> Anatomy > Tissue > Endothelium

Endothelium

Q: What are the main functions of the endothelium?

The endothelium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including regulating blood flow, maintaining vascular tone, and modulating inflammatory and immune responses. It acts as an interface between the circulating blood and the vessel wall, facilitating these critical functions.

Q: Are there different types or variations of the endothelium?

Yes, the endothelium can vary in structure and function depending on its location within the body. For example, the endothelium in the brain differs from the endothelium in the lungs or the cardiovascular system, reflecting their specialized roles in their respective tissues and organs.

Q: How can PubCompare.ai assist in endothelium research?

PubCompare.ai allows researchers to screen protocol literautre more efficiently and leverage AI to pinpoint critical insights. The platform's AI-driven analysis can help identify the most effective protocols related to the endothelium, enabling researchers to choose the best option for reproducibility and accuracy in their studies.

The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between the circulating blood and the vessel wall.
It plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including regulating blood flow, maintaining vascular tone, and modulating inflammatory and immune responses.
Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, making it an important target for research and clinical interventions.
This MeSH term provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and clinical relevance of the endothelium, facilitating effeictive research and understanding in this critical area of biology.

Most cited protocols related to «Endothelium»

Isolation and Characterization of Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells

CN34 tumour cells were isolated from the pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient treated at our institution, after written consent in accordance with Institutional Review Board (IRB) regulations. Brain metastatic populations from these cells and MDA-MB-231cells were obtained by consecutive rounds of in vivo selection in 6–7-week-old beige nude and athymic mice, respectively. All animal work was done in accordance with the MSKCC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Methods for RNA extraction, labelling and hybridization for DNA microarray analysis have been described previously17 (link). Bioinformatics analyses with detailed descriptions can be found in the Methods. Knockdown and overexpression of candidate genes, and cetuximab inhibitor studies were performed as previously described6 (link). The in vitro BBB model was set up as previously described25 (link), and modified to enable tumour cell counting. Sambucus nigra lectin staining was performed using standard histochemical techniques, and quantified using Metamorph software analysis. The Methods section provides further information, including malignant cell isolation from pleural fluids, tumour cell extraction and cell culture protocols, animal inoculation and bioluminescence imaging, generation of retroviral gene knockdown and overexpression vectors, transfections and infections, RNA and protein expression, in vitro BBB transmigration assay, endothelial cell adhesion assay, and metastatic tissue staining and quantification.

Bos P.D., Zhang X.H., Nadal C., Shu W., Gomis R.R., Nguyen D.X., Minn A.J., Van de Vijver M., Gerald W., Foekens J.A, & Massagué J. (2009). Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Nature, 459(7249), 1005-1009.

Publication 2009

Animals Biological Assay Brain Breast Carcinoma Cell Adhesion Cell Culture Techniques Cells Cell Separation Cetuximab Cloning Vectors Crossbreeding DNA Chips Endothelial Cells Endothelium Ethics Committees, Research Gene Knockdown Techniques Genes Infection Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees Lectin Mice, Nude Microarray Analysis Neoplasms Patients Pleura Pleural Effusion Population Group Proteins Retroviridae Sambucus nigra Tissues Transfection Vaccination

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Human and Mouse Lung Cells

mRNA from single cells sorted from human and mouse lungs and human blood into lysis plates was reverse transcribed to complementary DNA (cDNA) and amplified as previously described^{2 (link)}. Illumina sequencing libraries for cDNA from single cells were prepared as previously described^{2 (link)}. Briefly, cDNA libraries were prepared using the Nextera XT Library Sample Preparation kit (Illumina, FC-131–1096). Nextera tagmentation DNA buffer (Illumina) and Tn5 enzyme (Illumina) were added, and the sample was incubated at 55°C for 10 minutes. The reaction was neutralized by adding “Neutralize Tagment Buffer” (Illumina) and centrifuging at room temperature at 3,220 x g for 5 minutes. Mouse samples were then indexed via PCR by adding i5 indexing primer, i7 indexing primer, and Nextera NPM mix (Illumina). Human samples were similarly indexed via PCR using custom, dual-unique indexing primers (IDT)^{2 (link)}.
Following library preparation, wells of each library plate were pooled using a Mosquito liquid handler (TTP Labtech), then purified twice using 0.7x AMPure beads (Fisher A63881). Library pool quality was assessed by capillary electrophoresis on a Tapestation system (Agilent) with either a high sensitivity or normal D5000 ScreenTape assay kit (Agilent) or Fragment analyzer (AATI), and library cDNA concentrations were quantified by qPCR (Kapa Biosystems KK4923) on a CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Biorad). Plate pools were normalized and combined equally to make each sequencing sample pool. A PhiX control library was spiked in at 1% before sequencing. Human libraries were sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina) and mouse libraries on a NextSeq 500 (Illumina).
Cells isolated from each compartment (“immune and endothelial enriched”, “epithelial enriched”, “stromal”) and subject blood were captured in droplet emulsions using a Chromium Single-Cell instrument (10x Genomics) and libraries were prepared using the 10x Genomics 3’ Single Cell V2 protocol as previously described^{2 (link)}. All 10x libraries were pooled and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina).

Travaglini K.J., Nabhan A.N., Penland L., Sinha R., Gillich A., Sit R.V., Chang S., Conley S.D., Mori Y., Seita J., Berry G.J., Shrager J.B., Metzger R.J., Kuo C.S., Neff N., Weissman I.L., Quake S.R, & Krasnow M.A. (2020). A molecular cell atlas of the human lung from single cell RNA sequencing. Nature, 587(7835), 619-625.

Publication 2020

Biological Assay BLOOD Buffers cDNA Library Cells Chromium Culicidae cyclo(D-tyrosyl-arginyl-arginyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-glycyl) DNA, Complementary Electrophoresis, Capillary Emulsions Endothelium Enzymes Homo sapiens Hypersensitivity Lung Mus Oligonucleotide Primers RNA, Messenger Touch

Endothelial Cell Spheroid Formation

Confluent monolayers of HUVEC or BAEC were trypsinized. Cells were suspended in corresponding culture medium containing 20% methocel, seeded into nonadhesive 75-cm² bacteriological dishes (Greiner, Frickenhausen, Germany), and cultured at 37°C (5% CO₂, 100% humidity). Under these conditions suspended EC aggregate spontaneously within 4 h to form cellular aggregates of varying size and cell number. The methocel used for these experiments was diluted from a stock solution that was generated by dissolving 6 g of carboxymethylcellulose in 500 ml of medium (DME or ECGM basal medium). After centrifugation the clear, gel-like supernatant was used for experiments. Methocel prevents adhesion of cells and acts as an inert viscosity modulating substance. Variation of the methocel concentration during spheroid formation was, thus, used to control the average size of the spheroids. These multicellular spheroids were designated as random spheroids and used for all experiments that employed larger populations of cells. To generate endothelial cell spheroids of defined size and cell number, a specific number of cells (varying between 500 and 3,000 cells per spheroid, depending on the experiment) was suspended in culture medium and seeded in nonadherent round-bottom 96-well plates (Greiner, Frickenhausen, Germany). Under these conditions all suspended cell contribute to the formation of a single endothelial cell spheroid. These spheroids, designated as standard spheroids, were harvested within 24 h and used for the corresponding experiments.

Korff T, & Augustin H.G. (1998). Integration of Endothelial Cells in Multicellular Spheroids Prevents Apoptosis and Induces Differentiation. The Journal of Cell Biology, 143(5), 1341-1352.

Publication 1998

Carboxymethylcellulose Cell Adhesion Cells Centrifugation Culture Media Endothelial Cells Endothelium Humidity Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Methocel Population Group SERPINA3 protein, human Spheroids, Cellular Viscosity

Detailed Cell-Type Specific Brain Protocols

TRAP data were generated as described (1 (link),2 (link)), and are available for download from GEO: GSE13379. Etv1 data were not plotted because of known contamination with endothelial or lymphoblast cells (1 (link)). Other cell types and drivers are listed in Table 1. This dataset contains samples representing a variety of pure and mixed cell types from different structures of the mouse brain, as well as samples from the corresponding whole tissue. The purified samples are referred to as immunoprecipitates (IP). In parallel, RNA which did not bind to the antibody was also harvested to provide an assessment of the gene expression of the tissue as a whole. These samples are referred to as unbound RNA. Microarray analysis, as traditionally applied to the nervous system, results in samples that are most similar to unbound samples. As the immunoprecipitation does not lead to significant depletion of cell-specific RNAs, here we use the unbound samples as a measure for the total tissue homogenate RNA (referred to as Total).

Table 1.

List of the cell populations, relevant drivers and abbreviations

Cell populations	Driver	Abbreviations used*
Drd1+ medium spiney neurons of neostriatum	Drd1	CS.Drd1
Drd2+ medium spiney neurons of neostriatum	Drd2	CS.Drd2
Cholinergic Interneurons of corpus striatum	Chat	CS.Chat
Motor neurons of brain stem	Chat	BS.Chat
Cholinergic neurons of basal forebrain	Chat	BF.Chat
Mature oligodendrocytes of cerebellum	Cmtm5	Cb.Cmtm5
Astroglia of cerebellum	Aldh1l1	Cb.Aldh1L1
Golgi neurons of cerebellum	Grm2	Cb.Grm2
Unipolar brush cells and Bergman glia of cerebellum	Grp	Cb.Grp
Stellate and basket cells of cerebellum	Lypd6	Cb.Lypd6
Granule cells of cerebellum	Neurod1	Cb.Neurod1
Oligodendroglia of cerebellum	Olig2	Cb.Olig2
Purkinje cells of cerebellum	Pcp2	Cb.Pcp2
Bergman glia and mature oligos. of cerebellum	Sept4	Cb.Sept4
Cck+ neurons of cortex	Cck	Ctx.Cck
Mature oligodendrocytes of cortex	Cmtm5	Ctx.Cmtm5
Cort+ interneurons of cortex	Cort	Ctx.Cort
Astrocytes of cortex	Aldh1l1	Ctx.AldhL1
Corticospinal, corticopontine neurons	Glt25d2	Ctx.Glt25d2
Corticothalamic neurons	Ntsr1	Ctx.Ntsr1
Oligodendroglia of cortex	Olig2	Ctx.Olig2
Pnoc+ neurons of cortex	Pnoc	Ctx.Pnoc
Motor neurons of the spinal cord	Chat	SC.Chat

*Abbreviations used for Figures 4, 5, 7 and Supplementary Figures 7 and 8

Dougherty J.D., Schmidt E.F., Nakajima M, & Heintz N. (2010). Analytical approaches to RNA profiling data for the identification of genes enriched in specific cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 38(13), 4218-4230.

Publication 2010

2',5'-oligoadenylate Brain Cells DRD1 protein, human Endothelium Gene Expression Immunoglobulins Immunoprecipitation Interneurons Microarray Analysis Mus Neuroglia Neurons Oligodendroglia Population Group Systems, Nervous Tissues

Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling of Organs

Fresh, whole, and nontransplantable organs, or 1- to 2-cm³ organ samples, were obtained from surgery and then transported on ice by courier to tissue expert laboratories, where they were immediately prepared for transcriptome sequencing. Single-cell suspensions were prepared for 10× Genomics 3′ V3.1 droplet-based sequencing and for FACS-sorted 384-well plate smart-seq2. Preparation began with dissection, digestion with enzymes, and physical manipulation; tissue-specific details are available in the complete materials and methods (12 ). Cell suspensions from some organs were normalized by major cell compartment (epithelial, endothelial, immune, and stromal) using antibody-labeled magnetic microbeads to enrich rare cell types. cDNA and sequencing libraries were prepared and run on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 with the goal to obtain 10,000 droplet-based cells and 1000 plate-based cells for each organ. Sequences were demultiplexed and aligned to the GRCh38 reference genome. Gene count tables were generated with CellRanger (droplet samples) or STAR and HTSEQ (plate samples). Cells with low unique molecular identifier (UMI) counts or low gene counts were removed. Droplet cells were filtered to remove barcode-hopping events and filtered for ambient RNA using DecontX. Sequencing batches were harmonized using scVI and projected to two-dimensional (2D) space with UMAP for analysis by the tissue experts. Expert annotation was made through the cellxgene browser and regularized with a public cell ontology. Annotation was manually QC checked and cross-validated with PopV, an annotation tool that uses seven different automated annotation methods. For complete materials and methods, see the supplementary materials (12 ).

The Tabula Sapiens: A multiple-organ, single-cell transcriptomic atlas of humans. (2022). Science (New York, N.Y.), 376(6594), eabl4896.

Publication 2022

Cells Digestion Dissection DNA, Complementary Endothelium Enzymes Genes Genome Immunoglobulins Microspheres Operative Surgical Procedures Physical Examination Tissues Tissue Specificity

Most recents protocols related to «Endothelium»

ApoE/LRP1 Signaling Regulates CTGF in Cancer

Not available on PMC !

Example 9

In this example, Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) was identified as a downstream mediator of ApoE/LRP1 signaling in cancer cell invasion and endothelial recruitment. CTGF expression level, as determined by qRT-PCR analysis and ELISA, is mediated by ApoE/LRP1 signaling (FIG. 8A, 8B, and 8C). Additionally, ApoE/LRP1 regulated cancer cell invasion and endothelial recruitment are mediated by CTGF (FIG. 8D, 8E).

US11865094B2. Treatment and diagnosis of melanoma (2024-01-09). The Rockefeller University [US]. Inventors: Sohail Tavazoie [US], Nora Pencheva [US].

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Patent 2024

Apolipoproteins E Cells CTGF protein, human Endothelium Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Malignant Neoplasms MicroRNAs

LXR Agonist Inhibits Melanoma Metastasis

Not available on PMC !

Example 11

Small molecule agonists of the Liver X Receptor (LXR) have previously been shown to increase Apo E levels. To investigate whether increasing Apo-E levels via LXR activation resulted in therapeutic benefit, assays were carried out to assess the effect of the LXR agonist GW3965 [chemical name: 3-[3-[N-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-(2,2-diphenylethyl)amino]propyloxy]phenylacetic acid hydrochloride) on Apo-E levels, tumor cell invasion, endothelial recruitment, and in vivo melanoma metastasis (FIG. 10). Incubation of parental MeWo cells in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of GW3965 increased expression of ApoE and DNAJA4 (FIGS. 10A and 10B). Pre-treatment of MeWO cells with GW3965 decreased tumor cell invasion (FIG. 10C) and endothelial recruitment (FIG. 10D). To test whether GW3965 could inhibit metastasis in vivo, mice were administered a grain-based chow diet containing GW3965 (20 mg/kg) or a control diet, and lung metastasis was assayed using bioluminescence after tail-vein injection of 4×10⁴parental MeWo cells into the mice (FIG. 10E). Oral administration of GW3965 to the mice in this fashion resulted in a significant reduction in in vivo melanoma metastasis (FIG. 10E).

US11865094B2. Treatment and diagnosis of melanoma (2024-01-09). The Rockefeller University [US]. Inventors: Sohail Tavazoie [US], Nora Pencheva [US].

Full text: Click here

Patent 2024

Administration, Oral agonists Apolipoproteins E Cardiac Arrest Cells Cereals Diet Endothelium GW 3965 Liver X Receptors Lung Malignant Neoplasms Melanoma Mus Neoplasm Invasiveness Neoplasm Metastasis Parent phenylacetic acid Tail Veins

Metastatic Invasion Regulation by CTGF

Not available on PMC !

Example 10

In this Examiner, assays were carried out to investigate whether CTGF mediates miRNA-dependent invasion and endothelial recruitment. Briefly, trans-well cell invasion and endothelial recruitment assays were performed on parental MeWo cells over-expressing miR-199a or miR-1908 in the presence of a blocking antibody targeting CTGF. Indeed, it was found that mir-199a and mir-1908 dependent metastatic invasion and endothelial recruitment are mediated by CTGF (FIGS. 9A and 9B). In order to investigate whether in vivo melanoma metastasis (metastatic colonization) is mediated by CTGF, bioluminescence imaging was performed on lung metastasis by 5×10⁴parental MeWo cells knocked down for CTGF in the setting of miR-199a or miR-1908 over-expression. Knock-down of CTGF in this setting resulted in significant reduction of in vivo melanoma metastasis (FIG. 9C).

US11865094B2. Treatment and diagnosis of melanoma (2024-01-09). The Rockefeller University [US]. Inventors: Sohail Tavazoie [US], Nora Pencheva [US].

Full text: Click here

Patent 2024

Antibodies, Blocking Biological Assay Cells Connective Tissue Growth Factor Endothelium Lanugo Lung Melanoma MicroRNAs Neoplasm Metastasis Parent

3D Metastatic Bone Cancer Model

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Publication 2023

beta-tricalcium phosphate Cell Line, Tumor Cells Dietary Supplements Effectene Endothelial Cells Endothelium enhanced green fluorescent protein Green Fluorescent Proteins Homo sapiens Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Neoplasms Neuroblastoma Osteocytes Penicillins Plasmids Reading Frames Regional Ethics Committees Streptomycin Transfection

Endothelial and Epithelial Cell Cultures

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Publication 2023

A549 Cells Atmosphere Cell Lines Cells Culture Media Endothelium Epithelial Cells Glutamine Homo sapiens Lung Penicillins Serum Streptomycin

Top products related to «Endothelium»

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Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. FBS provides a source of proteins, growth factors, and other components that support the growth and maintenance of various cell types in in vitro cell culture applications.

Egm 2 by Lonza

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The EGM-2 is a laboratory instrument designed for the measurement of oxygen concentration in cell culture media. It provides accurate and reliable data on the oxygen levels within the culture environment.

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DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a cell culture medium formulated to support the growth and maintenance of a variety of cell types, including mammalian cells. It provides essential nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and other components necessary for cell proliferation and survival in an in vitro environment.

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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.

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Streptomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor, targeting the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which plays a crucial role in the translation of genetic information into proteins. Streptomycin is commonly used in microbiological research and applications that require selective inhibition of bacterial growth.

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HUVEC is a primary cell line derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It is commonly used in cell culture research to study endothelial cell biology and function.

What are the main functions of the endothelium?

How does endothelial dysfunction contribute to health issues?

Are there different types or variations of the endothelium?

How can PubCompare.ai assist in endothelium research?

What are some common challenges in studying the endothelium?

One of the key challenges in studying the endothelium is its complex and dynamic nature. The endothelium is a highly specialized tissue that can exhibit different phenotypes and functions depending on its location and the surrounding physiological conditions. Effectively comparing and evaluating endothelium-related protocols can be a significant hurdle for researchers.

More about "Endothelium"

The endothelium is a crucial component of the cardiovascular system, lining the interior surfaces of blood vessels.
This thin layer of cells plays a vital role in regulating blood flow, maintaining vascular tone, and modulating inflammatory and immune responses.
Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, making it a key focus of research and clinical interventions.
Researchers studying the endothelium may utilize various cell culture models, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which are commonly used to investigate endothelial cell function and behavior.
These cells are typically grown in specialized media, such as endothelial growth medium (EGM-2) or endothelial basal medium (EBM-2), often supplemented with growth factors, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin/streptomycin), and extracellular matrix components like Matrigel.
Understanding the structure, function, and regulation of the endothelium is critical for advancing research in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
Effective research in this area can be facilitated by tools like PubCompare.ai, which uses innovative AI-driven algorithms to help researchers locate the best protocols and optimize their endothelium studies, enhancing reproducibility and accuracy.
By leveraging the insights gained from the MeSH term description and the capabilities of AI-powered platforms, researchers can delve deeper into the complexities of the endothelium and drive progress in the field of cardiovascular biology.