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> Anatomy > Cell > Rod Photoreceptors

Rod Photoreceptors

Rod photoreceptors are specialized cells in the retina responsible for vision in low light conditions.
These cells contain light-sensitive pigments that undergo chemical changes when exposed to photons, initiating a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the perception of visual stimuli.
Rod photoreceptors are highly sensitive and can detect even single photons, allowing for vision in dim environments.
Optimizing research protocols for studying rod photoreceptor function and development can yield important insights into visual processing and potentially lead to new therapies for retinal diseases.
Researchers can use PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison to easily identify the most effective and efficent protocols from the scientific literature, preprints, and patents, simplifying their workflow and accelerating their rod photoreceptor research.

Most cited protocols related to «Rod Photoreceptors»

1
Detailed Variant and CNV Analysis of ExAC
As of this writing (8/1/2016), version 0.3.1 of ExAC dataset, as described in (3 (link)), was used for the ExAC Browser. Variants were annotated using the Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) version 81 (11 (link),12 (link)) against the Gencode v19 transcript set. RSIDs were obtained from dbSNP version 142 and gene names and aliases were extracted from dbNSFP (13 (link),14 (link)). Histograms for various genotype-specific quality metrics, such as per-sample genotype quality and depth, are pre-computed using a custom python script (https://github.com/macarthur-lab/exac_2015/blob/master/src/prepare_exac_sites_vcf.py). MNVs and constraint metrics are pre-calculated as described in (3 (link)).
Reassembled read data was generated for each of the 9.8 million variants in ExAC v0.3.1 by running GATK HaplotypeCaller 3.1 (full version: v3.1-1-ga70dc6e) with the -bamout flag on each sample containing the particular variant (up to a limit of five homozygous and five heterozygous samples). Only samples with a read depth (DP) ≥10 and genotype quality (GQ) ≥20 were included. When a variant was present in more than five such samples, the five samples with the highest GQ were selected. Overall, HaplotypeCaller was run 22.3 million times to produce over 5 Tb of small BAM files—with each BAM file storing reassembled reads for a several-hundred base pair window around the variant. Batches of several thousand of these small BAM files were then combined into larger BAM files to improve compression ratios, while using read groups to keep track of the original source of each read. The final dataset comprised ∼23 000 BAMs and spanned 540 Gb. These BAM files were made directly available over the web and visualized in the ExAC browser using IGV.js.
Besides the -bamout flag, these additional flags were passed to HaplotypeCaller to ensure that gVCF genotype calls matched the original ExAC gVCF genotypes, which are reproduced here to facilitate reproducibility:

-ERC GVCF

- -paddingAroundSNPs 300

- -paddingAroundIndels 300

- -max_alternate_alleles 3

-A DepthPerSampleHC

-A StrandBiasBySample

- -maxNumHaplotypesInPopulation 200

-stand_call_conf 30.0

-stand_emit_conf 30.0

- -disable_auto_index_creation_and_locking_when_reading_rods

- -minPruning 3

- -variant_index_type LINEAR

- -variant_index_parameter 128000

This data processing was managed by a python-based pipeline available here: https://github.com/macarthur-lab/exac_readviz_scripts.
CNVs were generated using XHMM (15 (link)) and based on GENCODE v19 coding regions: all details of CNV calling and quality control have been published previously (16 ). Gene summary CNV counts and related constraint scores are presented based on likelihoods of the CNV occurring within the genomic range of the gene, as described (16 ). Exon CNV counts and CNVs presented in the UCSC browser are based on all confidently called CNVs (XHMM SQ > 60) across the genome. All overlapping CNVs, regardless of amount of overlap, are included in Exon CNV counts.
Karczewski K.J., Weisburd B., Thomas B., Solomonson M., Ruderfer D.M., Kavanagh D., Hamamsy T., Lek M., Samocha K.E., Cummings B.B., Birnbaum D., Daly M.J, & MacArthur D.G. (2016). The ExAC browser: displaying reference data information from over 60 000 exomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 45(Database issue), D840-D845.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2016
Alleles Arhinia, choanal atresia, and microphthalmia Base Pairing Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique Exons Genes Genome Genotype Heterozygote Homozygote Python Rod Photoreceptors
2
Isolation of Murine Cardiac Myocytes
A schematic overview of the myocyte isolation procedure is shown in Figure 2. An expanded description of the procedure, accompanied with images and videos, and complete materials list is available in the Online Data Supplement, alongside full details of additional methods applied in this study (Appendix A-ix). All animal work was undertaken in accordance with Singapore National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research guidelines. Relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations must be consulted before commencement of all animal work.
Buffers and media were prepared as detailed in Appendix D. EDTA, perfusion, and collagenase buffers were apportioned into sterile 10 mL syringes, and sterile 27 G hypodermic needles were attached (Online Figure IA).
C57/BL6J mice aged 8 to 12 weeks were anesthetized, and the chest was opened to expose the heart. Descending aorta was cut, and the heart was immediately flushed by injection of 7 mL EDTA buffer into the right ventricle. Ascending aorta was clamped using Reynolds forceps, and the heart was transferred to a 60-mm dish containing fresh EDTA buffer. Digestion was achieved by sequential injection of 10 mL EDTA buffer, 3 mL perfusion buffer, and 30 to 50 mL collagenase buffer into the left ventricle (LV). Constituent chambers (atria, LV, and right ventricle) were then separated and gently pulled into 1-mm pieces using forceps. Cellular dissociation was completed by gentle trituration, and enzyme activity was inhibited by addition of 5 mL stop buffer.
Cell suspension was passed through a 100-μm filter, and cells underwent 4 sequential rounds of gravity settling, using 3 intermediate calcium reintroduction buffers to gradually restore calcium concentration to physiological levels. The cell pellet in each round was enriched with myocytes and ultimately formed a highly pure myocyte fraction, whereas the supernatant from each round was combined to produce a fraction containing nonmyocyte cardiac populations.
CM yields and percentage of viable rod-shaped cells were quantified using a hemocytometer. Where required, the CMs were resuspended in prewarmed plating media and plated at an applicationdependent density, onto laminin (5 μg/mL) precoated tissue culture plastic or glass coverslips, in a humidified tissue culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO2). After 1 hour, and every 48 hours thereafter, media was changed to fresh, prewarmed culture media.
The cardiac nonmyocyte fraction was collected by centrifugation (300g, 5 minutes), resuspended in fibroblast growth media, and plated on tissue-culture treated plastic, area ≈ 23 cm2 (0.5× 12-well plate) per LV, in a humidified tissue culture incubator. Media was changed after 24 hours and every 48 hours thereafter.
Ackers-Johnson M., Li P.Y., Holmes A.P., O’Brien S.M., Pavlovic D, & Foo R.S. (2016). A Simplified, Langendorff-Free Method for Concomitant Isolation of Viable Cardiac Myocytes and Nonmyocytes From the Adult Mouse Heart. Circulation research, 119(8), 909-920.
Publication 2016
Animals Animals, Laboratory Ascending Aorta Buffers Calcium Centrifugation Chest Collagenase Culture Media Descending Aorta Dietary Supplements Digestion Edetic Acid enzyme activity Fibroblasts Forceps Gravity Heart Heart Atrium Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hypodermic Needles isolation Laminin Left Ventricles Mus Muscle Cells Perfusion physiology Population Group Retreatments Rod Photoreceptors Sterility, Reproductive Syringes Tissues Ventricles, Right
3
Validating BoneJ Algorithms with Test Data

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2010
Anisotropy Asiatic Elephants Bones Cancellous Bone Cloning Vectors Cuboid Bone Dental Caries Diaphyses Epistropheus Femur Femur Heads Mechanics Neck Neck, Femur Rod Photoreceptors Skeleton
4
Brain-Computer Interface for Robotic Arm Control
See Supplementary Information for additional Methods.
Permission for these studies was granted by the US Food and Drug Administration (Investigational Device Exemption; CAUTION: Investigational Device. Limited by Federal Law to Investigational Use Only) and the Partners Healthcare/Massachusetts General Hospital Institutional Review Board. Core elements of the investigational BrainGate system have been described previously6 (link),7 (link).
During each session, participants were seated in a wheelchair with their feet located near or underneath the edge of the table supporting the target placement system. The robotic arm was positioned to the participant’s right (Fig. 1a). Raw neural signals for each channel were sampled at 30 kHz and fed through custom Simulink (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA) software in 100 ms bins (S3) or 20 ms bins (T2) to extract threshold crossing rates2 ,30 ; these threshold crossing rates were used as the neural features for real-time decoding and for filter calibration. Open and closed-loop filter calibration was performed over several blocks, which were each 3 to 6 minutes long and contained 18–24 trials. Targets were presented using a custom, automated target placement platform. On each trial, one of 7 servos placed its target (a 6 cm diameter foam ball supported by a spring-loaded wooden dowel rod attached to the servo) in the workspace by lifting it to its task-defined target location (Fig. 1b). Between trials, the previous trial’s target was returned to the table-top while next target was raised. Due to variability in the position of the target-placing platform from session to session and changes in the angles of the spring-loaded rods used to hold the targets, visual inspection was used for scoring successful grasp and successful touch trials. Further details on session setup, signal processing, filter calibration, robot systems, and target presentations are given in Methods.
Hochberg L.R., Bacher D., Jarosiewicz B., Masse N.Y., Simeral J.D., Vogel J., Haddadin S., Liu J., Cash S.S., van der Smagt P, & Donoghue J.P. (2012). Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm. Nature, 485(7398), 372-375.
Publication 2012
Ethics Committees, Research Foot Grasp Medical Devices Nervousness Rod Photoreceptors Touch Wheelchair
5
Retinal Histology Database and Imaging
Original literature from 1900 until 2009 describing the histology of the retina were reviewed to find relevant information for a database of representative values (Table 1). Repetitive or derivative works were not used. This assembled information, along with the photomicrographs in the publications, was used to create drawings of the outer retina using CorelDRAW X5 (Corel Corporation, Ottawa, Canada). The drawings were made to scale, with equal horizontal and vertical scaling. Three representations were made of photoreceptors: cones from the central fovea and rods and a cone from the perifoveal region (as per Polyak,35 2 mm temporal to the fovea). In the drawing, junctional complexes between the Muller cells and the photoreceptors, which in aggregate form the ELM, were labeled as the ELM. Similarly the junctional complexes girdling the RPE cells were labeled “Verhoeff membrane” to be consistent with past histologic nomenclature.
Drawings were compared with a representative scan obtained of one of us (R.F.S.) using the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA+OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Vista, CA) in high-resolution mode. This instrument has an axial resolution of approximately 7 μm. A longitudinal reflectance profile (LRP) from a horizontal scan taken through the fovea center was created by averaging pixels across at each level of 10 adjacent A-scans using ImageJ (Version 1.44f; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA). Additional scans were obtained of other subjects that did not differ from what is shown in this report and scans obtained with the Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA), which also showed similar results. Therefore, only one scan will be shown in the comparison to the model. The LRPs were determined from the display information of the Heidelberg Spectralis.
SPAIDE R.F, & CURCIO C.A. (2011). ANATOMICAL CORRELATES TO THE BANDS SEEN IN THE OUTER RETINA BY OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY: Literature Review and Model. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 31(8), 1609-1619.
Publication 2011
Cells Intercellular Junctions Photomicrography Photoreceptor Cells Radionuclide Imaging Retina Retinal Cone Rod Photoreceptors Tissue, Membrane

Most recents protocols related to «Rod Photoreceptors»

1
Coating Deposition and Friction Testing
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Coatings were deposited onto each of Pebax rods (72D; 63D; and 35D—40% BASO4), NYLON-12 rods, PEEK rods, and HDPE rods.

Specifically, coating solution A was applied to each substrate using a dip coat method. Specifically, the substrate was immersed in the base coat coating solution with a dwell time of 5 seconds. The substrate was then extracted from the solution at a speed of 0.3 cm/s. The first layer was then air dried for at least 10 minutes. The first layer was then UV cured. Specifically the coated substrate was rotated in front of a Dymax 2000-EC series UV flood lamp with a 400 Watt metal halide bulb for 3 minutes, approximately 20 cm from the light source.

Next, coating solution B was applied to the first layer, also by dip coating at the same speed to form the second layer. The second layer was then air dried and UV cured using the same conditions as for the first layer.

The friction of the coating on each substrate was then tested according to the testing procedure outlined above. The results are shown in FIG. 5.

US11872325B2. Lubricious medical device coating with low particulates (2024-01-16). Surmodics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: David E. Babcock [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Floods Friction Light Metals nylon 12 Plant Bulb polyetheretherketone Polyethylene, High-Density Rod Photoreceptors
2
Adsorption Efficiency of Porous Polyethylene Probes
Not available on PMC !

Example 4

Molded sintered polyethylene rods approximately 5 mm diameter and 21 mm length rods were coated with a monomer solution containing 2.0 parts n-heptane and 1.0 part DVB (80% purity) with 1% AIBN (of the divinylbenzene mass). Rods of three different porosities A, B and C were coated with the monomer solution and tested with 3 mL of 10 ppm Nile Blue A for adsorption efficiency. The adsorption efficiency was measured by determining the difference in the visible absorbance of the original dye solution and the dye solution after the coated rods (probes) was placed in contact and agitated for 60 minutes. The results are shown in the table below.

Coated ProbeNominal Pore Size (microns)% Dye Adsorbed
A40-7099
B 75-12078
C100-145100

US11879043B2. Coated poly-olefins (2024-01-23). DIONEX CORPORATION [US]. Inventors: John M. Riviello [US], Christopher A. Pohl [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Adsorption azobis(isobutyronitrile) divinylbenzene Heptane Nile Blue Polyethylenes Polymers Rod Photoreceptors
3
Stearic Acid-TCP Rods for Extrusion and Injection
Not available on PMC !

Example 8

Stearic acid was mixed with TCP (average particle size in the range 1-5 micrometer) (5 g:25 g) and was cast into rods. These were placed in a standard glue gun and were deposited onto a surface by hand (FIG. 17).

In sum, the suspensions according to the invention do not necessarily have to be 3D printed, but can be extruded or deposited from other devices. It may for example have value as an injectable cement or void filler.

US11877900B2. Process for 3D printing (2024-01-23). Ossiform ApS [DK]. Inventors: Morten Østergaard Andersen [DK], Martin Bonde Jensen [DK], Casper Slots [DK].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
CD3EAP protein, human Dental Cements Medical Devices Rod Photoreceptors stearic acid Urination
4
UV-Cured Multilayer Coating Characterization
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Coating solution A was applied to the substrate (72D Pebax rods) using a dip coat method. Specifically, the substrate was immersed in the base coat coating solution with a dwell time of 5 seconds. The substrate was then extracted from the solution at a speed of 0.3 cm/s. The first layer was then air dried for at least 10 minutes. The first layer was then UV cured. Specifically the coated substrate was rotated in front of a Dymax 2000-EC series UV flood lamp with a 400 Watt metal halide bulb for 3 minutes, approximately 20 cm from the light source.

Next, either coating solution B (n=4) or solution D (n=4) was applied to the first layer, also by dip coating at the same speed to form the second layer or top coat. The second layer was then air dried and UV cured using the same conditions as for the first layer.

The friction of the coating was then tested according to the testing procedure outlined above. The results are shown in FIG. 4.

Particulate generation testing was also performed. For an average of 3 rods, it was found that the PA-AMPS-BBA-MA group generated 4,447(+/−567) particulates greater than 10 microns in size and the PA-BBA-AMPS-PEG group generated 4,140(+/−725) particulates greater than 10 microns in size.

US11872325B2. Lubricious medical device coating with low particulates (2024-01-16). Surmodics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: David E. Babcock [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Floods Friction Light Metals Plant Bulb polyacrylamide Polymers Rod Photoreceptors
5
Multilayer UV-Cured Coating Friction Evaluation
Not available on PMC !

Example 8

Coating solution E was applied to the substrate (72D Pebax rods) using a dip coat method. Specifically, the substrate was immersed in the base coat coating solution with a dwell time of 5 seconds. The substrate was then extracted from the solution at a speed of 0.3 cm/s. The first layer was then air dried for at least 10 minutes. The first layer was then UV cured. Specifically the coated substrate was rotated in front of a Dymax 2000-EC series UV flood lamp with a 400 Watt metal halide bulb for 3 minutes, approximately 20 cm from the light source.

Next, coating solution F was applied to the first layer, also by dip coating at the same speed to form the second layer. The second layer was then air dried and UV cured using the same conditions as for the first layer.

The friction of the coating was then tested according to the testing procedure outlined above. The results are shown in FIG. 11.

US11872325B2. Lubricious medical device coating with low particulates (2024-01-16). Surmodics, Inc. [US]. Inventors: David E. Babcock [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Floods Friction Light Metals Plant Bulb Rod Photoreceptors

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The ENV-307W is a lab equipment product. It is designed to serve a core function, but a detailed description while maintaining an unbiased and factual approach is not available.
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MacConkey agar is a selective and differential culture medium used for the isolation and identification of Gram-negative enteric bacteria, particularly members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria while allowing the growth of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Graphite rods are cylindrical components made of graphite, a crystalline form of carbon. They are designed for use in various laboratory and industrial applications that require high thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as resistance to chemical reactions. The core function of graphite rods is to provide a reliable and durable material for specific processes and equipment within controlled environments.
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Potassium chloride (KCl) is an inorganic compound that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is a colorless, crystalline solid with a high melting point. KCl is a popular electrolyte and is used in various laboratory applications.

More about "Rod Photoreceptors"

Rod photoreceptors are specialized light-sensitive cells found in the retina, responsible for vision in low-light conditions.
These rods contain pigments that undergo chemical changes when exposed to photons, initiating a signaling cascade that leads to the perception of visual stimuli.
Rod photoreceptors are highly sensitive and can detect even single photons, enabling vision in dim environments.
Optimizing research protocols for studying rod photoreceptor function and development can yield important insights into visual processing and potentially lead to new therapies for retinal diseases.
Researchers can use PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison to easily identify the most effective and efficient protocols from the scientific literature, preprints, and patents, simplifying their workflow and accelerating their rod photoreceptor research.
Synonyms and related terms for rod photoreceptors include retinal rods, scotopic vision, rhodopsin, photopic vision, and visual phototransduction.
Abbreviations like RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) and ONL (outer nuclear layer) are also relevant.
Key subtopics include retinal structure and function, photoreceptor development, rod cell signaling, and retinal diseases affecting rod photoreceptors, such as retinitis pigmentosa and night blindness.
Researchers can further enrich their studies by incorporating insights from related fields, such as the use of ENV-307W for animal behavior testing, MacConkey agar for bacterial culture, or MATLAB for data analysis.
Additionally, the integration of tools like MED-PC IV software, Vitek 2 for microbial identification, and VideoFreeze software for behavioral tracking can streamline the research workflow.
By leveraging the power of PubCompare.ai's AI-driven protocol comparison, scientists can simplify their rod photoreceptor research and accelerate their discoveries, ultimately contributing to a better understanding of visual processing and the development of novel therapies for retinal conditions.
OtherTerms: Retinal rods, scotopic vision, rhodopsin, photopic vision, visual phototransduction, RPE, ONL, retinal structure and function, photoreceptor development, rod cell signaling, retinal diseases, retinitis pigmentosa, night blindness, ENV-307W, MED-PC IV, Vitek 2, MacConkey agar, Graphite rods, Model E10-20, MATLAB, VideoFreeze