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> Anatomy > Tissue > Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Compact bone, also known as cortical bone, is the dense, hard, outer layer of bone that surrounds the inner spongy, or cancellous, bone.
It is the main structural and supporting component of the skeletal system.
Compact bone is highly mineralized and provides strength and rigidity to the bones, protecting the inner bone marrow and surrounding tissues.
It is essential for maintaining the skeletal framewoork and facilitating movement.
Studying the properties and functions of compact bone is crucial for understaning bone physiology, development, and disease processes such as osteoporosis.
PubCompate.ai's AI-driven platform can help researchers optimize their compact bone research protocols by easily locating and comparing protocols from literature, pre-prints, and patents, enhancing the reproducibility of their studiies.

Most cited protocols related to «Compact Bone»

1
Quantifying Dynamic Bone Formation
To measure dynamic bone formation parameters, mice (wild-type) were injected subcutaneously with calcein (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) [30mg/kg body weight] on day 9 before tissue harvest and xylenol orange (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) [90mg/kg body weight] on day 2 before tissue harvest.
Both human core bone samples and mouse hind limbs were excised, cleaned of soft tissue, and fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde for 72 hours. Isolated bone tissue were dehydrated in graded alcohols (70 to 100%), cleared in xylene and embedded in methyl methacrylate. Plastic tissue blocks were cut into 5µm sections using a Polycut-S motorized microtome(Reichert-Jung, Nossloch, Germany).
After the mouse bone sections were used to measure the fluorochrome labeled surface and interlabel width, they were deplasticized in xylene and then stained with Goldner’s Trichrome.
Randomly selected regions of interest (ROIs) within three sections per limb were visualized for fluorochrome labeling using a Nikon Eclipse 90i microscope and Nikon Plan Fluor 10X objective. ROIs from the same sections were visualized using a Nikon Eclipse 90i microscope and 4X and 20X objectives for Goldner’s Trichrome staining. Image capture was performed using NIS Elements Imaging Software 3.10 Sp2 and a Photometrics Coolsnap EZ camera. The Bioquant Osteo II digitizing system (R&M Biometrics, Nashville, TN) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, or sequentially Adobe Photoshop® and Image J software, were used for image analysis. The following primary measurements for dynamic parameters of bone formation were collected from the trabecular surface in defined ROIs (100 µm distal to the growth plate and 50 µm in from the endosteal cortical bone) at 100X magnification: single-label perimeter (sL.PM), double-labeled perimeter measured along the first label (dL.Pm) and interlabel distance. The same sections were then evaluated under brightfield microscopy after Goldner’s Trichrome staining to determine static parameters of bone formation including: tissue volume (TV), bone volume (BV) and osteoid volume (OV).
Egan K.P., Brennan T.A, & Pignolo R.J. (2012). Bone histomorphometry using free and commonly available software. Histopathology, 61(6), 1168-1173.
Publication 2012
Body Weight Bones Bone Tissue Cancellous Bone Compact Bone Epiphyseal Cartilage Ethanol Fluorescent Dyes fluorexon Formaldehyde Homo sapiens Methylmethacrylate Microscopy Microtomy Mus Osteogenesis Perimetry Tissue Harvesting Tissues Xylene xylenol orange
2
Microstructural Analysis of Callus Formation

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Publication 2008
AN 12 Callus Compact Bone Femur Minerals Periosteum Tissues Tomography
3
Quantifying Cortical Bone Structure and Density

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Publication 2010
Bone Density Cancellous Bone Compact Bone Cortex, Cerebral Kidney Cortex Minerals Periosteum Physiologic Calcification Tissues Tomography
4
Microstructural Bone Analysis using CT

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Publication 2009
Bone Density Bones Cancellous Bone Compact Bone Cortex, Cerebral Diaphyses Epistropheus Femur Human Body Muscle Rigidity
5
T1 Mapping of Cortical Bone Using UTE-Cones AFI-VTR
An agarose phantom was prepared by adding 3.0 g agarose powder and 7.2 mg MnCl2·4H2O to 400 ml distilled water. The mixture was brought to a boil in a microwave oven and then cooled in a refrigerator, allowing the solution to gel. The T2 value of the agarose phantom was approximately 80 ms. This was designed to simulate long T2 tissue. Another agarose phantom was prepared by mixing 300 ml distilled water with the same concentrations of agarose and MnCl2 as in the previous phantom. After bringing the solution to a boil, the solution was cooled to 40°, and a fresh bovine cortical bone section which had been stripped of soft tissue was suspended within it. The phantom was then allowed to cool until the agarose gelled with the suspended bone section immobilized within it. In addition, five fresh bovine cortical bone sections were stripped of soft tissue and submerged in Fomblin (perfluoropolyether) within a cylindrical container of suitable size for MR scanning. These phantoms were scanned with the 3D UTE-Cones AFI, VTR, and VFA sequences and the sequence parameters can be found in “Phantom” section in Table 1.
A bovine cortical bone sample was used to compare the two VTR T1 measurement techniques using two different excitation flip angles of 20° and 45° with RF pulse durations of 60 μs and 150 μs, respectively. The power of the RF pulses was near to the maximum available on the clinical scanner. The UTE-Cones AFI method was used to obtain the mapping function magnetization,
fz(α,τ,T2) , which was subsequently used to correct T1 measurement errors induced by both B1 inhomogeneity and loss of magnetization during the 45° excitation pulse. The 20° pulse with a duration of 60 μs was more effective than the 45° pulse in generating transverse magnetization for materials with short T2s since the pulse duration was much shorter than the typical T2* value for bovine cortical bone, which is approximately 300 μs (4 (link)). The error in T1 measurement with a 20° pulse was expected to come mainly from B1 inhomogeneity. Other sequence parameters can be found in “Bovine cortical bone” section in Table 1.
Another bovine cortical bone sample was used to investigate the T1 measurement accuracy of the proposed 3D UTE-Cones AFI-VTR method using three different RF pulse durations of 150 μs, 200 μs, and 300 μs with the same flip angle of 45°. Identical excitation pulses were used for the UTE-Cones AFI and VTR sequences. The AFI and VTR sequences were each scanned three times using the RF excitation pulses of different duration mentioned above. Other sequence parameters were identical to the above bovine cortical bone study.
Ma Y.J., Lu X., Carl M., Zhu Y., Szeverenyi N.M., Bydder G.M., Chang E.Y, & Du J. (2018). Accurate T1 Mapping of Short T2 Tissues Using a Three-Dimensional Ultrashort Echo Time Cones Actual Flip Angle Imaging Variable Repetition Time (3D UTE-Cones AFI-VTR) Method. Magnetic resonance in medicine, 80(2), 598-608.
Publication 2018
Bones Bos taurus Compact Bone Furuncles manganese chloride Microwaves perfluoropolyether Powder Pulses Retinal Cone Sepharose Tissues

Most recents protocols related to «Compact Bone»

1
Cervical Vertebral Bone Density Measurement
All patients in our hospital underwent three-dimensional reconstructive cervical CT (PHILIPS, Brilliance, slice thickness 1.5 mm, distance 1.5 mm, tube voltage 120 kV) within 1 week before surgery. We use the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) measurement of the C2-C7 HU value. HU values were measured using CT scans according to a previously described method [16 (link)]. The average HU values of each vertebral body were based on the axial plane inferior only to the superior endplate, middle of the vertebral body and axial plane superior only to the inferior endplate. The HU value was measured by placing the largest elliptical region of interest (ROI) at the mid-vertebral body, and the ROI was chosen to include as much trabecular bone as possible and to avoid cortical bone and heterogeneous areas, such as cortical bone margins, osteophytes and osteosclerosis. The average of HU values measured from the three ROIs was regarded as the HU for the individual vertebral (Fig. 1).

Midsagittal (A) and axial CT images demonstrating the measurement of vertebral HU value on the axial plane inferior only to the superior endplate (B), middle of the vertebral (C) and axial plane superior only to the inferior endplate (D) (the first letter C stands for cervical vertebra, which consists of seven segments from top to bottom, denoted by C1-C7, the same as T1)

Wang Z., Zhong Z., Feng H., Mei J., Feng X., Wang B, & Sun L. (2023). The impact of disease time, cervical alignment and range of motion on cervical vertebral Hounsfield unit value in surgery patients with cervical spondylosis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 18, 187.
Publication 2023
Cancellous Bone Cervical Atlas Compact Bone Genetic Heterogeneity Inpatient Neck Operative Surgical Procedures Osteophyte Osteosclerosis Reconstructive Surgical Procedures Vertebra Vertebral Body X-Ray Computed Tomography
2
Automated Femur Segmentation and Joint Axis Extraction
3D Slicer 4.13 (Fedorov et al., 2012 (link)) was used to segment MRI images. Each femur was split into five parts similar to previous studies (Kainz et al., 2020 (link))—the proximal trabecular bone, the growth plate, the cortical bone of the shaft, the bone marrow and the distal trabecular bone. STL-files of all parts and additionally a file containing the full femur were exported. The STAPLE-Toolbox of Modenese and Renault (2021) (link) was used to identify the femoral head and the epicondyles representing the hip and the knee joint axis using the “GIBOC-Femur” and “GIBOC-Cylinder” algorithms, respectively. If “GIBOC-Cylinder” algorithm failed to fit a cylinder through both epicondyles, “GIBOC-Ellipsoids” algorithm was used to fit ellipsoids through medial and lateral epicondyles. The hip joint center and knee joint axis were required to transform the femur into the OpenSim coordinate system.
The diaphysis of the femur was defined by removing 20% off the top and bottom of the femur. Then, the principal inertia axis of the remaining part was calculated to identify the shaft axis. The neck axis was defined by fitting a least-squares cylinder through surface nodes of the femoral neck. The longitudinal axis of this cylinder was constrained to pass through the femoral head center. The AVA was calculated as the angle between the neck axis and the medial-lateral knee axis obtained from STAPLE-Toolbox (Modenese and Renault, 2021 (link)) in the transverse plane. The NSA was computed as the angle between the neck axis and shaft axis in 3D space.
Koller W., Gonçalves B., Baca A, & Kainz H. (2023). Intra- and inter-subject variability of femoral growth plate stresses in typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1140527.
Publication 2023
Bone Marrow Cancellous Bone Compact Bone Diaphyses Epiphyseal Cartilage Epistropheus Femur Femur Heads Hip Joint Knee Joint Neck Neck, Femur Staple, Surgical
3
Ex vivo µCT Analysis of Digit Regeneration

Ex vivo μCT images of the digits were obtained using a Bruker SkyScan 1,172 scanner (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) at a pixel size of 4 µm with 0.2 rotation angle and five frame averaging using a custom 0.25 mm aluminum filter. The X-ray source used was 50 kV, 201 μA, and 10 W, as described previously (Tower et al., 2022 (link)). All samples were reconstructed using NRecon with smoothing correction disabled, a beam hardening correction of 24%, and a dynamic range of 0.00–0.339. Reconstructed digits were exported as 8-bit BMP output files, rotated transaxially in DataViewer, and binarized and 3D analyzed in CTAn. Global thresholds were used for all young mice (8-week old) data sets with minimum threshold value set to 0 and maximum threshold value of 67 and a global threshold for aged mice (18-month old) data sets with minimum threshold value set to 0 and maximum threshold value of 79. For analysis of hypomineralized tissue at day 14 we used CTAn (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium, RRID:SCR_021338) and the Binary Selection preview window to identify newly regenerated bone. Hypomineralized tissue was isolated by identifying mineralized areas below 67 (the 6-month old mouse threshold for bone in the digit) in the grayscale data stack. To exclude mineralized bone the Binary Selection preview window was used to set a global threshold with a lower bound of 35 and an upper bound of 67. The Morphological Operations plugin was used to remove the partial volume effect in the 3D binarized image using Opening, Round Kernel, and Radius of 1. The volume of hypomineralized tissue was quantified using 3D analysis. The taper of the digit morphology was quantified as previously described (Tower et al., 2022 (link)). Briefly, we identified the start of newly regenerated bone using CTAn and measuring the area of the newly regenerated bone from the P3 cortical bone stump to the distal tip. The bone area was recorded and graphically represented along the length of the newly regenerated bone for control and OAA treated samples (Tower et al., 2022 (link)). Bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated as previously described (Hoffseth et al., 2021a (link)). Briefly, we calibrated attenuated X-ray data values from digit data sets to known mineral density standards of 0.25 and 0.75 mg calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) known as “phantoms” to determine the density of CaHA g/cm-3 in mineralized tissue (Hoffseth et al., 2021a (link)).
Jaramillo J., Taylor C., McCarley R., Berger M., Busse E, & Sammarco M.C. (2023). Oxaloacetate enhances and accelerates regeneration in young mice by promoting proliferation and mineralization. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 11, 1117836.
Publication 2023
Aluminum Amputation Stumps BMP8B protein, human Bone Density Bones Compact Bone Digital Radiography Durapatite Fingers Minerals Mus Radiography Radius Reading Frames Sclerosis Tissues
4
Quantifying Bone Resorption Using Osteoclasts
For bone resorption assays, BMDMs or pre-osteoclasts were seeded and cultured on bovine cortical bone slices (DT-1BON1000-96; Immunodiagnostic Systems) with 20 ng/ml M-CSF and 30 ng/ml RANKL (R&D Systems; Wu et al., 2017 (link); Zhang et al., 2018 (link); Zhu et al., 2020 (link)), in the presence or absence of galectin-3 (8259-GA; R&D Systems), galectin-3C (10110-GA; R&D Systems), GCS-100 (La Jolla Pharmaceutical), RAP (4480-LR; R&D Systems), an anti–galectin-3 blocking antibody (sc-32790L; Santa Cruz), or an anti-Lrp1 blocking antibody (MA1-27198; Thermo Fisher Scientific; Chen et al., 2015 (link); Demotte et al., 2010 (link); John et al., 2003 (link); Moxon et al., 2015 (link); Seguin et al., 2017 (link)). After the indicated culture period, bone samples were sonicated in PBS, stained with 20 μg/ml WGA-lectin (L3892; Sigma-Aldrich) for 45 min and then incubated with DAB tablets (D4418; Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min. Image J software was used to quantify the resorbed area. The concentration of the CTX-I was measured using the CrossLaps for Culture CTX-I ELISA kit (AC-07F1; Immunodiagnostic Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Zhu L., Tang Y., Li X.Y., Kerk S.A., Lyssiotis C.A., Sun X., Wang Z., Cho J.S., Ma J, & Weiss S.J. (2023). Proteolytic regulation of a galectin-3/Lrp1 axis controls osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. The Journal of Cell Biology, 222(4), e202206121.
Publication 2023
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies, Blocking Biological Assay Bone Resorption Bones Bos taurus Cardiac Arrest Compact Bone Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Galactose Binding Lectin Galectin 3 GCS-100 glutamyl-lysyl-alanyl-histidyl-aspartyl-glycyl-glycyl-arginine Immunodiagnosis Lectin Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Osteoclasts Pharmaceutical Preparations Physiotens TNFSF11 protein, human
5
Vascularized Fibula Reconstruction After Distal Femoral Tumor Resection
The surgical procedure involving the distal femoral tumor was as follows. The incision was located on the inner side of the thigh, and the puncture channel was removed. The quadriceps femoris tendon was preserved, the femoral artery and vein were dissociated, and the intermediate femoral muscle and part of the medial femoral muscle were removed together with the tumor. The proximal osteotomy line was 3 cm away from the tumor and the distal osteotomy line was 0.5 to 2 cm away from the epiphyseal line. In 1 patient with a tumor focus of approximately 30 cm in length and close to the epiphysis of the proximal and distal ends of the femur, the proximal osteotomy line was 0.5 cm away from the epiphysis of the greater and lesser trochanter and the distal osteotomy line was 2 cm away from the epiphysis. No tumor was identified in the proximal and distal medullary cavity specimens. The tumor and soft tissue on the surface of the tumor bone and in the medullary cavity were removed, the reactive bone was removed and only the normal bone cortex was retained. Liquid nitrogen was inactivated for 30 minutes and then rewarmed for 40 minutes. The fibula with the vascular pedicle was harvested, and the length was 2 to 3 cm longer than the tumor segment. The vascularized fibula was inserted into the femur and anastomosed with the branch of the deep femoral artery, and then fixed with double plates. In 1 case the femoral inactivated bone had a large curve and as the vascularized fibula could not be sleeved into the femoral medullary cavity, the inactivated bone was cut longitudinally. We first implanted the fibula. Then, the 2 halves of the femoral cortex were caged back to wrap the fibula, bound with a steel wire, and fixed with 2 steel plates (Fig. 1). An anterior medial tibial incision was used for proximal tibial tumors, and the puncture channel was removed at the same time. Osteotomy was performed at a distance of 3 cm from the tumor at the distal end and 0.5 to 2 cm from the epiphyseal line. The patellar ligament can be retained in part or completely. The process of tumor bone treatment was similar to that in the femur. The ipsilateral vascularized fibula was inserted into the tibial medullary cavity by pushing or rotating the fibula segment in 2 patients, and the contralateral vascularized fibula was embedded into the autologous bone and then vascular anastomosis was performed in 1 patient. After the placement of a single tibial plate, the medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap was rotated to cover the proximal tibia, and then the patellar ligament was reconstructed (Fig. 2).
Dai Z., Sun Y., Maihemuti M, & Jiang R. (2023). Follow-up of biological reconstruction of epiphysis preserving osteosarcoma around the knee in children: A retrospective cohort study. Medicine, 102(10), e33237.
Publication 2023
Blood Vessel Bones CM 2-3 Compact Bone Cortex, Cerebral Dental Caries Epiphyses Femoral Artery Femoral Neoplasms Femur Fibula Lesser Trochanter Ligamentum Patellae Medulla Oblongata Muscle, Gastrocnemius Muscle Tissue Myocutaneous Flap Neoplasms Neoplasms, Bone Nitrogen Operative Surgical Procedures Osteotomy Patients Punctures Quadriceps Femoris Soft Tissue Neoplasms Steel Surgical Anastomoses Tendons Thigh Tibia Veins

Top products related to «Compact Bone»

1
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2
μct40 by Scanco
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The μCT40 is a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging system. It is designed to capture high-resolution, three-dimensional images of small samples. The μCT40 utilizes X-ray technology to generate detailed scans of the internal structures of objects.
3
Skyscan 1172 by Bruker
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The Skyscan 1172 is a high-resolution desktop micro-CT scanner designed for non-destructive 3D imaging and analysis of a wide range of small samples. It provides high-quality X-ray imaging and data processing capabilities for various applications.
4
Skyscan 1176 by Bruker
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The SkyScan 1176 is a high-resolution in vivo micro-CT scanner designed for small animal imaging. It provides fast, high-quality 3D imaging of small samples, including small animals, plant specimens, and materials.
5
μct 35 by Scanco
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The μCT 35 is a compact, high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system designed for non-destructive 3D imaging of small samples. It utilizes X-ray technology to capture detailed internal and external structures of a specimen, providing a comprehensive understanding of its composition and morphology.
6
μct40 scanner by Scanco
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The μCT40 scanner is a compact and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system designed for non-destructive imaging and analysis of small samples. The system utilizes X-ray technology to generate detailed three-dimensional images of the internal structure and composition of a wide range of materials and samples.
7
μct50 by Scanco
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The μCT50 is a micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system designed for high-resolution 3D imaging of small samples. It utilizes X-ray technology to capture detailed, non-destructive images of the internal structure and composition of a wide range of materials.
8
Ctan software by Bruker
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CTAn software is a tool for the analysis and visualization of 3D data from micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging. It provides core functions for image processing, analysis, and quantification of various morphological parameters.
9
Osteomeasure software by OsteoMetrics
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OsteoMeasure is a software product designed for measuring and analyzing bone density data. It provides tools for processing and interpreting bone density measurements obtained from various imaging modalities.
10
Matlab by MathWorks
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MATLAB is a high-performance programming language and numerical computing environment used for scientific and engineering calculations, data analysis, and visualization. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for solving complex mathematical and computational problems.

More about "Compact Bone"

cortical bone, cancellous bone, skeletal system, bone marrow, bone physiology, bone development, osteoporosis, VivaCT 40, μCT40, Skyscan 1172, SkyScan 1176, μCT 35, μCT40 scanner, μCT50, CTAn software, OsteoMeasure software, MATLAB, PubCompare.ai