other hand, in the case of using the composite solvent as shown in FIG. 6, the nanoparticles are already generated in the slurry (FIGS. 3, 4A-4D), and the polymer precipitates due to heterogeneous nucleation on the surface of the nanoparticles. Because of this, it is easy to form polymer particles, thereby forming a porous polymer membrane. Furthermore, by adjusting the polymer concentration in the slurry or by adjusting the mixing ratio of the first solvent and the second solvent, it is possible to adjust the concentration of the nanoparticles precipitated in the slurry and to control the size of the particles stacked on the substrate, in addition, to control the porosity of the membrane.

In the above, the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications and changes by those skilled in the art is possible within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

US11865573B2. Slurry for electrostatic spray deposition and method for forming coating film using same (2024-01-09). Industry-University Cooperation Foundation Hanyang University [KR]. Inventors: Dong Wook Shin [KR], Se Wook Lee [KR], Sang Ho Park [KR].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Atmosphere Electrostatics Figs Genetic Heterogeneity Nitrogen Polymers Retinal Cone Silicon Solvents Tissue, Membrane Vision

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4
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More about "Retinal Cone"

Retinal cones, also known as cone photoreceptors, are specialized light-sensitive cells found in the retina of the eye.
These cone-shaped cells play a crucial role in color vision and high-acuity daylight vision.
Retinal cones contain opsins, light-sensitive pigments that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, allowing the brain to perceive a wide range of colors.
Optimizing research protocols and techniques for studying retinal cones is essential for enhancing reproducibility and accuracy in vision research.
Tools like the Acquity UPLC system, MassLynx 4.1 software, and Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column can be utilized to analyze and characterize the properties of retinal cones, such as their opsin content and photoreceptor function.
Reseachers can leverage the power of MATLAB and MassLynx v4.1 software to process and analyze data collected from retinal cone studies, leading to a deeper understanding of human vision and retinal function.
The ACQUITY UPLC I-Class system and MCR 302 can also be employed to optimize separation and detection methods for studying retinal cones.
By incorporating these advanced techniques and tools into their research, scientists can enhance the reproducibility and accuracy of their retinal cone studies, ultimately leading to breakthroughs in our understanding of vision and the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.