> Anatomy > Tissue > Callus

Callus

Callusus are thickened areas of skin that develop in response to repeated friction or pressure, often on the hands or feet.
They are a protective mechanism to help the skin withstand the constant stress.
Calluses can vary in size and texture, and may become painful if they become too thick.
Proper foot care, including regular exfoliation and moisturization, can help prevent and manage calluses.
Seeking professional medical treatment may be necessary for severe or persistent calluses.
Maintaining healthy skin and foot hygiene is key to preventing the formation of calluses and keeping them under control.

Most cited protocols related to «Callus»

Microstructural Analysis of Callus Formation

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2008

AN 12 Callus Compact Bone Femur Minerals Periosteum Tissues Tomography

Histomorphometric Analysis of Fracture Callus

Mice were killed at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 30, or 35 days after fracture. A normal mid-diaphysis femoral bone segment was used as a nonfractured day 0 control. Femurs were disarticulated from the hip and trimmed to remove excess muscle and skin. Specimens were stored in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 2 days. The tissues were infiltrated and embedded in paraffin. Alcian blue and orange G along with TRACP staining was done as previously described.(19 (link),20 (link),28 (link)) Histomorphometric analysis (n = 4 animals per group) was done using a standardized eyepiece grid to measure tissue areas within the fracture callus. Samples were cut at four levels spanning ∼120 μm through the callus, with 30 μm between each level. Each cross-hatch was categorized as not callus (not counted), callus (quantified), and a specific tissue type. A total area of the external callus and areas of individual tissue types such as new bone (mineralized tissue), total cartilage, immature proliferative cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, and mesenchyme were quantified. Bone was defined as areas of new woven bone. Cartilage was defined as tissues staining blue for proteoglycan. Hypertrophic cartilage was clearly defined by cellular morphology, and other nonhypertrophic areas of cartilage were considered immature cartilage. Finally, mesenchyme was defined as areas containing spindle-shaped fibroblasts without Alcian blue staining. Cortical bone was excluded from the histomorphometric analysis. The target tissue area was divided over the area of the external callus.
In the rescue experiment, aged mice were treated with either vehicle or a nonprostanoid EP4 selective agonist, CP432 (Pfizer, Groton, CT, USA). CP734432 (CP73) was freshly prepared in normal saline containing 3% ethanol. CP73 (100 μl) was injected at the fracture site twice daily for a total daily dose of 20 mg/kg/d.

Naik A.A., Xie C., Zuscik M.J., Kingsley P., Schwarz E.M., Awad H., Guldberg R., Drissi H., Puzas J.E., Boyce B., Zhang X, & O'Keefe R.J. (2008). Reduced COX-2 Expression in Aged Mice Is Associated With Impaired Fracture Healing. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 24(2), 251-264.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2008

Alcian Blue Animals Bones Callus Cartilage Compact Bone Diaphyses Ethanol Femur Fibroblasts Formalin Fracture, Bone Histocompatibility Testing Hypertrophy Mesenchyma Mus Muscle Tissue Normal Saline Orange G Paraffin Embedding Proteoglycan Skin Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Tissues

Stabilized Femur Fracture Model in Mice

A stabilized femur fracture model was used as previously described.^{15 (link)} Eight-week-old male mice were anesthetized and an intramedullary pin (25-gauge needle) inserted into the femoral shaft retrograde and a midshaft femur fracture created by manual three point bending. Faxitron imaging was used to confirm correct pin and fracture placement and animals with incorrect pin placement or incorrect fracture (incomplete, comminuted, or metaphyseal location) were euthanized and not used in subsequent analysis. Local injection at the fracture site with 20 µL of DFO (200 µM), DMOG (500 µM) or saline was performed every other day for five doses. Vascularity and callus was assessed at 14 days and bone healing at 28 days postfracture.

Shen X., Wan C., Ramaswamy G., Mavalli M., Wang Y., Duvall C.L., Deng L.F., Guldberg R.E., Eberhardt A., Clemens T.L, & Gilbert S.R. (2009). Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors Increase Neoangiogenesis and Callus Formation following Femur Fracture in Mice. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 27(10), 1298-1305.

Publication 2009

Animals Blood Vessel Bones Callus Femoral Fractures Femur Fracture, Bone Males Mice, House Needles Saline Solution

Fracture Repair Histological Analysis

Fractured tibias were fixed in 4% PFA, decalcified in 10% EDTA for 3 weeks, and processed for paraffin embedding. A series of 6-μm-thick longitudinal sections were cut across the entire fracture callus from one side of cortical bone to the other. For each bone, a central section with the largest callus area, as well as two sections at 192 μm (~¼ bone width) before and after the central section were stained with Safranin-O/Fast green and quantified for cartilage area, bone area, and fibrosis area by ImageJ. Paraffin sections adjacent to the central sections were used for picrosirius red staining and IHC. After antigen retrieval, slides were incubated with primary antibodies, including rabbit anti-osteocalcin (Takara Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA; m173), rabbit anti-VEGF (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA; AB46154), goat anti-Osterix (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA; sc-22538), rabbit anti-type II Collagen (Abcam, AB34712), goat anti-Sox9 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; AF3075), and rat anti-Endomucin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-65495), at 4°C overnight, followed by binding with biotinylated secondary antibodies and DAB color development. For TRAP staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; 387A-1KT) was used.
To obtain frozen sections for immunofluorescent imaging, fractured tibias were fixed in 4% PFA for 1 day, transferred to 30% sucrose in PBS overnight, and embedded in OCT compound (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) for frozen sectioning at a thickness of 6 μm, aided by the use of cryofilm 2C (SECTION-LAB Co. Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan). After glued to slides, sections were incubated with rat anti-Endomucin at 4°-C overnight followed by Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-Rat IgG secondary antibody (Abcam, ab150157). For EdU staining, mice received 1.6 mg/kg EdU 3 hours before death and the staining was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Click-iT^™ EdU Alexa Fluor^™ 647 Imaging Kit, ThermoFisher Scientific, c10340).

Wang L., Tower R.J., Chandra A., Yao L., Tong W., Xiong Z., Tang K., Zhang Y., Liu X.S., Boerckel J.D., Guo X., Ahn J, & Qin L. (2019). Periosteal Mesenchymal Progenitor Dysfunction and Extraskeletally-Derived Fibrosis Contribute to Atrophic Fracture Nonunion. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 34(3), 520-532.

Publication 2019

alexa fluor 488 Alexa Fluor 647 anti-IgG Antibodies Antigens Biological Assay Bones Callus Cartilage Collagen Type II Compact Bone Edetic Acid Endomucins Fast Green Fibrosis Fluorescent Antibody Technique Fracture, Bone Frozen Sections Goat Immunoglobulins Mice, House Osteocalcin Paraffin Rabbits safranine T SOX9 protein, human Sucrose Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Tibial Fractures Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Micro-CT Analysis of Bone Fracture Callus

The femurs were scanned using an isotropic voxel size of 19 µm (SkyScan 1172, v. 1.5; SkyScan, Aarteselar, Belgium) using energy settings of 50 kV and 200 µA, a 0.5-mm aluminum filter, and 8 repeated scans. Image reconstruction was performed (SkyScan NRecon package v. 1.5.1.4) by correcting for ring artifacts and beam hardening (20%). Following reconstruction, the individual fracture lines were identified by simultaneously viewing multiple orthogonal slices (Skyscan DataViewer v. 1.4). The region of interest for each bone was determined as being approximately 3 mm proximal and distal to the fracture line (150 images) (Nyman et al. 2009 (link)). Within that region of interest (ROI), semi-automatic segmentation was used on each 2D image to identify the circumferential boundaries of the calluses (Figure 1) (Matlab v. 7.6.0; Mathworks Inc.; SkyScan CTAn v. 1.9.1.0). Calibration of bone mineral density (BMD) was carried out according to the system manufacturer’s protocol. A water phantom and 2 hydroxyapatite phantoms of known density (0.25 and 0.75 g/cm³) were scanned. To distinguish fully mineralized tissue from poorly mineralized tissue and soft tissue, 2 thresholds were used. Fully mineralized tissue was assumed to have a BMD of more than 0.642 g/cm3 (Morgan et al. 2009 (link)), resulting in grayscale values of 98–255. Poorly mineralized tissue was assumed to have a BMD value of between 0.410 and 0.642 g/cm³ (Isaksson et al. 2009 (link)), resulting in grayscale values of 68–97. The threshold values were chosen based on visual inspection of the images, qualitative comparison with histological sections, and previous studies. The following parameters were calculated from the callus region of interest for each specimen: total callus volume (TV_c), fully mineralized bone volume (BV_high), poorly mineralized tissue volume (BV_low), bone volume fraction (BV_high / TV_c), and average tissue mineral density (TMD). TMD was calculated by using only the voxels that exceeded the threshold for fully mineralized bone.

Bosemark P., Isaksson H., McDonald M.M., Little D.G, & Tägil M. (2013). Augmentation of autologous bone graft by a combination of bone morphogenic protein and bisphosphonate increased both callus volume and strength. Acta Orthopaedica, 84(1), 106-111.

Publication 2013

Aluminum Bone Density Bones Callosities Callus Durapatite Femur Fracture, Bone Minerals Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Sclerosis Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Callus»

Postoperative Rehabilitation Protocol

The patients were provided with guidance for exercises involving muscle contraction and knee flexion and extension. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was started 2 weeks after surgery, and radiographs were performed every 3 months after surgery. When bone healing was visible on the radiographs, weight-bearing exercises were commenced. The presence of a continuous callus on the radiograph with the disappearance of the fracture line at the connecting part indicated complete healing and the patients progressed to full weight-bearing.

Dai Z., Sun Y., Maihemuti M, & Jiang R. (2023). Follow-up of biological reconstruction of epiphysis preserving osteosarcoma around the knee in children: A retrospective cohort study. Medicine, 102(10), e33237.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Bones Callus Chemotherapy, Adjuvant Fracture, Bone Knee Muscle Contraction Operative Surgical Procedures Patients X-Rays, Diagnostic

Extraction and Quantification of Total RNA and miRNA from Bone Samples

Protocol full text hidden due to copyright restrictions

Open the protocol to access the free full text link

Publication 2023

Biological Assay Calculi Callus Chloroform Ethanol Freezing Iliac Crest Microarray Analysis MicroRNAs Steel

Evaluating Musculoskeletal Fracture Imaging Quality

Two senior clinicians with 10–13 years of experience in musculoskeletal diseases independently reviewed each image to characterize each fracture as displaced or non-displaced. Displaced fractures were defined as having a fracture line > 2 mm wide and/or > 1 mm displacement of the bone cortex. Non-displaced fractures were defined as having no angulation or shortening, a fracture line < 2 mm wide, and/or < 1 mm displacement of the bone cortex [14 (link)–16 (link)]. Avulsion fractures caused by a sudden and violent pull of a muscle or ligament were characterized as displaced or non-displaced fractures when bone fragment displacement was > 5 mm or < 5 mm, respectively [16 (link)]. Each clinician reviewed each image twice at an interval of > 6 weeks. Disagreements about image interpretation were resolved through discussion and consensus.
A final diagnosis was made based on the CT/DR review within 1–3 months based on the presence of a callus at the fracture end, dysplasia, and an old fracture without a callus [8 (link), 16 (link)]^.One experienced radiologist evaluated objective CT image quality metrics. A region of interest (ROI) (70 mm²) was placed within the muscles around the joints. Mean/standard deviation CT values of muscle (CTm) were determined from three measurements. A ROI (8 mm²) was placed on the thickest region of the cross section of the cortical shell of the bones of the joint. Mean/standard deviation CT values of bone (CTb) were determined from three measurements. CT values of joint cortical bone (CTc) were calculated as: CTb-CTm. Noise was calculated as mean CTm standard deviation. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as: mean CTm/mean CTm standard deviation. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated as (mean CTc–mean CTm) /mean CTm standard deviation [16 (link)].
Two experienced radiologists and two orthopedic physicians evaluated subjective CT image quality and the impact of subjective CT image quality on clinical decision-making on a 5-point Likert-type scale (Table 1).Table 1

5-point Likert-type scale evaluating subjective CT image quality and impact of subjective CT image quality on clinical decision-making

Scoring criteria	Subjective image quality	Impact of image quality on clinical decision-making
5	Excellent visualization of fracture line; no influence on fracture diagnosis	Excellent definition of fracture line and fracture displacement; no influence on clinical decision-making
4	Good visualization of fracture line; no influence on fracture diagnosis	Good definition of fracture line and fracture displacement; no influence on clinical decision-making
3	Adequate visualization of fracture line; no influence on fracture diagnosis	Adequate definition of fracture line and fracture displacement; no influence on clinical decision-making
2	Poor visualization of fracture line; greatly impacts fracture diagnosis	Poor definition of fracture line and fracture displacement; impacts clinical decision-making
1	Extremely poor visualization of fracture line; diagnosis is difficult or impossible	Extremely poor definition of fracture line and fracture displacement; impacts clinical decision-making

Xiao M., Zhang M., Lei M., Lin F., Chen Y., Chen J., Liu J, & Ye J. (2023). Diagnostic accuracy of ultra-low-dose CT compared to standard-dose CT for identification of non-displaced fractures of the shoulder, knee, ankle, and wrist. Insights into Imaging, 14, 40.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Bones Callus Compact Bone Diagnosis Fracture, Avulsion Fracture, Bone Joints Ligaments Muscle Tissue Musculoskeletal Diseases Physicians Radiologist Strains

Three-Dimensional Bone Formation Analysis

To determine bone formation three-dimensionally, femurs were scanned in a SkyScan 1172 high-resolution µCT (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium). Voxel size was set to 8 µm and the bones were scanned with a source energy of 70 kV, 142 µA, a rotation step of 0.2 degrees and an 0.5 mm aluminum filter. Scans were reconstructed using NRecon (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium), applying ring artefact reduction and beam hardening corrections. CT Analyser software (version 1.20.3.0; both Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) was used for 2D and 3D analyses. By excluding the original cortical bone within the callus, the total volume (TV, mm³), the total bone volume (BV, mm³) and the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of the newly formed bone were analyzed in a manually defined volume of interest (VOI)^{21 (link)}.

Wolter A., Bucher C.H., Kurmies S., Schreiner V., Konietschke F., Hohlbaum K., Klopfleisch R., Löhning M., Thöne-Reineke C., Buttgereit F., Huwyler J., Jirkof P., Rapp A.E, & Lang A. (2023). A buprenorphine depot formulation provides effective sustained post-surgical analgesia for 72 h in mouse femoral fracture models. Scientific Reports, 13, 3824.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Aluminum Bones Callus Compact Bone Cortex, Cerebral Femur Osteogenesis Radionuclide Imaging Sclerosis

Biomechanical Evaluation of Fibular Configurations

The data from the musculoskeletal simulations were used in conjunction with the generated geometric models to compare the biomechanical scenarios using the software environment Abaqus (Dassault Systemes, Velizy-Villacoublay, France). To investigate the influence of the four different fibular configurations on the von Mises stress distribution of the intramedullary nail, the four models were simulated for high axial loading (midstance of the gait cycle) and high loading with non-axial forces (at the end of the terminal stance of the gait cycle). In this context, von Mises equivalent stress was chosen as scalar quantity representing a measure of local loading which can be interpreted a metric for the distribution of forces. In addition, for these two loading scenarios, the mechanical stimuli and the local micromechanics in the fracture gap of the tibia were investigated with respect to the mechanical conditions for fracture healing. The simulations also allow a comparison between partial and full weight-bearing by adjusting the boundary conditions in each case, which was herein performed for the two load cases of the FibOP model. In addition, the Anybody results were used to simulate complete gait cycles for the three different velocities of the patient on the treadmill. This allowed for an analysis of the fracture healing parameters over the complete gait cycles and, thus, the dynamic influence of gait velocity on the fracture gap and its micromechanics. For this purpose, the hydrostatic strain and the octahedral shear strain were computed for each mesh cell of the callus area, and classified into the different classes with respect to the values given previously by Shefelbine et al., 2005 (link) (Shefelbine et al., 2005 (link)). According to this classification, the volumes of the mesh cells were added to calculate the percentages of the total callus volume.

Orth M., Ganse B., Andres A., Wickert K., Warmerdam E., Müller M., Diebels S., Roland M, & Pohlemann T. (2023). Simulation-based prediction of bone healing and treatment recommendations for lower leg fractures: Effects of motion, weight-bearing and fibular mechanics. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1067845.

Full text: Click here

Publication 2023

Callus Cells Fibula Fracture, Bone Intramedullary Nailing Patients Strains Tibial Fractures

Top products related to «Callus»

Vivact 40 by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland, United States

The VivaCT 40 is a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (microCT) system designed for 3D imaging and analysis of small samples. It provides high-quality, non-destructive imaging capabilities for a variety of applications.

Skyscan 1172 by Bruker

Sourced in Belgium, United States, Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdom

The Skyscan 1172 is a high-resolution desktop micro-CT scanner designed for non-destructive 3D imaging and analysis of a wide range of small samples. It provides high-quality X-ray imaging and data processing capabilities for various applications.

Skyscan 1176 by Bruker

Sourced in Belgium, Germany, United States, Spain

The SkyScan 1176 is a high-resolution in vivo micro-CT scanner designed for small animal imaging. It provides fast, high-quality 3D imaging of small samples, including small animals, plant specimens, and materials.

μct40 by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland, United States, Germany

The μCT40 is a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging system. It is designed to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional images of small samples. The μCT40 utilizes X-ray technology to generate detailed scans of the internal structures of objects.

Ctan software by Bruker

Sourced in Belgium, United States, Germany

CTAn software is a tool for the analysis and visualization of 3D data from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging. It provides core functions for image processing, analysis, and quantification of various morphological parameters.

Osteomeasure by OsteoMetrics

Sourced in United States

Osteomeasure is a laboratory instrument designed for the measurement and analysis of bone density and structure. It provides precise quantitative data on various bone parameters.

μct 35 by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland, United States

The μCT 35 is a compact, high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system designed for non-destructive 3D imaging of small samples. It utilizes X-ray technology to capture detailed internal and external structures of a specimen, providing a comprehensive understanding of its composition and morphology.

μct 80 by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland, United States

The μCT 80 is a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging system designed for high-resolution, non-destructive analysis of small samples. It utilizes X-ray technology to generate 3D images, allowing for detailed visualization and quantification of the internal structure and composition of various materials.

μct 100 imaging system by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland

The μCT-100 imaging system is a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) instrument designed for high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of small samples. It utilizes X-ray technology to capture detailed internal structures of a wide range of materials, including biological, geological, and industrial specimens. The system provides a non-destructive analysis tool for researchers and scientists working in various fields.

Vivact80 by Scanco

Sourced in Switzerland

The VivaCT80 is a high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging system designed for in vivo and ex vivo applications. It provides non-invasive, three-dimensional imaging of small animal models and samples.

What are the different types of calluses?

Calluses can vary in size, texture, and location on the body. Some common types of calluses include: - Corns - Thickened skin on the tops or sides of toes, often caused by friction from ill-fitting shoes. - Heel calluses - Hardened skin on the heels, typically from excessive walking or standing. - Finger calluses - Calluses that develop on the hands, usually from repetitive activities like playing an instrument or weightlifting. - Plantar calluses - Calluses that form on the bottom of the feet, frequently seen in people who are on their feet all day.

How can I prevent and manage calluses?

Here are some tips for preventing and managing calluses: - Practice proper foot hygiene - Regularly wash, exfoliate, and moisturize your feet to keep the skin soft and healthy. - Wear well-fitting, comfortable shoes - Shoes that rub or put pressure on your feet can cause callus formation. - Use protective padding or moleskin - Applying cushions or pads to areas prone to friction can help prevent callus development. - Gently file down calluses - You can carefully file down thick calluses using a pumice stone or foot file, but be careful not to remove too much skin. - Seek professional treatment - For severe or persistent calluses, see a podiatrist or dermatologist who can provide medical treatment.

How can PubCompare.ai assist with callus research?

PubCompare.ai's AI-powered platform can greatly enhance your callus research in several ways: 1. Screen protocol literature more efficiently: The platform allows you to quickly locate relevant protocols from published literature, pre-prints, and patents related to callus research. 2. Leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights: PubCompare.ai's AI-driven analysis can highlight key differences in protocol effectiveness, enabling you to identify the most optimal protocols for your specific research goals and ensure reproducibility and accuracy. 3. Help researchers find the best protocols: By utilizing the platform's innovative tools, you can confidently choose the most effective protocols related to callus research and development, leading to more successful outcomes.

More about "Callus"

Calluses are thickened, hardened areas of skin that develop as a protective response to repeated friction or pressure, often on the hands, feet, or other high-stress areas.
These callused regions are the body's natural mechanism to help the skin withstand constant stress and trauma.
Calluses can vary in size, texture, and severity, and may become painful if they become too thick or inflamed.
Proper foot and skin care, including regular exfoliation and moisturization, can help prevent and manage calluses.
In some cases, seeking professional medical treatment may be necessary for severe or persistent calluses.
Maintaining healthy skin and foot hygiene is key to preventing the formation of calluses and keeping them under control.
Researchers studying calluses may utilize advanced imaging techniques like VivaCT 40, Skyscan 1172, SkyScan 1176, μCT40, and μCT 35 to analyze the structural and compositional changes in callused skin.
The CTAn software and Osteomeasure tools can be used to quantify and compare callus characteristics.
The μCT-100 imaging system and VivaCT80 may also provide valuable insights into the development and properties of calluses.
By understanding the underlying mechanisms of callus formation and utilizing the latest imaging and analysis tools, researchers can gain valuable insights to improve the prevention, management, and treatment of this common skin condition.