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Dermis

The dermis is the thick, inner layer of the skin that provides structure, support, and nourishment to the epidermis.
It is composed of two main layers: the papillary layer and the reticular layer.
The papillary layer contains capillaries that nourish the epidermis, as well as nerve endings that provide sensations.
The reticular layer is made up of dense, irregular connective tissue that gives the skin its strength and flexibility.
The dermis also contains sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, which are important for regulating temperature, moisturizing the skin, and protecting it from environmental stresses.
Understanding the structure and function of the dermis is crucial for the development of effective skincare products and the treatment of dermal conditions.

Most cited protocols related to «Dermis»

1
Porcine Tissue RNA Extraction Protocols
Seventeen different porcine tissues were collected from three young female siblings. Total RNA was extracted using different protocols depending of the tissue: TRIreagent® (Molecular Research Centre, inc.) for liver, kidney, thymus, RNeasy lipid kit (Qiagen) for adipose (subcutaneous), cortex cerebri, cerebellum, hippocampus, lymph nodules (jejunal), RNeasy Fibrous Kit (Qiagen) for muscle (longissimus dorsi), heart (muscle), skin (dermis and epidermis) and RNeasy kit (Qiagen) for pancreas, bone marrow, bladder, lung, stomach (mucosal membranes), small intestine (mucosal membranes) according to each manufacturer protocol. Contaminating DNA was degraded by treating each sample with RQ1 RNase-free DNase (Promega) according to the instructions manual, followed by a spin-column purification (Qiagen RNeasy). The total RNA was quantified by optical density and the quality was evaluated by gel electrophoresis. Intact rRNA subunit of 28S and 18S were observed on the gel indicating minimal degradation of the RNA.
Nygard A.B., Jørgensen C.B., Cirera S, & Fredholm M. (2007). Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in pig tissues using SYBR green qPCR. BMC Molecular Biology, 8, 67.
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Publication 2007
Bone Marrow Cerebellum Cortex, Cerebral Deoxyribonucleases Dermis Electrophoresis Endoribonucleases Epidermis Females Fibrosis Intestines, Small Jejunum Kidney Lipids Liver Lung Mucous Membrane Muscle Tissue Myocardium Nodes, Lymph Obesity Pancreas Pigs Promega Protein Subunits RNA, Ribosomal, 28S RNA Degradation Seahorses Sibling Skin Stomach Thymus Plant Tissue, Membrane Tissues Urinary Bladder Vision
2
Fabrication of Anisotropic Collagen-Chondroitin Scaffolds

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Publication 2011
Acetic Acids Aluminum Anisotropy ARID1A protein, human Bos taurus Carbodiimides Collagen Type I Copper Dermis Ethanol Freeze Drying Fungus, Filamentous Molar N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide Phosphates Polytetrafluoroethylene Saline Solution shark cartilage extract Sulfates, Chondroitin Vacuum
3
Quantifying Skin Barrier Function in Newborn Mice
TEWL was determined by directly measuring the water evaporation from the dorsal skin of newborn mice using a moisture analyzer NEP-1 BRAVO (MECCO Inc.).
TJ permeability assay using surface biotinylation technique was performed according to the method developed by Chen et al. (1997) (link). 50 μl of 10 mg/ml EZ-Link™ Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin (Pierce Chemical Co.) in PBS containing 1 mM CaCl2 was injected into the dermis on the back of the Cln1+/+ and Cln1−/− newborns. After 30-min incubation, the skin was taken out and frozen in liquid nitrogen. About 5-μm-thick frozen sections were fixed in 95% ethanol at 4°C for 30 min and then in 100% acetone at room temperature for 1 min. The sections were soaked in blocking solution for 15 min, incubated with antioccludin mAb for 30 min, washed three times with blocking solution, then incubated with a mixture of FITC anti–rat IgG pAb (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) and Streptavidin Texas red (Oncogene Research Products) for 30 min.
Furuse M., Hata M., Furuse K., Yoshida Y., Haratake A., Sugitani Y., Noda T., Kubo A, & Tsukita S. (2002). Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier: a lesson from claudin-1–deficient mice. The Journal of Cell Biology, 156(6), 1099-1111.
Publication 2002
Acetone anti-IgG Biological Assay Biotinylation Cardiac Arrest Dermis Ethanol Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Freezing Frozen Sections Infant, Newborn Mice, House Nitrogen Oncogene Proteins Permeability Skin Streptavidin sulfosuccinimidyl 6-(biotinamido)hexanoate
4
Adenoviral-Mediated Skin Tissue Analysis
Human Samples: Human skin was obtained from corrective plastic surgery. All tissues were obtained according to the guidelines of the University of Pittsburgh and under a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pittsburgh. Subcutaneous fat tissue was removed and skin tissue was cut into 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm sections. Adenoviral (Ad) constructs were injected intradermally in a volume of 100 µl 1x PBS. Explants containing complete epidermal and dermal layers were cultured in an air liquid interface with the epidermal and keratin layers side up and exposed to air. The culture medium was replaced daily and consisted of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Mediatech, Herndon, VA) supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), penicillin, streptomycin, and anti-mycotic agent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). At the indicated time points, skin tissue was harvested and fixed in 10% formalin prior to embedding in paraffin. Skin punch biopsies were obtained from the clinically affected and unaffected skin of patients with SSc as we have previously described [9 (link), 11 (link)].
Adenoviral Constructs: Replication deficient adenoviruses serotype 5 encoding human IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, or IGFBP-5 were generated as previously described [10 (link)]. Adenovirus serotype 5 lacking cDNA was used as a control. Adenoviruses (1 x 108 pfu) were injected intradermally in a 100 µl volume.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Six µm sections of paraffin embedded tissues were deparaffinized and endogenous peroxidases were quenched with 3% H2O2. Sections were blocked with 5% serum and incubated with polyclonal anti-IGFBP-5 antibody (Gropep Ltd, Adelaide, Australia) or IgG control antibody (Lab Vision Corporation, Fremont, CA). Sections were washed and incubated with biontinylated secondary antibody (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame CA). Bound secondary antibody was detected using the Vectastain ABC kit (Vector Laboratories) and Zymed AEC Red kit (Zymed, San Francisco CA). A light hematoxylin counterstain was used to identify nuclei using Hematoxylin QS (Vector Laboratories). Images were taken on a Nikon Eclipse 800 microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Huntley, IL) using identical camera settings.
Measurement of Skin Dermal and Collagen Bundle Thickness:Six µm sections of paraffin-embedded skin tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Images were taken on a Nikon Eclipse 800 microscope. The thickness of the dermis and of individual collagen bundles was measured using Microsuite™ Software (Olympus America Inc.) as we previously described [11 (link)]. Thickness was measured in 5 random fields in each sample. Data are shown in arbitrary units.
Statistical Analysis:Dermal and collagen bundle thickness were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Yasuoka H., Larregina A.T., Yamaguchi Y, & Feghali-Bostwick C.A. (2008). Human Skin Culture as an Ex Vivo Model for Assessing the Fibrotic Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins. The Open Rheumatology Journal, 2, 17-22.
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Publication 2008
Adenoviruses Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic Biopsy Cell Nucleus Cloning Vectors Collagen Cytokeratin Dermis DNA, Complementary DNA Replication Eagle Eosin Epidermis Ethics Committees, Research Formalin Homo sapiens IGFBP3 protein, human IGFBP4 protein, human IGFBP5 protein, human Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulins Immunohistochemistry Light Microscopy Mycoses Paraffin Embedding Patients Penicillins Peroxidases Peroxide, Hydrogen Plastic Surgical Procedures Serum Skin Streptomycin Subcutaneous Fat Tissues Vision
5
Establishment of iPSCs from Various Donors
For control A, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from the facial dermis of a 36-year-old Caucasian female (Cell Applications Inc.) were used to establish iPSCs (201B7; Passage 20–29, YA9; Passage 15–24). The 201B7 iPSCs were kindly provided by Dr. Yamanaka
[15 (link)]. A skin-punch biopsy from a healthy 16-year-old Japanese female obtained after written informed consent (Keio University School of Medicine) was used to generate the control B iPSCs (WD39; Passage 8–17). PA iPSCs (PA1, 9, and 22; Passage 10–19) and PB iPSCs (PB1, 2, 18, and 20; Passage 8–17) were generated from a 71-year-old Japanese female patient and a 50-year-old Japanese male patient, respectively, using the same methods used to generate control B iPSCs. The maintenance of HDFs, lentiviral production, retroviral production, infection, stem cell culture and characterization, and teratoma formation were performed as described previously
[14 (link),15 (link)]. All of the experimental procedures for skin biopsy and iPS production were approved by the Keio University School of Medicine Ethics committee (Approval Number: 20-16-18) and Juntendo University School of Medicine Ethics committee (Approval Number: 2012068). hESCs (KhES-1; Passage 29–38 (kindly provided by Dr. Norio Nakatsuji) were cultured on feeder cells in iPS culture media
[43 (link)].
Imaizumi Y., Okada Y., Akamatsu W., Koike M., Kuzumaki N., Hayakawa H., Nihira T., Kobayashi T., Ohyama M., Sato S., Takanashi M., Funayama M., Hirayama A., Soga T., Hishiki T., Suematsu M., Yagi T., Ito D., Kosakai A., Hayashi K., Shouji M., Nakanishi A., Suzuki N., Mizuno Y., Mizushima N., Amagai M., Uchiyama Y., Mochizuki H., Hattori N, & Okano H. (2012). Mitochondrial dysfunction associated with increased oxidative stress and α-synuclein accumulation in PARK2 iPSC-derived neurons and postmortem brain tissue. Molecular Brain, 5, 35.
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Publication 2012
Biopsy Caucasoid Races Cell Culture Techniques Cells Cultured Cells Culture Media Dermis Ethics Committees Face Fibroblasts Homo sapiens Human Embryonic Stem Cells Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Infection Japanese Males Patients Retroviridae Skin Stem, Plant Stem Cells Teratoma Woman

Most recents protocols related to «Dermis»

1
Transdermal Diclofenac Delivery Optimization
Not available on PMC !

Example 3

Extrapolating from formulation D32, additional formulations which contained reduced amounts of DMSO and increased amounts of transcutol were examined by the same procedure.

Formulations tested (Table 2):

Formula
D1C
PENNSAID
2%FormulaFormulaFormula
DiclofenacD34D35D36
IngredientWt %Wt %Wt %Wt %
Oleic Acid08.08.08.0
DMSO45.521.021.021.0
Transcutol026.026.026.0
Sodium Diclofenac2.02.02.02.0
Propylene Glycol11.011.011.011.0
Poloxamer P18803.00.50
100% Ethyl Alcohol31.3526.028.529.0
Hydroxypropyl3.03.03.03.0
Cellulose
Water7.15000
TOTAL100100100100

FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 depict a head-to-head comparison of Pennsaid and Formulation D34 as a delivered transdermal dose, dose retained in the skin, and calculated as percent delivery of diclofenac. As can be seen, formulation D34 delivered significantly more diclofenac transdermally than did Pennsaid, while Pennsaid exhibited a greater amount retained in the epidermis and dermis. The percent transdermal delivery of diclofenac from formulation D34 was greater than 15% at 48 hours.

FIG. 6 shows the diclofenac flux over time for these two formulations. A maximum diclofenac flux was observed within 12 hours of application.

US11872199B2. Topical formulations of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their use (2024-01-16). SMARTECH TOPICAL, INC. [US]. Inventors: Thomas Hnat [US].
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Patent 2024
Acids Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Dermis Diclofenac Diclofenac Sodium Epidermis Ethanol Head hydroxypropylcellulose Obstetric Delivery Oleic Acid Poloxamer Propylene Glycol Skin Sodium Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Transcutol Vision
2
DMBA/TPA-Induced Mouse Skin Histopathology
Not available on PMC !

Example 10

H&E staining was performed to examine the histopathology of mouse skin tissues (FIG. 11). The typical skin architecture with epidermis, dermis, subcutis, muscle and hair follicles were observed in sham group mice. Topical application of DMBA/TPA resulted in an increase in epidermal thickness which is suggested to be abnormal proliferation and hyperplasia of the epidermis. The irregular thickness of the epidermis was attenuated by KWM-EO, LM-EO and L+C combination treatment. In DMBA-initiated and TPA-promoted skin, intraperitoneal injection of PLX4032 exacerbated the proliferation and hyperplasia of the epidermis. Mint EOs and major compound application also notably inhibited the unnatural thickness of the epidermis.

US11872260B2. Mint essential oils inhibit HRASQ61L mutant keratinocyte activity and prevent skin carcinogenesis (2024-01-16). ACADEMIA SINICA [TW]. Inventors: Lie-Fen Shyur [TW], Chih-Ting Chang [TW], Yuhsin Chen [TW].
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Patent 2024
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene Dermis Epidermis Hair Follicle Hyperplasia Injections, Intraperitoneal Mentha Mice, Laboratory Muscle Tissue PLX4032 Skin Subcutaneous Fat Tissues
3
Biomimetic Drag Reduction Surfaces
Early members of our laboratory used scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) to observe epidermis samples from the abdomen of gray whale
sharks.11 (link),12 (link),34 (link) The surface
of the shark skin was geometrically non-smooth and covered with many
tiny denticles, as shown in Figure 1a. For a single denticle, the length and height of
the riblet decreased from the middle to both sides, presenting a multistage
gradient distribution, and this main feature formed the basis of the
MSGR design. Considering the limitations of experiments and fabrication
processes, the designed MSGRs were simplified into three-stage gradient
riblets. The length of the primary, secondary, and tertiary riblets
was obtained by multiplying the average of the scale characteristic
dimensions by 3, with the corresponding size parameters shown in Figure 1b. Based on the dimensionless
unit of the riblet spacing s+ ≈
15 and test conditions, the riblet spacing (s) of
all experimental samples was 325 μm. The denticle embedded in
the flexible dermis layer can move in real time. Therefore, it is
necessary to analyze the mechanical properties of shark skin in the
hydrated state to study the DR and antifouling mechanism of real sharks.
According to the stress–strain curve obtained from the tensile
test in Figure 1c,
the elastic modulus and tensile strength of shark skin were 4.096
and 9.544 MPa, respectively. Based on the mechanical properties of
shark skin and the simplified scale structure, a flexible MSGR surface
was established.
To verify the DR and antifouling effect of flexible
MSGRs, several
classic single-stage riblets with uniform height, that is, R, DCR,
and EGR surfaces, were designed, as illustrated in Figure 1d. As can be seen, all riblets
were rectangular parallelepipeds with a width of 50 μm. The
heights of all riblets except for flexible MSGRs were 160 μm.
In flexible MSGRs, the heights of the primary, secondary, and tertiary
riblets were 220, 160, and 100 μm, respectively. The EGR and
flexible MSGR surfaces comprised five riblets of different length
scales within one rhombus-shaped pattern. The longest riblet in the
design was 875 μm in length in the middle, and the other riblets
with lengths of 525 and 175 μm were symmetrically positioned
on both sides. In R and DCR surfaces, the lengths of a single riblet
were infinite and 875 μm, respectively.
Cui X., Chen D, & Chen H. (2023). Multistage Gradient Bioinspired Riblets for Synergistic Drag Reduction and Efficient Antifouling. ACS Omega, 8(9), 8569-8581.
Publication 2023
Abdominal Cavity Dental Pulp Stone Dermis Epidermis Scanning Electron Microscopy Sharks Skin Strains Vision
4
Histological Evaluation of Atopic Dermatitis
For histological evaluation of HND, a histological database at the Yonsei University Severance Hospital was utilized. A query search of AD patients from 2011 who underwent facial skin biopsy was performed, and five patients were randomly selected from 9 candidates.
Histological analysis of non-HND face specimens was performed through a query search of AD patients who underwent skin biopsy on the face from 2013 for suspected concomitant vitiligo (usually the biopsy is conducted with non-lesional normal skin and lesional skin with vitiligo to compare the melanocyte population). Crude age filtering was performed to age-match AD patients. Among the 10 candidates, five patients were randomly selected for image analysis.
At 200x magnification, the longest distance from the subcorneal level to the basal layer was chosen arbitrarily for epidermal thickness after calibrating the scale bar to pixels. The number of vessels/mm2 was counted in the dermis of each slide section within a 100 µm distance from the epidermal–dermal junction.
Immunohistochemical staining was performed using paraffin-embedded sections with antibodies against factor VIII-related antigen (1:100, ab236284, Abcam), stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha (SDF1-α) (1:100, ab25117, Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-β) (1:100, ab2105, Abcam), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (1:50, ab1793, Abcam), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (1:100, ab66043, Abcam), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (1:200, ab1316, Abcam). Staining intensity was determined at 400x magnification at a randomly chosen area of the upper dermis. Images were quantified using ImageJ analysis tools (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA).
To calculate the stained area of the antibody, we converted the original image to an 8-bit grayscale image (ImageJ>Image>8-bit), applied a binary threshold, and calculated the percentage positive for the stained part in the standard image. Quantification was performed relative to the entire selected region. The threshold for each staining was set as the average threshold of multiple immunostaining analyses performed by three independent experimenters.
Chu H., Kim S.M., Zhang K., Wu Z., Lee H., Kim J.H., Kim H.L., Kim Y.R., Kim S.H., Kim W.J., Lee Y.W., Lee K.H., Liu K.H, & Park C.O. (2023). Head and neck dermatitis is exacerbated by Malassezia furfur colonization, skin barrier disruption, and immune dysregulation. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1114321.
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Publication 2023
Antibodies Biopsy Blood Vessel CXCL12 protein, human Dermis Epidermis Face Factor VIII-Related Antigen Immunoglobulins Interleukin-1 beta Melanocyte Paraffin Embedding Patients Skin Strains Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1alpha TGF-beta1 TNF protein, human Transforming Growth Factor beta Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors Vitiligo
5
Measurement of Granulation and Epithelium

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Publication 2023
Dermis Epithelium Light Microscopy

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More about "Dermis"

The dermis, also known as the corium or derma, is the thick, inner layer of the skin that provides structure, support, and nourishment to the epidermis.
It is composed of two main layers: the papillary layer and the reticular layer.
The papillary layer contains capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis, as well as nerve endings that provide sensations like touch, pressure, and temperature.
The reticular layer is made up of dense, irregular connective tissue that gives the skin its strength, flexibility, and resilience.
The dermis also contains important skin structures like sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, which are crucial for regulating temperature, moisturizing the skin, and protecting it from environmental stressors.
Understanding the anatomy and function of the dermis is essential for the development of effective skincare products and the treatment of dermal conditions.
When studying the dermis, researchers may utilize various cell culture techniques and reagents, such as Dispase II, a proteolytic enzyme used to isolate epidermal and dermal cells; Dispase, another enzyme used for tissue dissociation; FBS (fetal bovine serum), a common cell culture supplement; Trypsin, an enzyme used to detach cells from their substrate; DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium), a widely used cell culture medium; Penicillin/streptomycin, antibiotics to prevent bacterial contamination; and Trypsin-EDTA, a solution used to dissociate adherent cells.
Additionally, DNase I may be used to degrade extracellular DNA and improve cell viability during cell isolation and culture.
By leveraging these tools and techniques, researchers can gain valuable insights into the structure, function, and regenerative capabilities of the dermis.