> Anatomy > Embryonic Structure > Umbilical Cord

Umbilical Cord

The umbilical cord is a vital structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta, providing essential nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal during pregnancy.
It is composed of two arteries and one vein, encased in a gelatinous Wharton's jelly, and plays a crucial role in fetal growth and development.
Umbilical cord research explores the biology, function, and potential therapeutic applications of this remarkable tissue, including stem cell isolation, regenerative medicine, and fetal monitoring.
Optimizing umbilical cord research with advanced tools like PubCompar.ai can streamline literature review, identify reproducible protocols, and drive more accurate and impactful discoveries.

Most cited protocols related to «Umbilical Cord»

Embryonic BBB Functionality Assays

Wild-type Swiss-Webster mice (Taconic Farms, Inc.) were used for embryonic BBB functionality assays and expression profiles. Homozygous Tie2-GFP transgenic mice (Jackson laboratory, strain 003658) were used for BBB transcriptional profiling. Mfsd2a null mice^{21 (link)} (MMRRC strain 032467-UCD) were maintained on C57Bl/6;129SVE mixed background and used for testing the involvement of MSFD2A in barrier-genesis. All animals were treated according to institutional and NIH guidelines approved by IACUC at Harvard Medical School.Deeply anaesthetized pregnant mice were used. Minimal volume of 10-kDa Dextran-Tetramethylrhodamine, Lysine Fixable (D3312 Invitrogen) was injected into the embryonic liver, while keeping the embryo connected to the maternal blood circulation through the umbilical cord. After three minutes of tracer circulation, embryonic heads were fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) overnight at 4°C, cryopreserved in 30% sucrose and frozen in TissueTek OCT (Sakura). 12 µm sections were then collected and post fixed in 4% PFA at room temperature (RT) for 15 min, washed in PBS and co-stained with either α-PECAM antibody or with Isolectin B4 to visualize blood vessels (see Method section for details). P90 HRP injection and E17.5 cortex capillaries TEM imaging was done as previously described^{2 (link)}.

Ben-Zvi A., Lacoste B., Kur E., Andreone B.J., Mayshar Y., Yan H, & Gu C. (2014). MSFD2A is critical for the formation and function of the blood brain barrier. Nature, 509(7501), 507-511.

Publication 2014

Animals Biological Assay Blood Vessel Capillaries Cortex, Cerebral dextran tetramethylrhodamine Embryo Freezing Head Homozygote Immunoglobulins Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Isolectins Liver Lysine Mice, Laboratory Mice, Transgenic Mouse, Swiss paraform Strains Submersion Sucrose Transcription, Genetic Umbilical Cord

Preterm Birth, Intra-amniotic Inflammation, and Neonatal Outcomes

Preterm labor was diagnosed by the presence of regular uterine contractions (at least 3 in 30 minutes) and documented cervical changes in patients with a gestational age between 20 and 36 6/7 weeks. Preterm delivery was defined as birth prior to the 37^th week of gestation. MIAC was defined as either a positive culture for bacteria in AF or the detection of microbial footprints for either viruses or bacteria, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) (Ibis® technology - Athogen, Carlsbad, CA). Intra-amniotic inflammation was diagnosed when AF IL-6 concentration was ≥ 2.6 ng/mL.^{72 (link),155 (link)} Microbial-associated intra-amniotic inflammation was defined as the presence of MIAC with intra-amniotic inflammation. Sterile intra-amniotic inflammation was diagnosed when the AF IL-6 concentration was ≥ 2.6 ng/mL and there was no evidence of microbial footprints for viruses or bacteria (negative AF culture and no detection of microbial footprints using PCR/ESI-MS).
Composite neonatal morbidity was defined as the presence of: respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, proven neonatal sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis or perinatal mortality. The diagnostic criteria of these complications have been previously reported.^{156 (link)} Acute placental inflammation was diagnosed based on the presence of inflammatory cells in the chorionic plate, chorioamniotic membranes (histologic chorioamnionitis),^{157 (link)-159 (link)} and/or umbilical cord (funisitis).^{157 (link),158 (link)}

Romero R., Miranda J., Chaiworapongsa T., Korzeniewski S.J., Chaemsaithong P., Gotsch F., Dong Z., Ahmed A.I., Yoon B.H., Hassan S.S., Kim C.J, & Yeo L. (2014). Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Sterile Intra-amniotic Inflammation in Patients with Preterm Labor and Intact Membranes. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 72(5), 458-474.

Publication 2014

Amnion Bacteria Birth Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Cells Chorioamnionitis Chorion Funisitis Gestational Age Hemorrhage Infant, Newborn Inflammation Leukomalacia, Periventricular Neck Necrotizing Enterocolitis Patients Placenta Polymerase Chain Reaction Pregnancy Premature Birth Premature Obstetric Labor Respiratory Distress Syndrome Sepses, Neonatal Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization Sterility, Reproductive Tissue, Membrane Umbilical Cord Uterine Contraction Virus

Histopathological Evaluation of Placental Lesions

In each case, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections of the chorioamniotic membranes roll (n=1), umbilical cord (n=1), and placental disc (n=3) were examined. Pathologists were masked to the clinical diagnosis except for the gestational age at delivery. The diagnosis of CCA was made when lymphocytic infiltration into the chorionic trophoblast layer or chorioamniotic connective tissue was observed. The severity of CCA was scored based upon on two parameters. The extent of inflammation was graded 0 when there was no inflammation, 1 when there were more than two foci of or patchy inflammation, and 2 when diffuse inflammation was present. The stage of inflammation was scored as stage 1 if amniotropic lymphocytic infiltration was limited to the chorionic trophoblast layer sparing the chorioamniotic connective tissue, and stage 2 if lymphocytic infiltration into the chorioamniotic connective tissue was noted. Histopathological screening for other lesions of the placenta was performed according to the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Perinatal Section of the Society for Pediatric Pathology. Such classification encompasses lesions consistent with amniotic fluid infection, maternal vascular underperfusion, and fetal vascular obstruction.^{10 (link),25 (link),26 (link)} The diagnosis of chronic deciduitis with plasma cells was given when lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate was present in the decidua of the basal plate.^{27 (link)}

Kim C.J., Romero R., Kusanovic J.P., Yoo W., Dong Z., Topping V., Gotsch F., Yoon B.H., Chi J.G, & Kim J.S. (2010). The Frequency, Clinical Significance, and Pathological Features of Chronic Chorioamnionitis: A Lesion Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc, 23(7), 1000-1011.

Publication 2010

Amniotic Fluid Blood Vessel Chorion Connective Tissue Decidua Diagnosis Eosin Fetal Blood Gestational Age Infection Inflammation Lymphocyte Lymphoid Tissue Mothers Obstetric Delivery Pathologists Placenta Plasma Cells Tissue, Membrane Trophoblast Umbilical Cord

Replication Cohorts for Adipose and LCL Expression

Characteristics of the replication cohorts are presented in Supplementary Table 4. The deCODE replication sample consists of 585 subcutaneous adipose samples from healthy Icelandic individuals as previously described ^{8 (link)}.
The MGH replication sample consists of 701 subcutaneous adipose samples from obese patients undergoing Roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital as previously described ^{10 (link)}.
The Oxford replication sample consists of 331 LCLs independently derived from the TwinsUK Adult twin registry and thus do not overlap with MuTHER samples as recently described ^{41 (link)}.
The ALSPAC replication sample consists of 931 LCLs derived from The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and their Children (ALSPAC) ^{42 (link)}. Expression profiling of the samples, each with two technical replicates, were performed using the Illumina Human HT-12 V3 BeadChips (IlluminaInc) and processed as the MuTHER samples described above. ALSPAC individuals were genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550 genome-wide SNP genotyping platform. Markers with <1% MAF, >5% missing genotypes or which failed an exact test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<5×10⁻⁷) were excluded from further analysis. Any individuals who did not cluster with the CEU individuals in multidimensional scaling analysis, who had >3% missing data, minimal or excessive heterozygosity (>33% or <31%), evidence of cryptic relatedness (>10% IBD) and any individuals with incorrect gender assignments were also excluded. After data cleaning 315,807 SNPs were left. Imputation was carried out using MACH 1.0.16, Markov Chain Haplotyping^{43 (link)}, using CEPH individuals from phase 2 of the HapMap project as a reference set. Associations between SNP genotypes and normalized expression values were conducted using a linear model.
The GenCORD replication sample consist of 68 primary fibroblasts derived from the umbilical cord of newborns of Western European origin born at the maternity ward of the University of Geneva Hospital, for which pregnancies were full term or near full term (38-41 weeks)as previously described ^{9 (link)}.

Grundberg E., Small K.S., Hedman Å.K., Nica A.C., Buil A., Keildson S., Bell J.T., Yang T.P., Meduri E., Barrett A., Nisbett J., Sekowska M., Wilk A., Shin S.Y., Glass D., Travers M., Min J.L., Ring S., Ho K., Thorleifsson G., Kong A., Thorsteindottir U., Ainali C., Dimas A.S., Hassanali N., Ingle C., Knowles D., Krestyaninova M., Lowe C.E., Di Meglio P., Montgomery S.B., Parts L., Potter S., Surdulescu G., Tsaprouni L., Tsoka S., Bataille V., Durbin R., Nestle F.O., O’Rahilly S., Soranzo N., Lindgren C.M., Zondervan K.T., Ahmadi K.R., Schadt E.E., Stefansson K., Smith G.D., McCarthy M.I., Deloukas P., Dermitzakis E.T, & Spector T.D. (2012). Mapping cis- and trans-regulatory effects across multiple tissues in twins. Nature genetics, 44(10), 1084-1089.

Publication 2012

Adiposity Adult CASP8 protein, human CFC1 protein, human Child Childbirth DNA Replication Europeans External Lateral Ligament Fibroblasts Gastrojejunostomy Gender Genome Genotype Heterozygote Homo sapiens Infant, Newborn Obesity Operative Surgical Procedures Parent Patients Pregnancy Twins Umbilical Cord

URECA Cohort Study of Allergic Disease

URECA is an observational birth cohort with planned follow-up through age 7 years. Four research centers (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Boston University and Harvard University, Boston; Columbia University and Mt. Sinai University, New York City; Washington University, St. Louis) are conducting the study. The Administrative Center and Core Laboratories are at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Rho Inc. (Chapel Hill, NC) serves as the Statistical and Clinical Coordinating Center. Women were recruited during their pregnancies. Family eligibility required 1) having plans to deliver at an affiliated hospital; 2) biologic mother or father reporting a history of asthma, hay fever, or eczema; and 3) residence in specific urban census tracts in which at least 20% of the population had incomes below the poverty level, as defined by the 2000 U.S. Census.
Newborn eligibility required a gestational age of ≥ 34 weeks and collection of a suitable umbilical cord blood specimen (≥ 5 mL). Maternal human immunodeficiency virus, significant congenital anomalies or infections, intubation or ≥ 4 hours of supplemental oxygen or continuous positive airway pressure for 4 or more days excluded the infant from the study.
Using the same inclusion and exclusion criteria (apart from that for history of allergic disease), a smaller comparison group of children without a parental history of asthma, hayfever, or eczema was also enrolled. These individuals will serve as a reference group to examine the differences in immunologic responses and other study measurements from children with a family history of allergic disease.

Gern J.E., Visness C.M., Gergen P.J., Wood R.A., Bloomberg G.R., O'Connor G.T., Kattan M., Sampson H.A., Witter F.R., Sandel M.T., Shreffler W.G., Wright R.J., Arbes SJ J.r, & Busse W.W. (2009). The Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) birth cohort study: design, methods, and study population. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 9, 17.

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Publication 2009

Asthma Biopharmaceuticals Birth Cohort Child Congenital Abnormality Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Eczema Eligibility Determination Fever, Hay Gestational Age HIV Hypersensitivity Infant Infant, Newborn Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Infection Intubation Mothers Oxygen Parent Pregnancy Specimen Collection Specimen Collections, Blood Umbilical Cord Umbilical Cord Blood Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Umbilical Cord»

Comprehensive Analysis of Umbilical Cord Anomalies

All patients of HUC who were admitted to the department of pediatric surgery, of our institute from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021, were included in this study. Those patients whose data were incomplete or missing were excluded from the study. A total of 19 patients were included in our study period of 5 years. The following data of all these patients were collected and analyzed:

Demographic profile

Baseline investigations

X-ray of the abdomen and ultrasound of the umbilical cord with the abdomen

Echocardiography

Contents of HUC on exploratory laparotomy

Surgery performed

Outcomes with morbidity and mortality.

Tiwari P., Shukla R.M., Joleya M.K., Jain S., Ladda A.K., Sharma S.S., Raj V., Lahoti B.K, & Joshi M. (2023). Hernia of Umbilical Cord: An Enigma. Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 28(1), 14-17.

Publication 2023

Operative Surgical Procedures Patients Radiography, Abdominal Ultrasonography Umbilical Cord

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord and Bone Marrow

The umbilical cords and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were obtained from healthy volunteers (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital) in accordance with relevant laws and approval from the Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Ethics Committee. Briefly, MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cord as follows. Firstly, the umbilical cord was washed thoroughly with PBS containing 1% penicillin–streptomycin and then cut into pieces. Subsequently, blood vessels and the residual blood were removed, resulting in Wharton’s jelly. Next, the Wharton’s jelly was sliced into small pieces of 1–3 mm with ophthalmic scissors, suspended in PBS and then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 3 min to collect the precipitate. In a sterile culture dish, DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin was added. Subsequently, the Wharton’s jelly was added to the medium and incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. After a while, the hUC-MSCs appeared as a colony and were used for subsequent experiments. BM-MSCs were maintained in our lab by a similar culturing method.

Liu Y., Amissah O.B., Huangfang X., Wang L., Dieu Habimana J.D., Lv L., Ding X., Li J., Chen M., Zhu J., Mukama O., Sun Y., Li Z, & Huang R. (2023). Large-scale expansion of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells using PLGA@PLL scaffold. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 10(1), 18.

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Publication 2023

BLOOD Blood Vessel Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Culture Techniques Ethics Committees Healthy Volunteers Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Penicillins Sterility, Reproductive Streptomycin Umbilical Cord Wharton Jelly

Therapeutic Potential of UC-MSCs in Neurodegeneration

All the methods used on animals were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations: the National Institutes of Health publication number 80-23, the European Council Directive (2010/63/EEC), and the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines (https://arriveguidelines.org). This research involving animals was approved by the local and national committees in France (Autorisation de Projet utilisant des Animaux à des Fins Scientifiques [APAFIS] authorization number 30976-2021040915234664) and Japan (Kyoto Women’s University Animal Research Ethics Committee certificate number 30-3). This research involving human materials, i.e., human UC-MSCs, was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), and Kyoto Women’s University, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France. UC-MSCs were provided by cord blood and umbilical cord bank from the research hospital, IMSUT (IMSUT CORD), Japan (Ethical committee of IMSUT number 33-2).

Tsuji M., Mukai T., Sato Y., Azuma Y., Yamamoto S., Cayetanot F., Bodineau L., Onoda A., Nagamura-Inoue T, & Coq J.O. (2023). Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cell therapy to prevent the development of neurodevelopmental disorders related to low birth weight. Scientific Reports, 13, 3841.

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Publication 2023

Animal Ethics Committees Animals Cone-Rod Dystrophy 2 Ethics Committees Ethics Committees, Research Europeans Homo sapiens Umbilical Cord Umbilical Cord Blood Woman

Isolation and Characterization of Murine Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells

UC-MSCs were harvested as described in previous studies with modification [21 (link), 22 (link)]. Briefly, C57BL/6J pregnant murine was sacrificed and then sterilized through 75% alcohol. The abdomen was cut and open, and the embryos (about 8) were separated. Then, umbilical cord tissue per embryo was separated and slightly cut into small pieces. Type I collagenase was performed to digest the harvested tissues in the incubator for 2 hours. Centrifugation was performed to remove the supernatant. Next, we resuspended the cells with Dulbecco's modified eagle medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco, USA) and incubated the cells. The medium in the plates was changed every 2 days. The cells grown to almost 80% were passaged. The phenotype of UC-MSCs was assessed by flow cytometry using mouse mesenchymal stem cell phenotype identification kit (Cyagen, USA). The results showed that CD29, CD90, and Sca-1 were positive, and CD31, CD34, and CD117 were negative (Figure S1). The 3^rd passage of UC-MSCs was intravenous administered after traumatic surgical wound.

Yang J., Li H., Ran M., Yang S., Ma K., Zhang C., Xiao M., Yang Y., Fu X, & Yang S. (2023). Transplantation of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates Surgical Wound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Mice. Stem Cells International, 2023, 8667045.

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Publication 2023

Abdominal Cavity CASP3 protein, human Cells Centrifugation Collagenase Eagle Embryo Ethanol Fetal Bovine Serum Flow Cytometry Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mus Phenotype Surgical Wound Thy-1 Antigens Tissues Umbilical Cord

Child Mortality Factors in Xuzhou

The research object focused on the cases of death in terms of children under 5 years of age who were registered or who lived in Xuzhou between 2016 and 2020. Their mothers experienced a 28-week gestational period and presented one of the four life indicators, including heartbeat, breathing, umbilical cord pulsation, and voluntary muscle contraction after delivery.

Xu Z., Liu H., Zhou S., Chen T., Meng C., Li S., Yan X, & Liu X. (2023). Trend analysis of mortality rates and causes of death in children under 5 years of age in Xuzhou, China from 2016 to 2020. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1067293.

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Publication 2023

Child Mothers Muscle Contraction Obstetric Delivery Pregnancy Pulse Rate Umbilical Cord

Top products related to «Umbilical Cord»

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

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Penicillin/streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic solution for cell culture applications. It contains a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, which are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.

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Trypsin-EDTA is a solution used in cell culture applications to dissociate adherent cells from their growth surface. It contains the proteolytic enzyme trypsin and the chelating agent EDTA, which work together to break down the cellular adhesions and allow the cells to be harvested and passaged.

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DMEM/F12 is a cell culture medium developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a balanced salt solution that provides nutrients and growth factors essential for the cultivation of a variety of cell types, including adherent and suspension cells. The medium is formulated to support the proliferation and maintenance of cells in vitro.

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What are the main components of the umbilical cord?

What are some common challenges in working with umbilical cord samples?

Handling umbilical cord samples can be tricky due to their delicate nature and potential variability between donors. Researchers may face issues like inconsistent cell yields, difficulties in isolating specific cell types, or preserving the integrity of the Wharton's jelly. PubCompare.ai can help overcome these challenges by identifying the most effective and reproducible protocols from the literature.

How can PubCompare.ai assist in umbilical cord research?

PubCompare.ai allows researchers to streamline their umbilical cord research in several ways. First, it helps you screen protocol literature more efficiently by leveraging AI to pinpoint critical insights. Second, the platform's analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy. This can be especially helpful when working with delicate umbilical cord samples and trying to optimize cell isolation or tissue preservation techniques.

Are there different types or variations of umbilical cords?

Yes, there are some natural variations in umbilical cords that researchers should be aware of. For example, the number of blood vessels can range from two arteries and one vein to just one artery and one vein. The length of the cord can also vary, which can impact fetal monitoring and delivery procedures. Understanding these differnet variations can help researchers design more robust studies and accoutn for potentioal sources of variability.

What are some key applications of umbilical cord research?

Umbilical cord research has a wide range of applications, including stem cell isolation for regenerative medicine, fetal monitoring and diagnostics, and studying the biology and function of this remarkable tissue. Researchers are also exploring the potential therapeutic uses of umbilical cord-derived cells and components like Wharton's jelly. PubCompare.ai can assist by helping identify the most effective protocols to advance these important areas of umbilical cord research.

More about "Umbilical Cord"

The umbilical cord, also known as the UC or funiculus umbilicalis, is a vital structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta.
It plays a crucial role in fetal growth and development by providing essential nutrients, oxygen, and facilitating waste removal during pregnancy.
The umbilical cord is composed of two arteries and one vein, encased in a gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly.
Umbilical cord research explores the biology, function, and potential therapeutic applications of this remarkable tissue, including stem cell isolation, regenerative medicine, and fetal monitoring.
Optimizing umbilical cord research can be achieved through the use of advanced tools like PubCompare.ai, an AI-driven platform that helps researchers locate the best protocols and products.
This platform allows users to easily compare literature, pre-prints, and patents to identify reproducible and accurate protocols for their umbilical cord studies.
By leveraging the power of AI, researchers can streamline their workflow and achieve more accurate results.
In addition to PubCompare.ai, various cell culture media and supplements can be utilized in umbilical cord research, such as Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Penicillin/Streptomycin, Streptomycin, Penicillin, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Trypsin-EDTA, DMEM/F12, Extracellular Matrix (ECM), and L-glutamine.
These materials and reagents are commonly used in the isolation, culture, and expansion of umbilical cord-derived cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial cells, which have potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
By incorporating these insights and resources, researchers can optimize their umbilical cord research, streamline their workflow, and drive more accurate and impactful discoveries in this field.