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> Anatomy > Cell > Spores

Spores

Spores are reproductive units produced by various organisms, including fungi, bacteria, and some plants.
They serve as a means of dispersal and survival in unfavorable conditions.
Spores can be resistant to heat, dryness, and other environmental stresses, allowing them to remain dormant until conditions are favorable for growth.
Understanding the biology and properties of spores is crucial for applications in fields such as microbiology, agriculture, and biomedical research.
This MeSH term provides a concise overview of the nature and importance of spores, helping researchers navigate the vast body of literature on this topic.

Most cited protocols related to «Spores»

1
New Subcategory Localizations for Bacterial Proteins
To account for proteins targeted to some of the common bacterial hyperstructures and host-destined SCLs, new subcategory localizations have been introduced in PSORTb 3.0, as listed in Table 1. This represents, to our knowledge, the first implementation of subcategories for primary SCL localizations, for an SCL predictor. These subcategory localizations for a protein were identified using the SCL-BLAST module, which infers localization by homology using criteria that are of measured high precision (Nair and Rost, 2002 (link)). Proteins detected to have a secondary localization are also predicted as one of the four main categories for Gram-positive bacteria or one of five main compartments for Gram-negative bacteria (or similarly for those bacteria with atypical cell structures). Any protein exported past the outer-most layer of the bacterial cell is considered as extracellular, whereas proteins localized to one of the membranes that are part of a hyperstructure (such as the flagellum) are identified both as an inner or outer membrane protein as well as a protein of that hyperstructure. The basal components of the flagellum are not annotated as such, since they are often homologous to proteins that are not part of the flagellar apparatus (for example, a general ATPase).

New subcategory SCLs predicted by PSORTb 3.0

SCL subcategoriesDescription
Host-associatedAny proteins destined to the host cell cytoplasm, cell membrane or nucleus by any of the bacterial secretion systems
Type III secretionComponents of the Type III secretion apparatus
FimbrialComponents of a bacterial or archaeal fimbrium or pilus
FlagellarComponents of a bacterial or archaeal flagellum
SporeComponents of a spore
Yu N.Y., Wagner J.R., Laird M.R., Melli G., Rey S., Lo R., Dao P., Sahinalp S.C., Ester M., Foster L.J, & Brinkman F.S. (2010). PSORTb 3.0: improved protein subcellular localization prediction with refined localization subcategories and predictive capabilities for all prokaryotes. Bioinformatics, 26(13), 1608-1615.
Publication 2010
Adenosine Triphosphatases Archaea Bacteria Bacterial Fimbria Cell Nucleus Cells Cellular Structures Cytoplasm Flagella Gram-Positive Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria Membrane Proteins Plasma Membrane Proteins secretion Spores Staphylococcal Protein A Tissue, Membrane
2
Genome Sequencing and Phenotyping of Yeast Strains
Strains to be sequenced were selected in order to maximise the variety of sources and locations of isolation. Except for laboratory strains, a single meiotic diploid spore was isolated from the original strain to remove any heterozygosity8 (link). DNA was extracted from overnight cultures8 (link) for subsequent sequencing on ABI3730s and an Illumina Genetic Analyser15 . Reference-based genome assemblies were created for each strain in a series of steps15 . Each read was aligned to the reference genome (S288c or CBS432). As this approach cannot deal with large indels or with sequences not present in the reference genome, we developed an iterative parallel alignment assembling tool, PALAS (see Supplementary Methods), to introduce insertions that were allowed to share material between related strains. Two versions of each strain sequence were produced, a partial assembly derived just from data collected from that strain, and a more complete assembly using an imputation process to infer the most likely sequence of the strain taking into account data from related strains. In both cases confidence estimates are given for each base call. The SNPs obtained were used to generate Neighbour-joining phylogenetic trees15 , infer population structure17 (link), estimate sequence divergence10 (link), analyse polymorphisms10 (link). Non-aligned reads (those missing in the reference genome) were searched for potential novel genes. Each strain isolate was subjected to precise phenotyping in 67 experimental conditions using a high-resolution micro-cultivation Bioscreen C (Growth curve Oy, Finland)24 (link). Two consecutive rounds of 48-hour pre-cultivation in SC media were followed by a 72-hour cultivation in stress media. Readings of optical density were taken every 20 minutes. Strains were tested as duplicates (N=2). Growth variables were normalized to the behaviour of the 20 BY4741 replicates.
Details of the methods mentioned above are provided in Supplementary Information.
Liti G., Carter D.M., Moses A.M., Warringer J., Parts L., James S.A., Davey R.P., Roberts I.N., Burt A., Koufopanou V., Tsai I.J., Bergman C.M., Bensasson D., O'Kelly M.J., van Oudenaarden A., Barton D.B., Bailes E., Nguyen Ba A.N., Jones M., Quail M.A., Goodhead I., Sims S., Smith F., Blomberg A., Durbin R, & Louis E.J. (2009). Population genomics of domestic and wild yeasts. Nature, 458(7236), 337-341.
Publication 2009
Diploidy Genes Genome INDEL Mutation Insertion Mutation isolation Miotics Reproduction Single Nucleotide Polymorphism sparfosic acid Spores Strains Vision
3
Mapping Recombination Landscape in Yeast
A S96/YJM789 hybrid strain was sporulated43 (link), and genomic DNA — from 51 wildtype and 5 msh4 tetrads as well as from 20 mms4, 13 S96 parental, and 12 YJM789 parental spores — was extracted from single-colony cultures and hybridized to a custom-designed tiling microarray44 (link). (S96 is isogenic to S288c16 (link),17 (link).) Normalized45 (link) fluorescence intensities corresponding to the set of probes covering each polymorphism were analyzed by applying multivariate semi-supervised clustering to the combined parental and segregant data. Segregant genotypes were assigned using posterior probability of class membership. To reduce genotyping errors, we applied filters to whole arrays, to probe sets and to individual genotype calls. DNA sequencing of ∼60 kb confirmed 100% of filtered genotype calls. After grouping data by tetrad, pairs of genotype change points isolated from all other changes were called NCOs if they involved one spore, or COs if they involved two. Complex groups of genotype changes were annotated as described in Supplementary Figure 3. To calculate event rate along the genome, it was necessary to adjust for varying intermarker interval size. Because individual recombination events typically overlapped multiple intermarker intervals, a novel adjustment procedure was used (Supplementary Information). We defined three types of hot spots — CO, NCO, and overall recombination events — by identifying runs of contiguous intermarker intervals involved in more recombination events than expected under a homogeneous genomic rate. To assess CO/NCO bias, we compared the number and size of intermarker intervals exhibiting more/fewer COs than expected to the corresponding null distribution, generated via simulation. We tested for interference — between consecutive events of the same type and also between COs and NCOs — by comparing the median distance between adjacent, same-tetrad events to medians computed after tetrad label randomization. This randomization strategy preserved hot and cold spot structure but removed interference.
Mancera E., Bourgon R., Brozzi A., Huber W, & Steinmetz L.M. (2008). High-resolution mapping of meiotic crossovers and noncrossovers in yeast. Nature, 454(7203), 479-485.
Publication 2008
Common Cold Exanthema Fluorescence Genetic Polymorphism Genome Genotype Hybrids MSH4 protein, human Parent Recombination, Genetic Spores
4
Botrytis cinerea Infection of Tomato Leaves
Tomatoes (S. lycopersicum) cv. Jinpeng 1 were used as host plants; they were grown in a greenhouse at a 16-h day/8-h night cycle, at 22–28°C. At the age of 6 weeks, plants were inoculated using a solution containing B. cinerea conidia (2 × 106 spores ml−1), 5 mM glucose, and 2.5 mM KH2PO4. The inoculation solution was applied to both leaf surfaces using a soft brush. After inoculation, the plants were kept at 100% relative humidity to ensure spore germination. The B. cinerea- and mock-inoculated leaves were harvested at 5 time points (0 days, 0.5 days, 1 days, 3 days, and 7 days) after treatment, in 3 biological replicates. We found that the B. cinerea spores appeared on the leaves at 7 dpi. The 7-dpi leaves of B. cinerea-infected (TD7d) and control (TC7d) plants were sent to BGI (Shenzheng, China) for the deep sequencing of sRNAs. The samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C for the studies of transcript expression.
Total RNAs were extracted from leaf tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), followed by RNase-free DNase treatment (Takara, Dalian, China). Their concentrations were quantified using a NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer.
Jin W, & Wu F. (2015). Characterization of miRNAs associated with Botrytis cinerea infection of tomato leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 15, 1.
Full text: Click here
Publication 2015
Biopharmaceuticals Conidia Deoxyribonucleases Endoribonucleases Freezing Germination Glucose Humidity Lycopersicon esculentum Nitrogen Plant Leaves Plants RNA Spores Tissues trizol Vaccination
5
Prognostic and Predictive Signatures in NSCLC
In addition to the UT Lung SPORE data, 7 public NSCLC microarray datasets (10 (link), 13 , 17 (link), 26 (link)–29 (link)) were used in this study. The National Cancer Institute Director’s Challenge Consortium study (Consortium dataset)(13 ), which is the largest independent public available lung cancer microarray dataset and involves 442 resected ADCs, was used as the training set. Six datasets were used to validate the prognosis signature: UT lung SPORE data, GSE3141 (ADC n=58, SCC n=53), GSE8894 (ADC n=62, SCC n=76), GSE11969 (ADC n=90, and SCC n=35), GSE13213 (ADC n=117), GSE4573 (SCC n=129). Among these 6 datasets, three (GSE 13213, GSE8894 and GSE11969) are Asian cohorts. Two datasets were used to validate the predictive signature: UT lung SPORE data and GSE14814 that includes 90 samples (49 patients with vinorelbine plus cisplatin ACT and 41 patients without ACT) collected from the JBR.10 trial. Table 1 provides detailed information on these datasets. Since 43 out of 133 samples in the original JBR.10 dataset (GSE14814) were also included in the Consortium data (training set), these 43 samples were excluded from the JBR.10 dataset to ensure the independence between the training and validation sets.
Tang H., Xiao G., Behrens C., Schiller J., Allen J., Chow C.W., Suraokar M., Corvalan A., Mao J., White M., Wistuba I., Minna J, & Xie Y. (2013). A 12-Gene Set Predicts Survival Benefits from Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 19(6), 1577-1586.
Publication 2013
Asian Persons Cisplatin Lung Lung Cancer Microarray Analysis Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients Prognosis Spores Vinorelbine

Most recents protocols related to «Spores»

1
Dictyostelium Strains Suppress Soft Rot Pathogens
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

119 Dicty strains were screened for their ability to feed on Dickeya (Dd) or Pectobacterium (Pcc) at 10° C. This assay was performed by inoculating Dd or Pcc on a low nutrient medium (SM2 agar) that supports both bacterial and Dicty growth. Dicty spores from individual strains were then inoculated on top of the bacterial growth and incubated at 10° C. to mimic potato storage temperatures. Dicty strains that successfully fed on Dd or Pcc created visible clearings in the lawn of bacterial growth and ultimately produced sporangia (fruiting bodies) that rose from the agar surface. An example of the phenotype that was considered successful clearing of bacteria is shown in FIG. 3A. From this initial screen, 36 Dicty strains that were capable of feeding on both Dd and Pcc at 10° C. were identified (FIG. 1B).

Of the 36 strains capable of feeding on both Dd and Pcc, 34 came from the Group 4 Dictyostelids (FIG. 1). This group includes D. discoideum, D. giganteum, D. minutum, D. mucoroides, D. purpureum, and D. sphaerocephalum (72). The results indicate that this group is particularly enriched in Dd and Pcc-feeding strains.

A further experiment was performed to identify Dicty species capable of feeding on biofilms of Dd and Pcc. Microporous polycarbonate membranes (MPMs) are widely reported to support biofilm formation of numerous Enterobacteriaceae species (2, 63, 70, 71). It was determined if Dd and Pcc formed biofilms on MPMs and determined if Dicty strains were capable of feeding on these biofilms. Membranes were placed on top of SM2 agar to provide Dd and Pcc with nutrients for growth. Bacteria were then inoculated on the surface of the MPMs and growth was monitored over the course of 1 week by washing bacteria off the membranes and performing dilution plating for colony counting. Growth of both bacterial strains plateaued around 4 dpi (FIG. 2).

From these results, it was determined that the best time to collect inoculated MPMs for biofilm analysis was at 2 dpi. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is commonly used to confirm biofilm formation by detecting extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that forms the biofilm matrix (2). Samples of Dd and Pcc after 2 days of growth on MPMs in the presence and absence of Dicty are analyzed using SEM.

19 Dicty strains identified as active were tested for their ability to feed on Dd and Pcc growing on MPMs. These experiments were performed by establishing Dd and Pcc growth on MPMs overlaid on SM2 agar at 37° C. for 24 hr. Dicty spores were then applied to the center of bacterial growth in a 5 uL drop containing 1000 spores. Bacteria and Dicty were incubated at 10° C. for 2 weeks before remaining bacteria were washed off and colonies were counted. Representative images of Dicty growing on Dd and Pcc on MPMs are shown in FIG. 3A.

No Dicty strains produced a statistically significant reduction in Dd viability compared to the non-treated control. However, treating Dd lawns with Cohen 36, Cohen 9, WS-15, WS-20, and WS-69 consistently reduced the number of viable bacteria by approximately 100,000-fold compared to the non-treated control (FIG. 3B). Cohen 9 was the only Dicty strain that produced a statistically significant reduction in viability of Pcc compared to the non-treated control (FIG. 3C). Other Dicty strains capable of reducing the number of viable Pcc by at least 100,000-fold were Cohen 35, Cohen 36, WS-647, and WS-69 (FIG. 3C).

It was observed that Dicty strains Cohen 9, Cohen 36, and WS-69 were capable of feeding on both Dd and Pcc when these bacteria were cultured on SM2 agar and MPMs (FIGS. 1 and 3). These strains were also particularly effective feeders as all three reduced the number of viable Dd and Pcc on MPMs at 10° C. by 100,000-fold compared to the non-treated control (FIGS. 3B and 3C).

To determine if these strains could suppress soft rot development on seed potato tubers, tubers were tab-inoculated with Dd or Pcc and treated with spores from each Dicty strain. Seed potatoes were surface-sterilized and punctured using a sterile screw to a depth of 1.5 mm. Overnight cultures of Dd and Pcc were suspended in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, diluted to an OD600 of approximately 0.003, and administered as a 5 μL drop into the wound. Next, 5 of a Dicty spore suspension (100,000 spores) was added to the wound. Inoculated seed potatoes were placed in a plastic container with moist paper towels and were misted with water twice a day to maintain a high humidity. After 3 days at room temperature, seed potatoes were sliced in half and the area of macerated tissue was quantified using ImageJ.

All three strains reduced the severity of soft rot caused by Dd and Pcc (FIG. 4). Cohen 36 was the most effective strain on both Dd and Pcc: reducing the area of tissue maceration by 60% and 35%, respectively (FIG. 4B). Treating seed potatoes with WS-69 reduced the area of tissue maceration by 50% and 30% for Dd and Pcc, respectively (FIG. 4B). Finally, Cohen 9 was the least effective, but still able to reduce tissue maceration caused by Dd and Pcc by 25% and 20%, respectively (FIG. 4B).

FIG. 7 shows that three Dicty isolates control Dd and Pcc in seed tubers (at 25° C.). Two sets of data from different weeks were normalized to the Dickeya or Pectobacterium only bacterial control. The average area of macerated potato tissue measured in mm2 was set as “1” or “100%”. The average of all the other treatments including Dicty were divided by bacteria only control and multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage. Each set contained 5 tubers per treatment.

Dicty should be capable of sporulating at temperatures as cold as 10° C. on a potato surface if they are applied as a one-time pre-planting or post-harvest treatment. Sporulation was assessed by inoculating small potato discs (5×6 mm) with 10 μL of Dd or Pcc suspensions at an OD600 of 3×10−5 and Dicty spores at a concentration of 1×107 spores/mL. Potato discs were kept in a covered 96-well plate for two weeks at 10° C. followed by visual inspection for son using a dissecting microscope. Representative images of a strain producing many sori (WS-517) and a strain producing few sori (WS-69) are shown in FIG. 5. Of the 11 strains evaluated, only Cohen 9 and WS-20 were unable to sporulate in the presence of both pathogens (Table 1).

TABLE 1
Assessment of Dicty sporulation at 10° C. on potato
in the presence of Dd or Pcc. A (✓) indicates sori
have been observed while a ( [Figure (not displayed)]  ) means they have not.
Dicty strainDdPcc
Cohen 9✓[Figure (not displayed)]
Cohen 36✓✓
WS-69✓✓
WS-517✓✓
WS-588✓✓
WS-606✓✓
WS-15✓✓
WS-20[Figure (not displayed)] ✓
DC-7✓✓
DC-61✓✓
WS-116d✓✓

Example 2

This example describes the use of a high throughput screening assay to identify Dicty strains from Alaska (e.g., BAC10A, BAF6A, BAC3A, NW2, KB4A (ATCC® MYA-4262™) SO8B, SO3A, BAF9B, IC2A (ATCC® MYA-4259™), AK1A1 (ATCC® MYA-4272™) PBF4B (ATCC® MYA-4263), PBF8B, BSB1A, SO5B (ATCC® MYA-4249), PBF3C, PBF6B, NW2B, NW10B (ATCC® MYA-4271™), PBF9A, IC5A (ATCC® MYA-4256TH), ABC8A (ATCC® MYA-4260), NW16B, ABC10B, ABB6B (ATCC® MYA-4261), BA4A (ATCC® MYA-4252), AKK5A, AKK52C, HP4 (ATCC® MYA-4286), HP8 (ATCC® MYA-4284), or NW9A) that feed on Dd and Pcc at 10° C. on potatoes.

Results from 11 Dicty strains screened against Dd at 10° C. are presented in FIG. 6. Data was analyzed for significance using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; alpha =0.05) with Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test to compare means between the treatments and the No Dicty control. A reduction in Dd proliferation when potato discs were treated with Dicty strains Cohen 9, Cohen 36, WS-15, Maryland 18a, BAF6A, NW2, and SO3A.

The Alaskan Dicty strains, and those identified in Example 1, are further tested against coinfections of Dd and Pcc. It is useful to identify Dicty strains that can suppress Dd and Pcc coinfections as these two pathogens have been isolated together from diseased potatoes (15). The ability of Dicty strains with different feeding preferences (Dd vs. Pcc) to complement each other when administered as a cotreatment is assayed.

US11864559B2. Therapeutic amoeba and uses thereof (2024-01-09). AmebaGone, LLC [US]. Inventors: Marcin Filutowicz [US], Ryan Kessens [US], Amy Jancewicz [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
A-A-1 antibiotic Agar Amoeba Bacteria Biofilms Buffers Coinfection Cold Temperature Combined Modality Therapy Dickeya Dictyosteliida Enterobacteriaceae Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix Extracellular Polymeric Substances High-Throughput Screening Assays Human Body Humidity Microscopy neuro-oncological ventral antigen 2, human Nutrients Pathogenicity Pectobacterium Phenotype Plant Tubers polycarbonate potassium phosphate Scanning Electron Microscopy Solanum tuberosum Sporangia Spores Sterility, Reproductive Strains Technique, Dilution Tissue, Membrane Tissues Wounds
2
Microwave-Assisted Decontamination of Bacillus Spores
Not available on PMC !

Example 2

Thuricide BT Caterpillar Control (Southern Ag) was used as the source of viable Bacillus thuringiensis spores (6 million spores/mg). A dilution series was produced from Thuricide BT to show that the material is viable and could be readily cultured on Petrifilm plates. Three DEE chemical compositions were evaluated: (1) about 0.06 M copper (II) chloride in water, (2) about 1 wt.-% surfactant and about 10 wt.-% PCSR in water, and (3) about 1 wt.-% surfactant and about 1 wt.-% PCSR in water. OxiClean was used as the PCSR and Tween 80 as the surfactant. During testing of each DEE composition, the DEE composition was added to the spores to yield a 1:100 dilution of spores and exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for about 10 s. After exposure, the cells were centrifuged and washed to remove the DEE composition and then plated on Petrifilm and cultured for 24 h at 30° C. When using each of the three DEE compositions shown above, the decontamination method destroyed BT spores at 6-7 log kill levels and demonstrated the efficacy of bleach-free treatments.

US11872322B2. Microwave assisted methods and systems for surface decontamination (2024-01-16). Zeteo Tech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Thomas McCreery [US], Wayne A. Bryden [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Bacillus thuringiensis Cells chemical composition Chlorides Copper Decontamination Microwaves Spores Surface-Active Agents Technique, Dilution Thuricide Tween 80
3
Microwave Inactivation of Penicillium roqueforti Spores
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Penicillium roqueforti spores were suspended in water. Four DEE chemical compositions were evaluated: (1) 0.06 M copper (II) ions in water, (2) 1 wt.-% surfactant and 10 wt.-% PCSR, (3) 1 wt.-% surfactant and 1 wt.-% PCSR, and (4) 0.5 wt.-% bleach. OxiClean was used as the PCSR and Tween 80 as the surfactant. Clorox was used as bleach. Each DEE composition was added to 0.1 mg/ml suspension of mold spores and exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave for 10 s. After exposure, the cells were centrifuged, washed to remove the DEE chemicals and then plated on Petrifilm and cultured. With the DEE composition 0.06 M copper (II) ions in water and 1 wt.-% surfactant and 10 wt.-% sodium percarbonate, a 6-7 log reduction in P. roqueforti spores (6-7 log kill levels) was realized.

US11872322B2. Microwave assisted methods and systems for surface decontamination (2024-01-16). Zeteo Tech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Thomas McCreery [US], Wayne A. Bryden [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Cells chemical composition Clorox Copper Fungus, Filamentous Ions Microwaves Penicillium roqueforti sodium percarbonate Spores Surface-Active Agents Tween 80
4
Antimicrobial Activity of Glycolipid Derivatives
Not available on PMC !

Example 12

Time 0 CFU/ml
Candida auris: 4.5E+05
GAS 594: 2.7E+06
B. subtilis: 1.1E+07
Determined MIC/MBC at 24 hours
MicrobeAgent TestedMIC/MBC (ug/ml)
Bacillus subtilisGML50
SGML10
S2GML<1.0
Streptococcus pyogenesGML1.0
SGML0.1
S2GML<0.1
Candida aurisGML50
SGML10
S2GML1.0

Candida auris is a newly emerging yeast (fungus) that is causing skin and bloodstream infections in humans. It easily becomes resistant to anti-fungal agents, making development of novel therapeutics a necessity. This organism is related to Candida albicans and other Candida species. The MIC and MBC in the above table show very good activity of both the SGML and S2GML versus this organism.

Bacillus subtilis, an aerobic spore-former, was incubated with 200 RPM shaking at 37° C. The strain was a recent clinical isolate at the University of Iowa, and proves to develop resistance to standard anti-fungal agents.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) 594 is a standard scarlet fever strain that has been extensively published on. The strain was incubated stationary at 37° C. in 5% CO2.

All solutions used in the MBC and MIC studies were prepared from a stock of 100 mg/ml of either GML, SGML or S2GML in absolute ethanol.

US11873272B2. Antimicrobial and antiviral sulfur containing glycerol monoester derivatives (2024-01-16). Niche Biopharmaceuticals LLC [US]. Inventors: Dayton T. Reardan [US], Paul Brennan [GB], Patrick Schlievert [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Anti-Anxiety Agents Antiviral Agents Bacillus subtilis Bacteria, Aerobic Candida Candida albicans Candida auris Ethanol Fungi Homo Microbicides Scarlet Fever Septicemia Skin Spores Strains Streptococcus pyogenes Sulfur Therapeutics Triose Sugar Alcohols Yeasts
5
Decontamination of Bacillus thuringiensis
Not available on PMC !

Example 1

Thuricide BT Caterpillar Control (Southern Ag) was used as the source of viable Bacillus thuringiensis spores (6 million spores/mg). The DEE chemical comprised of 1:200 bleach in water. This concentration corresponds to approximately 0.5 wt.-% bleach (Clorox) in water. Vegetative cells of BT were grown in lysogeny broth for 48 h at 30° C. The culture was diluted 1:100 with phosphate buffered saline and the DEE chemical composition (about 100 microliters) was added. In the case of spores, the DEE composition was added to achieve a 1:100 dilution of spores.

The spores and vegetative cells in a micro-centrifuge tube were then exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 10 s. After exposure, the cells were centrifuged and washed to remove the DEE composition and then plated on Petrifilm and cultured. The plates were then cultured for 24 h at 30° C. This decontamination method resulted in 6-7 log reduction in BT vegetative cells. However, in the case of BT spores, only 4-5 log kill was realized. Increasing the microwave exposure time to 15-20 s yielded 6-7 log kill levels in the case of BT spores.

US11872322B2. Microwave assisted methods and systems for surface decontamination (2024-01-16). Zeteo Tech, Inc. [US]. Inventors: Thomas McCreery [US], Wayne A. Bryden [US].
Full text: Click here
Patent 2024
Bacillus thuringiensis Cells chemical composition Clorox Decontamination Lysogeny Microwaves Phosphates Saline Solution Spores Technique, Dilution Thuricide

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More about "Spores"

Spores are specialized reproductive units produced by a variety of organisms, including fungi, bacteria, and some plants.
These resilient structures serve as a means of dispersal and survival in adverse environmental conditions.
Spores can withstand heat, dryness, and other stressors, allowing them to remain dormant until the right conditions for growth are present.
Understanding the biology and properties of spores is crucial for numerous applications, such as in microbiology, agriculture, and biomedical research.
Spores can be studied using various tools and techniques, including Miracloth for filtration, PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for culturing, TRIzol reagent for RNA extraction, and Whatman No. 1 filter paper for sample preparation.
Microscopic analysis can be performed using an Eclipse 80i microscope.
Surfactants like Tween 20 and Tween 80 are often used to enhance the wettability and dispersibility of spores in various solutions.
Histodenz, a density gradient medium, can be employed for the purification and separation of spores.
Spores play a pivotal role in the life cycles of many organisms and have significant implications in fields like microbiology, agriculture, and medicine.
Researchers can leverage the latest AI-driven platforms, such as PubCompare.ai, to optimize research protocols, locate the best spore-related products and procedures, and enhance their overall research efforts.